Grammar is the art of putting the right words in the right places.

Contents

Unit 1 English word order…………………………………………….……….. Statements ………………………………………………………………………. Negative statements……………………………………………………………... Inversion………………………………………………………………………… Questions………………………………………………………………………… Imperative and impersonal statements…………………………………………...   Unit 2 Parts of speech …………………………………………………………. The noun………………………………………………………………...………. The article……………………………………………………………………….. The pronouns……………………………………………………………………. The adjectives…………………………………………………………………… Appendix

 

ENGLISH WORD ORDER. STATEMENTS

 

Grammar is the art of putting the right words in the right places.

 

Subject	Predicate	Object	Adverbials
how	where	when

DIRECT WORD ORDER

As English words have hardly any inflexions and their relation to each other is shown by their place in the sentence and not by their form, word order in English is fixed.

 

Ex.1 Put the following words in the right order to make a statement.

Mrs. Winter the little girl to the next village

with a message one December day sent

_______________________________________________

So as you see there are two variants of one and the same sentence.

A sentence that makes a statement begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.

 

Ex.2 Reading the story rearrange the words to make the statements.

A QUIET SORT OF PLACE!

1. my car| I parked| in the centre of the village

2. near a bus stop| an old man | I saw

3. beautiful village| what a | I exclaimed

4. live here | how many people

5. seventeen people| there are | the old man said

6. here| have you lived| how long

7. all my life | I have lived here

8. isn’t it | it’s a quiet sort of place

9. here | a quiet life | we live

10. a cinema | we don’t have | or a theatre

11. our school | five years ago | was closed

12. only one shop | we have

13. calls | a bus | once a day

14. here | in 55 BC | came | the Romans

15. since then | has happened | nothing

Ex.3 Read the following sentences; use the chart to figure out their structure

Subject	Predicate	Object	Adverbial modifier of
manner	place	time

E dith has a lot of friends. S + P + O

N oris works in the garden. __________________________

G eorge works as a pilot. __________________________

L eon travels a lot. __________________________

I rine loves flowers. __________________________

S arah lives in a village. __________________________

H eather wakes at seven. __________________________

 

W illiam loves singing in the shower. __________________________

O live adores travelling around the country. __________________________

R ichard hates cooking together with his wife. __________________________

D orothy can’t stand someone singing bad. __________________________

O rlando is an actor. __________________________

R ose is beautiful. __________________________

D ick looks like a star. __________________________

E dward is abroad. __________________________

R emember all of them!!!

 

Ex.4 Read this story and rearrange the words in each sentence in the right order.

So please don’t complain!

1. the local school| attends| my son Tim

2. went| to his school| my wife and I| yesterday

3. we| to his teachers| spoke

4. Tim’s school report| we collected

5. very good| wasn’t| Tim’s report

6. in every subject| were| his marks| low

7. was waiting| outside| anxiously for us| Tim

8. my report| how was| eagerly| he asked

9. very good| it wasn’t| I said

10. you| harder| must try

11. seems| that boy Ogilvy| very clever

12. good marks| he got| in all subjects

13. clever parents| Ogilvy| has| Tim said

 

Ex.2 Write 5 things you can’t do. Use the prompts.

Dance – draw – drive – play chess/bridge – play the piano – remember faces – remember names – ride a horse – sing – speak French – understand Maths

Ex. 9 Read the poem, write one yourself.

JUST WAIT AND SEE

I’m getting older.

I can see

I’m not going to be a ballet dancer

Or an opera singer.

I’ll never discover a new planet

Or run a two-hour marathon

Or write the novel of the century.

But I’ll do something good.

Just wait and see.

INVERTED WORD ORDER

Certain types of sentences require the inverted order of words. These are:

 

 

(1) Interrogative sentences.

(2) Sentences introduced by there.

 

(3) Compound sentences beginning with so or neither.

(4) Simple exclamatory sentences expressing wish.

- Is anyone at home?

- There is someone in the room. I heard someone knocking.

- So did I! Let’s call the police!

- Be it so! How clever you are!

SENTENCES INTRODUCED BY THERE.

there + глагол to be в личной форме + subject + AM of place

 

+	There is a book on the table.	There are some books on the table.
-	There is no book on the table.	There aren’t any books on the table.
?	Is there a book on the table?	Are there any books on the table?

Ex.1 Rewrite the following in the plural:

1. There is a sentence on the blackboard. 2. Is there a desk in the room? 3. There is not any book on the table. 4. Is there a dictionary on the chair? 5. There is a match in the box. 6. There is a girl in the picture. 7. There is no child in their family.

 

Ex. 2 Write the interrogative and negative forms of the following sentences:

1. There is a telegram on the table. 2. There is a cinema near our house. 3. There are many mistakes in his dictation. 4. There is much paper in his bag. 5. There is some ink in my pen. 6. There are two sofas in the room. 7. There are a lot of children in the park.

