About myself.My family.My working day.

A baby - младенец

A little boy/girl - маленький ребёнок

A middle-aged person - человек среднего возраста

A new-born baby - новорожденный

A person advanced in years - человек преклонного возраста

A person getting on in years - человек пожилого возраста

A teenager - подросток

A toddler - малыш от года до двух

Acquaintance - знакомый; знакомая

An adult - взрослый

Ancestor - предок

Aunt - тетя; тетка

Bachelor - холостяк

Boarding-school - интернат

Bride - невеста

Bridegroom - жених

Bridesmaid - подружка невесты

Bridesman, best man - шафер

Brother - брат

Cousin - двоюродный брат, двоюродная сестра; кузен, кузина

Daughter - дочь

Descendant - потомок

Divorced - разведенный

Engaged - помолвленный

Ex-husband - бывший муж

Ex-wife - бывшая жена

Families - члены семьи

Father - отец

Father-in-law - свекор, тесть

Fiance - жених

Fiancee - невеста

Foster-child - приёмный ребёнок

Friend - друг

Grandchild - внук; внучка

Granddaughter - внучка

Grandfather, grandpapa - дедушка

Grandma - бабушка (ласкательное)

Grandmother, grandmamma - бабушка

Grandpa - дедушка (ласкательное)

Grandparent (s) - дед и бабка

Grandson - внук

Great-grandchild - правнук; правнучка

Half-brother - сводный брат

Husband - муж

In-laws - родители жены/мужа

Marital relationships - брак

Marriage - брак

Married - женатый

Mother - мать

Mother-in-law - свекровь, теща

Nephew - племянник

Newly-weds - молодожены

Niece - племянница

Nurse - няня

Old folks - родители

Orphan - сирота

Parents - родители

Part/role - роль

Relative - родственник

Remote kinsman - дальний родсвенник

Second cousin - троюродный брат/сестра

Single - одинокий, неженатый

Sister - сестра

Son - сын

Son-in-law - зять (муж дочери)

Spinster - старая дева

Spouse - супруг, супруга

Step-daughter - падчерица

Step-father - отчим

Step-mother - мачуха

Summer - лето

The only child - единственный ребёнок

To adopt - усыновить

To be born - родиться

To be of age - стать совершеннолетним

To bring up - воспитывать

To call the actors - вызывать на поклон

To court - ухаживать

To die - умереть

To divorce - расторгнуть брак

To get married - жениться

To relate - состоять в родстве

To take after - пойти в кого-либо

Tonsillitis - тонзилит

Twin - близнецы

Twin-brother - брат-близнец

Twin-sister - сестра-близнец

Uncle - дядя

Wedding - свадьба, венчание

Wedding-cake - свадебный торт

Wedding-dress - свадебное платье

Wedding-ring - обручальное кольцо

Widow - вдова

Widowed - вдовый

Widower - вдовец

Wife - жена

Youngster - юноша " Времена года и погода. Seasons and weather."

Autumn - осень

Barometer - барометр

Breeze - лёгкий ветерок, бриз

Bright - яркий; светлый

Chilly - холодный; прохладный

Clear - светлый, ясный; безоблачный

Cloud - облако; туча;

Cloudless - безоблачный

Cloudy - облачный

Cold - холод

Damp - влажный, сырой

Defoliation - листопад

Degree - градус

Dew - роса

Drizzle - мелкий дождь

Drizzly - моросящий

Dry - сухой

Dull - пасмурный, хмурый

Early frosts - заморозки

Eavesdrop - капель

Fog - туман

Foggy - туманный

Freezing - замораживающий

Frost - мороз

Gossamer - осенняя паутина в воздухе

Hail - град

Hailstone - градина

Heat - жара

Hoarfrost, rime - иней

Hot - жаркий

Humidity, moisture - влажность

Hurricane - ураган

Icicle - сосулька

Indian Summer - бабье лето

Lightning - молния

Mild - мягкий, тихий

Mist - туман

Misty - туманный

Nasty - ужасная погода

Pressure - давление

Puddle - лужа

Rain - дождь

Rainbow - радуга

Raindrop - дождевая капля

Rainfall - осадки

Rainstorm - ливень с ураганом

Rainy - дождливый

Ray - луч (солнца)

