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| Noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb |
| note | note | notable | notably |
| form | |||
| spread | |||
| diverse | |||
| craft |
PART II
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Вспомогательные глаголы Смысловые (основные) глаголы
| to be | to do | to have | Infinitive | Past Indefinite | Participle 2 | Participle 1 | |||
| am is are | was were | do does | did | had | I | II | III | IY | |
| to ask спросить | I + e(d) asked спросил (а, и) | I+e(d) asked спрошен (а, ы), спрошенн/ый (ая, ые) | I + ing asking спрашивающ/ий (ая, ие) | |||||
| to write to begin to buy to sell to do to be | wrote began bought sold did was/were | written begun bought sold done been | writing beginning buying selling doing being | ||||||
Модальные глаголы
| can | may | must | should | ought to |
| could | might | - |
Структура английского предложения
| Суть вопроса | Вспомогательный глагол | Подлежащее | Сказуемое | Дополнение | Обстоятельство | Ответы на общие вопросы | ||
| I | wrote | 2 letters | at home | yesterday. | + | |||
| Did | you | write | 2 letters | at home | yesterday? | Yes, I did. No, I didn`t. | ||
| When | did | you | write | 2 letters | - | - | ||
| Where | did | you | write | 2 letters | - | yesterday? | ||
| What | did | you | write | - | at home | yesterday? | ||
| What | did | you | do | - | at home | yesterday? | ||
| I | wrote | 2 letters | at home | yesterday. | ||||
| Who | wrote | 2 letters | at home | yesterday? | I did. | |||
| Who | writes | 2 letters | at home | every day? | I do. He does. |
Tense Forms (Active)
| Simple (Indefinite) | Perfect | Continuous(Progressive) | Perfect Continuous | |||||
| Future | I shall write... Will you write..? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t). | tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in two weeks (months, yeas), in 2035 | I shall have written… Will you have written…? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t). | by 5 tomorrow, before you come | I shall be writing… Will you be writing…? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t). | at 5 tomorrow, from 5 till 7 tomorrow, when you come | I shall have been writing… Will you have been writing…? Yes, I shall. No, I shall not (shan’t). | for |
| I, II; shall/will+I | to have + III | to be+ IV | to have been+ IV | |||||
| Present | I write… Do you write…? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. He writes… Does he write…? Yes, he does. No, he does not (doesn’t). | usually, often, always, sometimes, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year) | I have written… Have you written…? Yes, I have. No, I have not (haven’t). | -[result]; already, just, yet, never, ever, not yet, today, this week (month, year); lately, before, since, for | I am writing… Are you writing...? Yes, I am. No, I am not. | now | I have been writing… Have you been writing…? Yes, I have. No I have not (haven’t). | Since, for; these two days |
| Past | I wrote… Did you write…? Yes, I did. No, I did not (didn’t). | yesterday, the other day, the day before yesterday, last week (month, year), 2 days (weeks, years) ago, in 1917 | I had written… Had you written…? Yes, I had. No, I had not (hadn’t). | by 5 yesterday, before you came | I was writing… Were you writing..? Yes, I was. No, I was not (wasn’t). | at 5 yesterday, from 5 till 7 yesterday, when you came | I had been writing… Had you been writing…? Yes, I had. No, I had hot (hadn’t). | Since, for |
Tense Forms (The Passive Voice)
| Simple(Indefinite) | Perfect | Continuous(Progressive) | Perfect Continuous | |||||
| Future | This letter will be written... Will thi letter be written..? Yes, it will. No, it will not. (won’t). | tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in two weeks (months, yeas), in 2025 | This letter will have been written… Will this letter have been written…? Yes, it will. No, it will not (won’t). | by 5 tomorrow, before you come | - | - | ||
| to be + III | to be + III | to be+ III | ||||||
| Present | Such a letter is written… Is such a letter written…? Yes, it is. No, it is not (isn’t). | usually, often, always, sometimes, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year) | This letter has been written… Has this letter been written…? Yes, it has. No, it has not (hasn’t). | [result]; already, just, yet, never, ever, not yet, today, this week (month, year), lately, before, since, for | Such a letter is being written… Is such a letter being written? Yes, it is. No, it is not (isn’t). | now | - | |
| Past | This letter was written Was this letter written…? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t | Yesterday, the day before yesterday; last week(month,year) two days (weeks, months, years) ago, in 1985 | This letter had been written Had this letter been written…? Yes, it had. No, it hadn’t. | by 5yesterday; beforeyou came | This letter was being written Was this letter being written…? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t. | at 5 yesterday; when you came | - |
The Modal Verbs.
| MODALS | USAGE | Examples |
| can/could | to describe ability | My friend can dance well. I can explain this rule to you. |
| may/might | to describe permission | You may take my book. |
| must | to describe a necessary action | You mustkeep this door locked. |
| to give someone an order | You must be careful when you drive. | |
| to describe a duty | Everyone must recycle as much as possible. | |
| to make a strong recommendation | You really must go and see that. | |
| to emphasize an intention | I must lend you this book. | |
| for formal questions | Must you go? | |
| should | to make a recommendation when we say what we think is a good idea | You should come to work by metro. It would be much quicker. |
| ought to | to say what we think is correct thing to do | I think you ought to go to the doctor. You look not so good. |
| need | to describe a necessary action | You need to be more attentive. |
| can’t have +III couldn’t have + III | when we are certain that sth in the past was possible; when we are sure sth wasn’t true | She can’t / couldn’t have taken the car. She didn’t have the keys. That can’t have been successful (I’m sure it wasn’t). |
| may have + III | for possible events in the past | He isn’t here. He may/might have been late. |
| must have + III | when we are certain sth in the past was true | I cannot find my purse. I must have left it at home. |
| MODALS | USAGE | Examples |
| should have + III | when we describe what we expect has probably happened, or believe has failed to happen | They should have arrived in Moscow by now. |
| ought to have + III | The train ought to have arrived. Where is it? (It hasn’t arrived.) | |
| needn’t have + III | to describe a past situation where sth happened or was done, but wasn’t necessary | I needn’t have gone to the office. The meeting was postponed. |
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