 

The general question

Am I late? – Yes, you are./ No, you aren’t. Is he at home? – Yes, he is./ No, he isn’t. Are they busy? – Yes, they are./ No, they aren’t. Do you want to go there? – Yes, I do./ No, I don’t. Does he like ice-cream? – Yes, he does./ No, he doesn’t.

	Simple/ Indefinite	Progressive/ Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Present
Past
Future

The alternative question

Does he live in France or in Denmark? Is he a good or a bad doctor? Have they got a new fridge or a new cupboard? Are you or is Peter ill? Does he usually come in time or is he often late?

Imperative sentences

 

Ex.1 Find the rhyming words

direction * grammar * neatly * enterprising * miles * laughter * coffee * butter * money * behind you * porter * able * candle * shoulder * button * canaries *stable * mangers

honey * dejection * mind you * mutton * fairies * stammer * sweetly * rising * able * strangers * after * toffy* stutter * water * table * older * smiles * handle

A short direction		Soft flowing after,
Learn well your grammar,		And never stutter.
Write well and neatly,		Believe in fairies.
Be enterprising,		And never stammer,
Go walk of six miles,		(Don’t slam them, mind you.)
With lightsome laughter,		Never eat toffy.
Drink tea, not coffee;		Shut the door by the handle.
Eat bread with butter,		Have ready quick smiles,
Don’t waste your money,		Until you are older.
Shut door behind you,		Don’t enter the water
Drink beer, not porter.		To avoid dejection.
Till to swim you are able.		Refuse cold mutton.
Take care of a candle.		Sit close to the table.
Don’t push with your shoulder		Don’t have a stable
Lose not a button.		Love early rising,
Starve your Canaries.		Be rude to strangers.
If you are able		And sing most sweetly,
With any mangers.		Abstain from honey.

 

The formula for Imperative sentences ……………………………………………

The functions of Imperative sentences: commands or requests, including the giving of prohibition or permission, or any other kind of advice.

Impersonal sentences

It is …
night.	summer.	snowing.	6 o’clock.	away.

 

Distance	How far is it from London to Bristol? It is 20 miles from here to there. We can walk home. It isn’t far.
Days	What day is it today? It is 16th of March. It is Thursday today. It is my birthday today. It is night. It is summer.
Time	What time is it? It is half past ten. It is late. It is time to go home.
Weather	It is raining. It rains. It rained. It is warm/ hot/ cold/ fine / cloudy / windy / sunny/ foggy. It is a nice day today.

 

Ex.2 Choose it is or is it.

1. What time …? 2. … very late. We must go home. 3. … cold out? Yes, put on your coat. 4. … true that Bill can fly a helicopter? 5. I don’t believe! It is impossible. 6. Dorothy asks if … cloudy today. 7. … Jack’s birthday today. He is 27. 8. What day … today? … Thursday?

 

Ex. 4 Read and compare

there is … there is someone there was someone there will be someone there must be someone there might be someone someone seems to be there

It is … It is love. It was love. It will be love. It must be love. It might be love. It seems to be love.

The Noun

Ex. 3 Put in a/an or the

1. Rome is ___ capital of Italy. 2. Don’t sit on ___ chair. It’s dirty. 3. Peter and Mary have two children, ___ boy and ___ girl. ___ boy is 7 and ___ girl is 3. 4. What is ___ name of this village? 5. I live in ___ old house on the outskirts. It’s two miles from ___ city center. 6. In North Street you will see 3 houses: ___ red two-storey house, ___ blue three-storey house and ___ nice white house. I live in ___ white house. 7. Tim lives in ___ small village in ___ country. 8. Close ___ door, please. I’m cold.

The Article. Special cases

HIGH FLYER

I travel all over … world on business and my neighbor thinks my life is one long holiday. You know what … business travel like: up at … dawn to catch … plane; … breakfast in London, … lunch in … New York, … luggage in Bermua. When you’re in … sky, you see only snow in … Arctic or … Greenland. You have glimpses of … Andes or … Pacific. You’re always exhausted. Your wife or husband complains you’re never there to take … children to … school or put them to … bed. When you get home, your neighbor says, ‘Another nice holiday, eh?’ Give me Home Sweet Home any day!

The Pronouns

 

There are different types of pronouns in English. They are

 

Personal	I, he, she, it, we, you, they
Possessive	my, his, her, its, our, your, their
Reflexive	Myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Reciprocal	Each other, one another
Demonstrative	This (these), that (those), such, the same
Interrogative	Who, whose, what, which
Relative	Who, whose, which, that, as
Conjunctive	Who, whose, which, what
Defining	Each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, all, either, both, other, another
Indefinite	Some, any, some/anybody, some/anything, some/anyone
Negative	No, none, neither, nobody, no one, nothing

 

Personal Pronouns

 

Subject (именительный падеж) I Ilike Ann. We Welike Ann. You Youlike Ann. He He likes Ann. She Shelikes Ann. They Theylike Ann.

Object (объектный падеж) Ann likes me. Me Ann likes us. Us Ann likes you. You Ann likes him. Him Ann likes her. Her Ann likes them. Them

 

 

Possessive Pronouns

The Pronouns

 

Reflexive Pronouns

Myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

 

-ся

Used after the verbs: amuse, blame, cut, dry, enjoy, hurt, introduce

I enjoyed myself very much at the party.