Scorching - палящий, жаркий, знойный

Season - время года

Shower - ливень

Showery - дождливый, проливной

Sky - небо

Sleet - слякоть

Slide - скользить по льду

Snow - снег

Snowfall - снегопад

Snowflake - снежинка

Snowy - снежный

Spring - весна

Storm - буря, гроза, ураган, шторм

Stormy - штормовой

Stuffy - удушливый, душный

Sultry - душный

Sun - солнце

Sunny - солнечный

Sunshine - солнечный свет

Synoptic - синоптик

Thaw - оттепель

Thunder - гром

Thunderstorm - гроза

To blossom - цвести

To freeze - замерзать, обледеневать

To glow - светиться, сверкать

To hail - идти (о граде)

To melt - таять

To pour - лить (о дожде)

To rain - идти, литься (о дожде)

To shine - светить, сиять, озарять

To snow - идти (о снеге)

To splash - забрызгивать

Warm - тёплый

Weather - погода

Weather forecast - прогноз погоды

Weatherman - метеоролог

Wet - мокрый, влажный

Wind - ветер

Windy - ветренный

Winter – зима

  " Дом. Dwelling."

Air conditioner - кондиционер

Apartment - квартира

Apartment house - многоквартирный дом

Back door - черный вход, задняя дверь

Balcony/terrace - балкон

Bolt lock - засов

Buzzer - звонок

Cabin - хижина

Chimney - дымоход

Cottage - котедж

Deck - палуба

Door chain - цепочка

Doorbell - дверной звонок

Doorknob - дверная ручка

Doorman - швейцар, консьерж

Dormitory - студенческое общежитие (амер)

Drainpipe/downspout - ливнёвка, канализационная труба, водосток

Driveway - подъезд к дому

Duplex/two-family house - дом на два хозяина

Elevator/lift - лифт

Farmhouse - фермерский дом

Fire alarm - противопожарная сигнализация

Flat - квартира

Front door - парадная дверь

Front walk - дорожка перед парадным входом

Garage - гараж

Garbage chute - мусоропровод

Garden - сад

Gutter - сточная канава, труба

Hostel - общежитие

House - дом

Houseboat - дом на воде

Intercom - домофон

Kitchen garden - огород

Lamppost - фонарь

Laundry room - прачечная

Lobby - парадное

Lownmower - газонокосилка

Mailbox - почтовый ящик

Mobile home/trailer - передвижной дом, трейлер

Nursing home - дом престарелых

Parking garage - подземный гараж в многоквартирном доме

Parking lot - парковка

Peephole - глазок

Porch - крыльцо

Roof - крыша

Satellite dish - спутниковая тарелка

Screen door - защитная дверь

Shelter - приют

Shutter - ставни

Single-family house - дом для одной семьи

Smoke detector - датчик задымления

Steps - ступени

Storage room - кладовка

Storm door - дверь, защищающая парадную

Summer cottage - дача

Superintendent - управляющий

Swimming-pool - бассейн

Tool shed - сарай для инструментов

Townhouse - городской дом (обычно состоит из нескольких квартир с отдельным входом)

TV antenna - телевизионная антенна

Walk-up apartment - квартира в доме без лифта

Whirlpool - джакузи

Window - окно

Window screen - жалюзи

Yard – двор

 

" Окружающая среда. Environmental protection."

Acid rain - кислотные дожди

Alkalinity - щелочность

Be threatened with extinction - быть под угрозой вымирания

Biosphere - биосфера

By-product - побочный продукт

Carbon dioxide/ CO2 - углекислый газ/двуокись углерода

Carbon monoxide - окись углерода

Catchment level - уровень водосбора

Chop down - срубать, вырубать

Conservation of natural resources - охрана природных ресурсов

Deforestation - обезлесение

Depletion - истощение

Desertification - опустынивание

Diversion of flow of rivers - изменение русел рек

Drought - засуха

Dump - свалка

Dumping - захоронение, дампинг

Earthquake - землетрясение

Ecosystem - экосистема

Effluent - сточные воды

Emissions - выходы/выбросы

Endangered species - исчезающий вид

Environmental emergency - чрезвычайная экологическая ситуация

Environmental protection - охрана окружающей среды

Flooding - наводнение

Fossil fuel - ископаемое топливо

Fume - дым, выхлоп

Green belt - полоса зеленых насаждений

Greenhouse effect - парниковый эффект

Habitat - место, среда обитания

Hazardous wastes - опасные отходы

Herbicide - гербицид

Hurricane - ураган

Hydrocarbons - углеводороды

Incineration - сжигание отходов

Landfill - свалка мусора

Maximum allowable emissions - предельно допустимые выбросы

Mean daily sample - среднесуточная проба

Multiple use - комплексное использование (ресурсов)

