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2017-09-30 | 1302217 |
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Contents
Unit 1 English word order…………………………………………….……….. Statements ………………………………………………………………………. Negative statements……………………………………………………………... Inversion………………………………………………………………………… Questions………………………………………………………………………… Imperative and impersonal statements…………………………………………... Unit 2 Parts of speech …………………………………………………………. The noun………………………………………………………………...………. The article……………………………………………………………………….. The pronouns……………………………………………………………………. The adjectives…………………………………………………………………… Appendix |
ENGLISH WORD ORDER. STATEMENTS
Grammar is the art of putting the right words in the right places.
Subject | Predicate | Object | Adverbials |
how | where | when |
DIRECT WORD ORDER |
Ex.1 Put the following words in the right order to make a statement.
Mrs. Winter the little girl to the next village
with a message one December day sent
_______________________________________________
So as you see there are two variants of one and the same sentence.
A sentence that makes a statement begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.
Ex.2 Reading the story rearrange the words to make the statements.
A QUIET SORT OF PLACE!
1. my car| I parked| in the centre of the village
2. near a bus stop| an old man | I saw
3. beautiful village| what a | I exclaimed
4. live here | how many people
5. seventeen people| there are | the old man said
6. here| have you lived| how long
7. all my life | I have lived here
8. isn’t it | it’s a quiet sort of place
9. here | a quiet life | we live
10. a cinema | we don’t have | or a theatre
11. our school | five years ago | was closed
12. only one shop | we have
13. calls | a bus | once a day
14. here | in 55 BC | came | the Romans
15. since then | has happened | nothing
Ex.3 Read the following sentences; use the chart to figure out their structure
Subject | Predicate | Object | Adverbial modifier of |
manner | place | time |
E dith has a lot of friends. S + P + O
N oris works in the garden. __________________________
G eorge works as a pilot. __________________________
L eon travels a lot. __________________________
I rine loves flowers. __________________________
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S arah lives in a village. __________________________
H eather wakes at seven. __________________________
W illiam loves singing in the shower. __________________________
O live adores travelling around the country. __________________________
R ichard hates cooking together with his wife. __________________________
D orothy can’t stand someone singing bad. __________________________
O rlando is an actor. __________________________
R ose is beautiful. __________________________
D ick looks like a star. __________________________
E dward is abroad. __________________________
R emember all of them!!!
Ex.4 Read this story and rearrange the words in each sentence in the right order.
So please don’t complain!
1. the local school| attends| my son Tim
2. went| to his school| my wife and I| yesterday
3. we| to his teachers| spoke
4. Tim’s school report| we collected
5. very good| wasn’t| Tim’s report
6. in every subject| were| his marks| low
7. was waiting| outside| anxiously for us| Tim
8. my report| how was| eagerly| he asked
9. very good| it wasn’t| I said
10. you| harder| must try
11. seems| that boy Ogilvy| very clever
12. good marks| he got| in all subjects
13. clever parents| Ogilvy| has| Tim said
Ex.2 Write 5 things you can’t do. Use the prompts.
Dance – draw – drive – play chess/bridge – play the piano – remember faces – remember names – ride a horse – sing – speak French – understand Maths
Ex. 9 Read the poem, write one yourself.
JUST WAIT AND SEE
I’m getting older.
I can see
I’m not going to be a ballet dancer
Or an opera singer.
I’ll never discover a new planet
Or run a two-hour marathon
Or write the novel of the century.
But I’ll do something good.
Just wait and see.
INVERTED WORD ORDER
Certain types of sentences require the inverted order of words. These are:
(1) Interrogative sentences.
(2) Sentences introduced by there.
(3) Compound sentences beginning with so or neither.
(4) Simple exclamatory sentences expressing wish.
- Is anyone at home?
- There is someone in the room. I heard someone knocking.
- So did I! Let’s call the police!
- Be it so! How clever you are!
SENTENCES INTRODUCED BY THERE.
there + глагол to be в личной форме + subject + AM of place |
+ | There is a book on the table. | There are some books on the table. |
- | There is no book on the table. | There aren’t any books on the table. |
? | Is there a book on the table? | Are there any books on the table? |
Ex.1 Rewrite the following in the plural:
1. There is a sentence on the blackboard. 2. Is there a desk in the room? 3. There is not any book on the table. 4. Is there a dictionary on the chair? 5. There is a match in the box. 6. There is a girl in the picture. 7. There is no child in their family.
Ex. 2 Write the interrogative and negative forms of the following sentences:
1. There is a telegram on the table. 2. There is a cinema near our house. 3. There are many mistakes in his dictation. 4. There is much paper in his bag. 5. There is some ink in my pen. 6. There are two sofas in the room. 7. There are a lot of children in the park.