Jim prides himself on his cooking.

 

Сам/а

Used after the prepositions.

Look after yourself! Take care of yourself! She lives by herself. She made the dress by herself.

 

They are NOT used after: feel, relax, concentrate, wash, dress, shave, behave.

I got up, washed, shaved and dressed quickly.

Но: Wash yourself! Dress yourself! Shave yourself! Behave yourself!

Indefinite Pronouns

+	Some	I have some books.
-	Any	I haven’t any books.
?	any	Do you have any books?

Some is used

1. In affirmative sentences

2. In requests

3. In the meaning «некоторый»

Any is used

1. In negatives and questions

2. After conjunction ‘if’

3. With the words «hardly», «at all»

 

Defining Pronouns

all, everybody, everything, everyone

С исчисляемыми существительными во мн.ч. all (the)	С исчисляемыми в един.ч. The whole	В роли подлежащего, дополнения everybody/one/thing
All the books have been sold. All plants need water.	Have you read the whole book?	Everybody thinks that he knows everything.

JIM MEETS JAMES

I’ve just heard the … story of the Lewis twins from Ohio, who were adopted by different families at birth and who met each other for the first time at the age of 39. …. Wanted to know if they had anything in common. They had! They had … married a woman called Linda. … of them had been divorced and married another woman called Betty. They couples who adopted them had … called them ‘Jim’. Many similar things happened to them … their lives. The …. List is endless. Almost … experience they had had was the same: there were exact parallels for … they had ever done. As Jim said when he first met James, ‘It wasn’t like meeting a stranger!’

Each	Ограниченное число лиц или предметов – each student in our group has this book.
Every	Неограниченное число предметов – I see him every day. We go out every Friday.

Ex. 12 Choose Each/ every

1. …child wants to visit Disneyland. 2. … witness was questioned in turn. 3. They … have a comfortable flat. 4. You can come here … day. 5. … of us would be happy to help you. 6. … patient wants to be healthy. 7. Planes fly to St. Petersburg … hour.

The adjectives

 

The Adjective is a part of speech that gives a certain characteristic to an object.

 

Mary Middling had a pig,

Not very little and not very big,

Not very pink, not very green, Not very dirty, not very clean,

Not very good, not very naughty, Not very humble, not very haughty, Not very thin, not very fat, Now what would you give for a pig like that?

 

Appendix

OBJECTS WORD ORDER

ADAM GAVE AN APPLE TO EVE. = ADAM GAVE EVE AN APPLE.

(1) VERB + NOUN + TO A PERSON

(2) VERB + A PERSON + NOUN

 

ADJECTIVES WORD ORDER

Geographical Names

	No article	Definite article
Континенты. Страны, города, деревни	Africa, Asia, France, London Latin America, Central Asia, Petrovka Ho: thevillage of Petrovka	The United States, the Soviet Union, The United Kingdom, the Neverlands, The Hague, The Crimea, The Caucasus, The Ukrain
Океаны, реки, моря, каналы, пустыни		The Pacific, the Baltic Sea, the Neva, the Thames, the Sahara, the English Channel, the Suez Canal
Озера	Lake Baikal Lake Ontario	The Baikal The Ontario
Горы	Пики – Everest, Elbrus	Хребты – the Urals, the Alps
Острова	Один остров - Madagascar	Группа островов – the Bahamas, the British Isles
Регионы	North America, Latin America, Central Asia	The Middle East, the Far East, the north of England,
Стороны света	From East to West, from North to South	The South, the North, the East, the West

 

Exceptions

good	better	best
bad	worse	worst
far	Further, farther	Furthest, farthest
much/many	more	most
little	less	least
old	Older, elder	Oldest, eldest

 

5 Adjectives ending on ous, ing, ful, ed (2 syllables ) and long adjectives (3/4 syllables)

 

	comparative	superlative
	More + adjective	Most + adjective
boring	more boring	most boring
famous	more famous	most famous
modern	more modern	most modern
polite	more polite	most polite
tired	more tired	most tired
expensive	more expensive	most expensive
comfortable	more comfortable	most comfortable

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Contents

Unit 1 English word order…………………………………………….……….. Statements ………………………………………………………………………. Negative statements……………………………………………………………... Inversion………………………………………………………………………… Questions………………………………………………………………………… Imperative and impersonal statements…………………………………………...   Unit 2 Parts of speech …………………………………………………………. The noun………………………………………………………………...………. The article……………………………………………………………………….. The pronouns……………………………………………………………………. The adjectives…………………………………………………………………… Appendix

 

ENGLISH WORD ORDER. STATEMENTS

 

Grammar is the art of putting the right words in the right places.

 

Subject	Predicate	Object	Adverbials
how	where	when

DIRECT WORD ORDER

As English words have hardly any inflexions and their relation to each other is shown by their place in the sentence and not by their form, word order in English is fixed.