Negligence - халатность

Noise pollution/standards - шумовое загрязнение/нормы шумового загрязнения

Non-point source of pollution - неточечный источник загрязнения

Occupational disease - профессиональное заболевание

Oil slick - нефтяная пленка (на воде)

Ozone depleting substances (ODS) - озоноразрушающие вещества

Ozone hole - озоновая дыра

Ozone layer - озоновый слой

Permafrost - вечная мерзлота

Pesticide - пестицид

Poacher - браконьер

Pollutant - загрязняющее вещество

Preserve, sanctuary - заповедник

Prey upon - охотиться

Quality Assurance/ Quality Control (QA/QC) - обеспечение качества/контроль качества

Radioactive wastes - радиоактивные отходы

Recycling - вторичное использование, переработка, рециркуляция

Reduce the threat - снижать угрозу

Renewable energy - возобновляемая энергия

Reservoir - водоем

Runoff - сток, отвод

Salinity - соленость, засоление

Sampling - отбор проб

Sediment, precipitation - осадки

Seismic sea wave/tsunami - цунами

Sewage - стоки, нечистоты

Sewage system - система очистки сточных вод

Sludge, slurry - осадок, ил, шлак

Solid waste management - утилизация твердых отходов

Sustainable development - устойчивое развитие

Taxidermy - изготовление чучел

Thermal pollution - тепловое загрязнение

Timber - лесоматериалы

Toxic substance - токсическое вещество

Unleaded petrol - бензин без свинца, неэтилированный бензин

Unrenewable resources - невозобновляемые ресурсы

Visual pollution - визуальное загрязнение окружающей среды

Volcano eruption - извержение вулкана

Wastes - отходы

Water abstraction - водозабор

Water quality criteria - критерии качества воды

сhlorine - хлор

  "Спорт. Sport."

Aerobics - аэробика

An athlete - спортсмен

Archery - стрельба из лука

Arrow - стрела

Badminton - бадминтон

Barrel - штанга

Baseball - бейзбол

Basketball - баскетбол

Beach volleyball - пляжный волейбол

Biathlon - биатлон

Billiards - бильярд

Bow - лук

Bowling/ skittles - боулинг/кегли

Boxing - бокс

Canoeing - гребля на каноэ

Car racing - гонки

Chess - шахматы

Climbing - скалолазанье

Club - клюшка

Coach - тренер

Court - корт

Crew - команда

Cricket - крикет

Cross-country skiing / langlauf - бег на лыжах

Cue - кий

Curling - кёрлинг

Cycling - велоспорт

Darts - метание дротиков, дартс

Diving - прыжки в воду

Downhill skiing - горнолыжный спорт

Draughts - шашки

Fencing - фехтование

Figure skating - фигурное катание

Fishing - спортивная рыбалка

Fist ball - ручной мяч

Fitness centre - центр укрепления здоровья

Football/soccer - футбол

Gliding - планеризм

Goal - ворота

Golf - гольф

Googles - очки для подводного плаванья

Gym - гимнастический зал

Gymnastics - гимнастика

Handball - гандбол

Hang gliding - дельтапланеризм

High jump - прыжки в высоту

Hockey - хоккей

Hurdle race - бег с барьерами

Ice rink - каток

In-line skating - конькобежный спорт

Instructor - инструктор

Javelin - копье

Jogging - бег трусцой

Judo - дзюдо

Karate - карате

Long jump - прыжки в длину

Martial arts - боевые искусства

Motorbike sports - мотоциклетный спорт

Mountaineering - альпинизм

National team - сборная страны

Net - сетка

Orienteering - спортивное ориентирование

Parachuting - парашютный спорт

Pole-vaulting - прыжки с шестом

Polo - поло

Puck - шайба

Racetrack - беговая дорожка

Racket - ракетка

Referee - судья

Riding - верховая езда

Ring - ринг

Rowing - гребля

Rugby - рэгби

Running race - состязание в беге

Sailing - парусный спорт

Shooting - стрельба

Shuttlecock - волан

Ski poles - лыжные палки

Skis - лыжи

Snooker - снукер (игра на бильярде)