The general question
Am I late? – Yes, you are./ No, you aren’t. Is he at home? – Yes, he is./ No, he isn’t. Are they busy? – Yes, they are./ No, they aren’t. Do you want to go there? – Yes, I do./ No, I don’t. Does he like ice-cream? – Yes, he does./ No, he doesn’t. |
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Simple/ Indefinite | Progressive/ Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous | |
Present | ||||
Past | ||||
Future |
The alternative question
Does he live in France or in Denmark? Is he a good or a bad doctor? Have they got a new fridge or a new cupboard? Are you or is Peter ill? Does he usually come in time or is he often late? |
Imperative sentences
Ex.1 Find the rhyming words
direction * grammar * neatly * enterprising * miles * laughter * coffee * butter * money * behind you * porter * able * candle * shoulder * button * canaries *stable * mangers |
honey * dejection * mind you * mutton * fairies * stammer * sweetly * rising * able * strangers * after * toffy* stutter * water * table * older * smiles * handle |
A short direction | Soft flowing after, | |
Learn well your grammar, | And never stutter. | |
Write well and neatly, | Believe in fairies. | |
Be enterprising, | And never stammer, | |
Go walk of six miles, | (Don’t slam them, mind you.) | |
With lightsome laughter, | Never eat toffy. | |
Drink tea, not coffee; | Shut the door by the handle. | |
Eat bread with butter, | Have ready quick smiles, | |
Don’t waste your money, | Until you are older. | |
Shut door behind you, | Don’t enter the water | |
Drink beer, not porter. | To avoid dejection. | |
Till to swim you are able. | Refuse cold mutton. | |
Take care of a candle. | Sit close to the table. | |
Don’t push with your shoulder | Don’t have a stable | |
Lose not a button. | Love early rising, | |
Starve your Canaries. | Be rude to strangers. | |
If you are able | And sing most sweetly, | |
With any mangers. | Abstain from honey. |
The formula for Imperative sentences ……………………………………………
The functions of Imperative sentences: commands or requests, including the giving of prohibition or permission, or any other kind of advice.
Impersonal sentences
It is … | ||||
night. | summer. | snowing. | 6 o’clock. | away. |
Distance | How far is it from London to Bristol? It is 20 miles from here to there. We can walk home. It isn’t far. |
Days | What day is it today? It is 16th of March. It is Thursday today. It is my birthday today. It is night. It is summer. |
Time | What time is it? It is half past ten. It is late. It is time to go home. |
Weather | It is raining. It rains. It rained. It is warm/ hot/ cold/ fine / cloudy / windy / sunny/ foggy. It is a nice day today. |
Ex.2 Choose it is or is it.
1. What time …? 2. … very late. We must go home. 3. … cold out? Yes, put on your coat. 4. … true that Bill can fly a helicopter? 5. I don’t believe! It is impossible. 6. Dorothy asks if … cloudy today. 7. … Jack’s birthday today. He is 27. 8. What day … today? … Thursday?
Ex. 4 Read and compare
there is … there is someone there was someone there will be someone there must be someone there might be someone someone seems to be there | It is … It is love. It was love. It will be love. It must be love. It might be love. It seems to be love. |
The Noun
Ex. 3 Put in a/an or the
1. Rome is ___ capital of Italy. 2. Don’t sit on ___ chair. It’s dirty. 3. Peter and Mary have two children, ___ boy and ___ girl. ___ boy is 7 and ___ girl is 3. 4. What is ___ name of this village? 5. I live in ___ old house on the outskirts. It’s two miles from ___ city center. 6. In North Street you will see 3 houses: ___ red two-storey house, ___ blue three-storey house and ___ nice white house. I live in ___ white house. 7. Tim lives in ___ small village in ___ country. 8. Close ___ door, please. I’m cold.
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The Article. Special cases
HIGH FLYER
I travel all over … world on business and my neighbor thinks my life is one long holiday. You know what … business travel like: up at … dawn to catch … plane; … breakfast in London, … lunch in … New York, … luggage in Bermua. When you’re in … sky, you see only snow in … Arctic or … Greenland. You have glimpses of … Andes or … Pacific. You’re always exhausted. Your wife or husband complains you’re never there to take … children to … school or put them to … bed. When you get home, your neighbor says, ‘Another nice holiday, eh?’ Give me Home Sweet Home any day!
The Pronouns
There are different types of pronouns in English. They are
Personal | I, he, she, it, we, you, they |
Possessive | my, his, her, its, our, your, their |
Reflexive | Myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves |
Reciprocal | Each other, one another |
Demonstrative | This (these), that (those), such, the same |
Interrogative | Who, whose, what, which |
Relative | Who, whose, which, that, as |
Conjunctive | Who, whose, which, what |
Defining | Each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, all, either, both, other, another |
Indefinite | Some, any, some/anybody, some/anything, some/anyone |
Negative | No, none, neither, nobody, no one, nothing |
Personal Pronouns
Subject (именительный падеж) I Ilike Ann. We Welike Ann. You Youlike Ann. He He likes Ann. She Shelikes Ann. They Theylike Ann. | Object (объектный падеж) Ann likes me. Me Ann likes us. Us Ann likes you. You Ann likes him. Him Ann likes her. Her Ann likes them. Them |
Possessive Pronouns
The Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
-ся |
I enjoyed myself very much at the party.