Sports ground - спортивная площадка

Stadium - стадион

Stick - хоккейная клюшка

Swords - мечи, шпаги

Team - команда

To break a record - побить рекорд

To compete in a championship - участвовать в чемпионате

To draw a game - свести игру вничью

To lose the competition - проиграть соревнование

To score points, goals - набирать очки, забивать голы

To set records - устанавливать рекорды

To train - тренироваться

To win the competition - победить в соревнованиях

To win the cup - выиграть кубок

Tobogganing - санный спорт

Tournament - турнир

Track-and-field - легкая атлетика

Triathlon - триатлон

Triple jump - тройной прыжок

Tug of war - перетягивание каната

Volleyball - волейбол

Water polo - водное поло

Waterski - водные лыжи

Weight lifting - тяжелая атлетика

Working out - занятия на снарядах

Wrestling - борьба

Travelling

бус bus

аэропорт   airport

багаж baggage, luggage

бензин       gas, gasoline

билет ticket

валюта      (foreign/hard) currency

велосипед bicycle, bike

взлетать/взлететь to take off, to leave the ground

виза visa

вокзал (railroad/train) station

говорить по-русски to speak Russian

город town; city

гостиница hotel

граница     border, frontier

ехать/поехать за границу to go abroad

железная дорога  railroad

загорать/загореть to get (sun)burnt; to get a (sun)tan

загорелый sunburnt; tanned, brown, bronzed

иностранец foreigner

иностранный       foreign

каникулы  (school/university) vacation

карта map

корабль     ship

лёгкий       light

машина     car, automobile

мотоцикл  motorcycle, motorbike

направление direction

номер (hotel) room

отдыхать   to be on vacation; to rest, to be resting

открытка   postcard

отправляться/отправиться to set out, to leave, to depart

отпуск       vacation, leave

палатка     tent

паспорт     passport

пляж beach

поезд train

поездка     (short) journey; trip, excursion, outing, tour

понимать/понять to understand

порт port; harbor

прибывать/прибыть to arrive

приземляться/приземлиться      to land, to touch down

провожать/проводить

to see off, to accompany

путешествие journey, voyage

путешествовать       

to travel

рюкзак      backpack

садиться/сесть (на что)to get on, to board; to embark

самолёт     (air)plane

скучать (по кому/чему)   to miss, to long/yearn (for)

спасательная куртка life-jacket

страна country

странный  strange, odd

сходить/сойти (с чего)to get off, to alight (from)

такси taxi

трамвай     streetcar, trolley, tram

туризм       tourism

чемодан    suitcase

 

 

ABOUT MYSELF

Let me tell you about myself.

My name is ….      My surname is …. I am … years old. I was born on … in 19.. in …     I live in Rostov in … Street, number … .

I finished school number …. I was a good pupil and I did well in all subjects. But my favourite subject at school was English. I spent much time on it reading books. I like reading. I like detective stories but I pre­fer to read historical novels or modern writers.

Now I study at the Kokshetau State University named after Shokan Ualikhanov. I study at the philological Faculty. I am a student of the first year. My future profession is a teacher of the Kazakh language and literature.

My family is not large. We have … people in our family. My Father's name... He is … years old. He is a.... My Mother's name is.... She is... years old. She is a.... My brother/sister is a pupil. He/she goes to the... form. Most of all I love my family. We are all friends and we love each other.

We live in a big flat in a new house. There are three rooms in our flat: a living room, a kitchen, a bathroom and two bedrooms. We have all modern con­veniences: gas, hot water, running water, electricity and telephone. I have my duties about the house. I must go shopping and clean the rooms. It's not diffi­cult for me. I like our home to be clean and tidy. I think home is the nicest place.  

I have many friends. Most of them are my Class­mates. We spend much time together, go for a walk or to a disco party, talk about lessons, music, and discuss our problems.

I like to listen to modern music, but sometimes I like to listen to some classical music. My favourite composer is Tchaikovsky. I haven't much time to watch TV but sometimes I spend an hour or two watching an interesting film or a news programme. In the evening I often read newspapers or some interesting book. I like fresh air and exercises, but I don't have much time for sports.

I studied at the preparatory courses this year. We had three subjects there - Russian, English and Math­ematics. I want to enter this Academy because I want to become an economist (manager)

MY FRIEND

 

I have many friends but my best friend is Peter. He is eighteen. Now he is a student at the Rostov State University. He studies at the Faculty of Geology. He is a good student because he studies hard and is very diligent. He wants to become a good specialist and he reads a lot of special literature. He often helps me with my English lessons and I'm very grateful to him for that.

Now I want to tell you about his appearance. He is rather tall, well built and strong. He has an oval face, straight nose, dark-brown hair, blue eyes and a nice smile. So people find him good-looking.

Peter is a good sportsman. He goes in for sports. He plays basketball and football well. His basketball team is very popular at the University.

We made friends with Peter when he and his family moved to our house. We have very much in common: we like the same music, we both like reading. In gen­eral my friend is an interesting person: he is intelli­gent and well read.

But the most important thing is that Peter is an honest man. I can fully rely on him and trust every­thing to him. Peter has a great sense of humour and I like to spend my free time with him.

I have another friend. Her name is Natasha. She is a schoolgirl and she lives next door. She often comes to my place and we spend time together. We listen to the music, watch TV and chat. I like her very much. She is a blonde with blue eyes. She is slim and pretty. Her hair is long and she has a nice complexion.

 

SPORTS

People all over the world are fond of sports and games. Sport makes people healthy, keeps them fit, more organized and better disciplined. It unites people of different classes and nationalities. Many people do sports on their personal initiative. They go in for ski­ing, skating, table tennis, swimming, volleyball, foot­ball, basketball, body-building etc.

All necessary facilities are provided for them: sta­diums, sport swimming-pools, skating - rinks, foot­ball fields.

Sport is paid much attention to in our schools and Institutes. Physical training is a compulsory subject. Different sports and games are popular with my class­mates. All my friends go in for different kinds of sport, such as water sports (that is swimming, sail, rowing), gymnastics, horse-racing, wrestling, fencing, weight­lifting, boxing, football, basketball, volleyball, etc.

And now a few words about our physical training lessons at school. In summer they are held out-of-doors. When it is cold outside the lessons are held indoors in our school gymnasium.

Professional sport is also paid much attention to in our country. In the city where I live, there are differ­ent sport societies, clubs and sport schools. Practically all kinds of sports are popular in our country, but gymnastics and tennis enjoy the greatest popularity.

The most popular kinds of sports in the United States are baseball, basketball and American football. In Eng­land very popular kinds of sports are golf and rugby. Englishmen like football too. It is their national kind of sport.

MY STUDY

I want to tell you about my school. I studied at school number.... It has a large building. It has three floors. There is a sports-ground behind the school. Pupils have their physical training lessons there.

When you enter the school you can see a big foyer and a cloakroom. There is a big gymnasium to the right and a workshop on the first floor. The school canteen is on the first floor to the left. Here pupils and teachers have their breakfast and dinner.

There are many classrooms in our school. We have two English classrooms, History, Geography and Phys­ics classrooms and others. They are big and light. The windows in the classrooms are wide and all of them have curtains. There are many flowers on the window­sills. Almost all the classrooms have three rows of desks, a big blackboard and a teacher's table near the black­board. Some classrooms have TV sets. They are some­times used during the lesson.

There is a school hall on the third floor where meet­ings and conferences take place. The teachers' room and the Headmaster's room are on the second floor. There are tables and chairs for teachers. They like to spend their free time there.

We had many good teachers in our school. During the years of study we acquired deep knowledge in var­ious subjects. Our teachers not only gave us basic knowl­edge of many sciences but they also taught us to love our Motherland; to treat nature carefully, to be honest and hardworking.

At school I had many favourite subjects: English, Lit­erature, Mathematics, Physics, Physical training. But most of all I liked English lessons and my English teacher.