Jim prides himself on his cooking.
Сам/а |
Look after yourself! Take care of yourself! She lives by herself. She made the dress by herself.
They are NOT used after: feel, relax, concentrate, wash, dress, shave, behave.
I got up, washed, shaved and dressed quickly.
Но: Wash yourself! Dress yourself! Shave yourself! Behave yourself!
Indefinite Pronouns
+ | Some | I have some books. |
- | Any | I haven’t any books. |
? | any | Do you have any books? |
Some is used
1. In affirmative sentences
2. In requests
3. In the meaning «некоторый»
Any is used
1. In negatives and questions
2. After conjunction ‘if’
3. With the words «hardly», «at all»
Defining Pronouns
all, everybody, everything, everyone
С исчисляемыми существительными во мн.ч. all (the) | С исчисляемыми в един.ч. The whole | В роли подлежащего, дополнения everybody/one/thing |
All the books have been sold. All plants need water. | Have you read the whole book? | Everybody thinks that he knows everything. |
JIM MEETS JAMES
I’ve just heard the … story of the Lewis twins from Ohio, who were adopted by different families at birth and who met each other for the first time at the age of 39. …. Wanted to know if they had anything in common. They had! They had … married a woman called Linda. … of them had been divorced and married another woman called Betty. They couples who adopted them had … called them ‘Jim’. Many similar things happened to them … their lives. The …. List is endless. Almost … experience they had had was the same: there were exact parallels for … they had ever done. As Jim said when he first met James, ‘It wasn’t like meeting a stranger!’
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Each | Ограниченное число лиц или предметов – each student in our group has this book. |
Every | Неограниченное число предметов – I see him every day. We go out every Friday. |
Ex. 12 Choose Each/ every
1. …child wants to visit Disneyland. 2. … witness was questioned in turn. 3. They … have a comfortable flat. 4. You can come here … day. 5. … of us would be happy to help you. 6. … patient wants to be healthy. 7. Planes fly to St. Petersburg … hour.
The adjectives
The Adjective is a part of speech that gives a certain characteristic to an object.
Mary Middling had a pig,
Not very little and not very big,
Not very pink, not very green, Not very dirty, not very clean,
Not very good, not very naughty, Not very humble, not very haughty, Not very thin, not very fat, Now what would you give for a pig like that?
Appendix
OBJECTS WORD ORDER
ADAM GAVE AN APPLE TO EVE. = ADAM GAVE EVE AN APPLE.
(1) VERB + NOUN + TO A PERSON
(2) VERB + A PERSON + NOUN
ADJECTIVES WORD ORDER
Geographical Names
No article | Definite article | |
Континенты. Страны, города, деревни | Africa, Asia, France, London Latin America, Central Asia, Petrovka Ho: thevillage of Petrovka | The United States, the Soviet Union, The United Kingdom, the Neverlands, The Hague, The Crimea, The Caucasus, The Ukrain |
Океаны, реки, моря, каналы, пустыни | The Pacific, the Baltic Sea, the Neva, the Thames, the Sahara, the English Channel, the Suez Canal | |
Озера | Lake Baikal Lake Ontario | The Baikal The Ontario |
Горы | Пики – Everest, Elbrus | Хребты – the Urals, the Alps |
Острова | Один остров - Madagascar | Группа островов – the Bahamas, the British Isles |
Регионы | North America, Latin America, Central Asia | The Middle East, the Far East, the north of England, |
Стороны света | From East to West, from North to South | The South, the North, the East, the West |
Exceptions
good | better | best |
bad | worse | worst |
far | Further, farther | Furthest, farthest |
much/many | more | most |
little | less | least |
old | Older, elder | Oldest, eldest |
5 Adjectives ending on ous, ing, ful, ed (2 syllables ) and long adjectives (3/4 syllables)
comparative | superlative | |
More + adjective | Most + adjective | |
boring | more boring | most boring |
famous | more famous | most famous |
modern | more modern | most modern |
polite | more polite | most polite |
tired | more tired | most tired |
expensive | more expensive | most expensive |
comfortable | more comfortable | most comfortable |
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Contents
Unit 1 English word order…………………………………………….……….. Statements ………………………………………………………………………. Negative statements……………………………………………………………... Inversion………………………………………………………………………… Questions………………………………………………………………………… Imperative and impersonal statements…………………………………………... Unit 2 Parts of speech …………………………………………………………. The noun………………………………………………………………...………. The article……………………………………………………………………….. The pronouns……………………………………………………………………. The adjectives…………………………………………………………………… Appendix |
ENGLISH WORD ORDER. STATEMENTS
Grammar is the art of putting the right words in the right places.
Subject | Predicate | Object | Adverbials |
how | where | when |
DIRECT WORD ORDER |
|
|
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