I like my school very much and I think I'llremem­ber my school and my teachers all my life.

 

 

 

SEASONS AND WEATHER

There are four seasons in a year: winter, spring, sum­mer and autumn. Each of them lasts three months. Summer is my favourite season. June, July and August are summer months. When summer comes, the weather gets warmer and sometimes it can be very hot.

Insummer people spend much time in the open.

They find time to go to the forest or to swim in the river. Schoolchildren like their summer holidays.

Autumn comes in September with the beginning of the school year. It is the time when fruit and vegetables become ripe. Itis a very beautiful time of the year when the weather is still warm and the leaves change their colour from green to yellow and red. But then it gets colder. The leaves fall from the trees and cover the ground. Birds flyaway to warm countries. Then winter comes.

Every New Year begins in winter on the first of January. It's a holiday and people decorate their flats with New Year trees. Winter is usually a cold season. It often snows, rivers and lakes are frozen. The sun sets early and rises late - especially in December and January. The days are short; the sky is often grey.

But at the end of March the weather gets better, the sun shines more brightly. The days become longer. The birds return from the South and make their nests. It sometimes rains but the sky is usually bright-blue and it is warm.

Infact, every season has its fine days and is pleas­ant in its own way. As for in my city: the weather usually is not very cold in winter. But sometimes it snows heavily. The average temperature in winter is not very low. Summers are usually very hot in our region. We often have strong winds both in summer and winter.

In general, I like our climate because it is rather mild.

LONDON

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is one of the larg­est cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million.

London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old. It has more than 20 centuries old history. Traditionally it is divided into several parts, the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. They are very different from each other.

The City is the oldest part of London. It is a finan­cial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are concentrated here. Few people live in the City but over a million come to work here. Two archi­tectural masterpieces are situated within the City: St. Paul's Cathedral and the Tower of London. St. Paul's Cathedral was built in the 17th century by Christo­pher Wren. The Tower of London was built in the 15th century. It was used as a fortress, a palace and a pris­on. Now it's a museum.

Westminster is the aristocratic official part of Lon­don. It includes Buckingham Palace where the Queen lives and the Houses of Parliament along the north bank of the Thames.

The clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is fa­mous for its big hour bell known as “Big Ben”. West­minster Abbey is the place where the coronation of nearly all kings and queens has taken place. Many of them are buried here as well as some other famous people of the country

The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. The best hotels, restaurants, shops, clubs, parks and houses are situated there. There are many various shops in it, which attract tourists from differ­ent countries of the world.

Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of Lon­don; it was named in the memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square.

The East End is an industrial district of London.

There are many factories there. The region is densely populated by working class families.

GREAT BRITAIN

 

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. It consists of four parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

England, Wales and Scotland occupy the territory of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated in the northern part of Ireland. The territory of the United Kingdom is about 244 000 (two hundred and forty four thousand) square kilometers. The population of the United Kingdom is over 56 million people. The capital of the United Kingdom is London.

The surface of the United Kingdom varies greatly. The northern and western parts of the country are mountainous and are called Highlands. All the rest is a vast plain, which is called the Lowlands. The mountains are not very high. The rivers are not very long. The most important of them are the Severn and the Thames. There are many beautiful lakes in the mountainous part of the country. 

The mountains, The Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of Great Britain. It is mild the whole year round. Winters are not cold and summers are not hot.

Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of iron and steel products, machinery and electronics, chemical and textile. One of the chief industries is shipbuilding.

Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The most famous educational centres are Oxford and Cambridge universities. They are considered to be the intellectual centres of Europe. The education is not free, it is very expensive.

The United Kingdom is a monarchy and the Queen is the head of the state. But in practice the United Kingdom is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

There are three main political parties in Great Brit­ain: the Labour party, the Conservative party and the Liberal party.

 

Sports

 

People in the whole world like sports. Sports improves health, keeps a good form. Finally, it is an excellent pastime. International matches and tournaments unite nations; they play an important role in establishing good relations between countries.

In Kazakhstan people always paid much attention to sports. Since 1991 the country has been participating in international sports contests as a sovereign state. For the development of the Olympic movement the National Olympic committee was founded in the Republic. At the XVII winter Olympic Games, 1994 in Lillehammer Kazakhstan took part for the first time. In the country there are many sportsmen of international class. Great attention is paid to the preparation of the reserve for national combined teams of the country. In Petropavlovsk, Shymkent, Kyzylorda, Stepnogorsk boarding schools for talented children have been founded. Different sports facilities are being built. In Astana there is the sports Palace, tennis courts, a stadium. In the Republic there is a system of preparing the sportsmen of higher class. There are 291 sports schools of sports mastership. About 140 thousand children, teenagers and young people study there. The sportsmen of Kazakhstan are among the strongest in Asia. They represent powerful competition for the sportsmen of China, Japan and South Korea. The combined team of Kazakhstan is quite successful at the Asian Games. The achievements of boxers are especially noticeable. Who doesn't know the Olympic champions Vassiliy Zhirov, Bekzat Sattarkhanov and Yermakhan Ibragimov? There are also achievements in track and field sports, Greek and Roman wrestling, chess. Judging by the results of the Olympic Games in 2000 in Sydney the sports delegation of Kazakhstan took the 22 place among 199 participating countries.

After acquiring sovereignty measures for revival and development of national kinds of sports were taken in the country. The results of these measures immediately influenced everything. Now more than 20 thousand people go in for the national wrestling Kazakhsha kures. The ancient table game togyz kumalak became popular among the population. More than 2 thousand people are fascinated by the national horse game kokpar. There are fans of such kinds of sports as baiga, zhorga zharys, tenge alu, kyz kuu. Annually the official championships and republican tournaments, of the most of national kinds of sports are held.

MY MOTHERLAND KAZAKHSTAN

The Republic of Kazakhstan is a sovereign independent state in the centre of the Eurasian continent. The official lan­guage is Kazakh. The Russian language is officially used on equal grounds along with the Kazakh. The republic celebrates its Independence Day on December 16. According to the most recent data, the population of Kazakhstan at the end of 1997 was 15.5 million: 55%-urban, 45%-rural.

The territory of the country stretches 1600 km from north to south and 2800 km from west to east: a total area is 2.7 min. square km Kazakhstan borders Russia to the North, China to the East, Kyrgysia, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to the South, and the Caspian Sea to the West. The landscape of Kazakhstan is diverse. The northern forest-steppe becomes steppe, semi desert and desert in the south. The climate of Kazakhstan varies widely throughout the country. Average January temperatures range from -19°C in the north to -3°C in the south, but temper­atures in northern regions may fall as low as -40°C or below.

Kazakhstan's relatively developed economic structure is based on its vast deposits of natural resources such as ore, oil, natural gas. In addition Kazakhstal1 is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products – primarily grain, wool and meat. The main branches of industry are metallurgy, production of heavy machinery, industrial equipment, chemicals, textiles and processed foods. National currency of Kazakhstan is tenge.

Kazakhstan can be divided into 5 main zones, according to climatic and economic conditions. They are: Eastern, Northern, Central, Southern, Western Kazakhstan. The population of Eastern Kazakhstan is about 1, 7 min. people. The main cities are Semipalatinsk, Oskemen, Zyrianovsk. The region is rich in polymetal ores, containing lead, zink, copper, gold, silver. The main branches of industry are metallurgy and production of heavy machinery, non-ferrous metallurgy, machine-building, timber cutting. Northern Kazakhstan is the granary of the country, about three quarters of agricultural land is used for grain production. The useful minerals are deposits of iron, hard coal, limestone. Industries include machine-building, instrumental, food-processing. Central Kazakhstan covers the territory of 398 square km. The main cities are Karaganda, Dzeskazgan, Temirtau. The population is overwhelmingly urban – more than 80% live in cities. The region is famous for hard coal deposits; about 30% of the Republic's hard coal stocks are concentrated in Central Kazakhstan. Highly developed Industries are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, construction industry. Southern Kazakhstan is the least developed region. The population density is the highest in the Republic. The main cities are: Kyzylorda, Aralsk, Taraz. The region is the main cen­tre of irrigated viticulture, with well-developed cotton, sugar, beet and rice growing. Western Kazakhstan is mainly famous for its mineral resources, such as oil, gas, chromate, copper. The Tengis oil-field is one of the largest in the world. The region attracts foreign investments to stimulate the development of the industry in the region.