Volga-region Department of Russian Academy of Education

Volga-region Department of Russian Academy of Education

International Association “Acceptor”

 

Yu.A.Tsagarelly

Theory and practice

Of person’s system diagnostics

Manual

Kazan -2001

CONTENTS

 

Introduction                                                                                                    7

 

PART I. THE THEORY OF PERSON’S SYSTEM DIAGNOSTICS 9

CHAPTER 1. SYSTEM APPROACH AS A THEORETICAL BASIS

OF PERSON’S SYSTEM DIAGNOSTICS                                        9

§ 1. The principles of classical system approach and their role in

person’s system diagnostics                                                        9

§ 2. The components of system approach and their use in person’s

system diagnostics                                                                       14

§ 3. The hierarchical structure of person’s characteristics and

the legitimacy of its system organization                                     16

CHAPTER II. METHODS AND EQUIPMENT FOR PERSON’S

SYSTEM DIAGNOSTICS (THEORETICAL ASPECT)                  20

§ 1. Typical mistakes of diagnostic methods and equipment

concerning the solution of problem of person’s system diagnostics 25

§ 2. The principles of selection and creation of methods, techniques

and equipment for person’s system diagnostics                          22

 

PART II. PRACTICE OF PERSON’S SYSTEM DIAGNOSTICS            19

CHAPTER 1. THE DEVICE “ACTIVATIONMETER ATS-6”

AS A MEANS OF PERSON’S SYSTEM DIAGNOSTICS               24

§ 1. General description of the device “Activationmeter ATS-6”                    24

§2. Diagnostic possibilities of the device “Activationmeter ATS-6”      25

Conclusion                                                                                            87

Literature                                                                                              88

Appendix 1. Pictures (The translation is not finished yet)            96

Appendix 2. Universal diagnostic scales                                              97

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

System diagnostics of a human is desirable everywhere humans are the object of different complex research and influence (psychological, therapeutic, managerial and also in the spheres where composite by its nature human factor plays an important role. That is why the elaboration of a system diagnostics theory and methods is actual for many branches of science and practice, especially those connected with practical psychology, medicine and pedagogics.

This in the system of education this diagnostics provides a feedback in the process of the development in all levels of hierarchic structures of the human. It is used to optimize the process of education, professional orientation and consultations, also in resolving problems of pupils’ somatic and psychological health. In the forces departments (Armed forces, Ministry of Internal Customs, Federal Service of Security, Ministry of Emergency Situations, Customs) system diagnostics improves sufficiently staff teamwork, increases the quality of professional selection, suicide prevention and reduction in crime; besides it is one of the major factors in forming professionally significant qualities. In activities connected with the systems “human – machine” where more than a half of production and transport accidents associated with human factor, operative system diagnostics is of a main condition of hazard prevention. Such diagnostics also helps intensify labor productivity and worker interest. In the creative professions where significant successes are impossible without individual style of creativity, help of a systematic approach contributes to increase of work quality. In medicine where necessity of system diagnostics is dictated by the systematical character of a human organism, effective treatment of somatic and psychological diseases can be achieved.

Last years are characterized by interest in methods and device for system diagnostics. Despite economic and social hardships in Russia, many organizations have acquired «Activationmeter» for system human diagnostics. Currently more than one thousand are being used in the educational system (schools, higher education institutions, preschool education), in the forces departments (Ministry of Internal Affairs, army, customs organs, Federal Security Service, special service, spaceship and aviation, culture and art institutions, sports, social defense, registry offices, industrial, commercial and transport enterprises, banks, administrative organs)

Besides, the device has got wide use in medical clinics in Russia and Byelorussia (hospitals, polyclinics, sanatoriums).

Scientific and practical value of methods and the device itself is confirmed by the Ministry of Health of USSR and RT, the Ministry of Civil Aviation of USSR, Cosmonauts’ Training Center named after Gagarin, the Ministry of Culture of USSR, State Customs Committee of RF, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of RT, the Ministry of Education of RT, Volga-region Department of Russian Academy of Education, Psychology Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Scientific Research Institute of labor protection, fire prevention, special education and many others.

The effectiveness of the device and techniques is also proved by numerous scientific investigations, dissertations and dozens of publications of different authors.

 «Activationmeter» is included in the list of required devices for psychologists, working in different spheres: Customs, Ministry of Internal Affairs, State anti-fire service of Russia etc.

Taking into account the wide use of methods and device itself for system diagnostics some institutes have introduced a special course «System diagnostics with the help of «Activationmeter». We have written this manual, which contains the description of methods and theory of system diagnostics and also some concrete diagnostic techniques realized with the help of the only device for system diagnostics – “Activationmeter”. Taking into account the wishes of our foreign partners we divided the English version of this manual into two separate books. The first book contains a theory of system diagnostics and the second one – its practical realization on the device “Activationmeter ATS-6”. In Russian version these two books are united as one book with two parts. Besides the numbers of chapters are the same in both versions. The manual devoted to technical exploitation of the device “Activationmeter ATS-6” is in a separate brochure applied to the device. The device also includes a three-hour videocassette in which the diagnostic methods are illustrated. The given manual is made for students, post-graduates of Psychology Departments and practical psychologists. We hope it will be also useful for the students of Teachers’ Training Colleges, Sociology Departments and also for teachers, sociologists and doctors.

 

PART I

CHAPTER I.

The principle of physics

 

Table 1 – The examples of manifestations of the laws of physics in psychology

 

The laws of physics	Psychological conformities to natural laws
Mechanical motion is relative. One and the same motion in different systems can look differently.	This implies, at first, that psychic development (of abilities, professionally important qualities, knowledge, skills, etc.) is relative. You should judge the process of their development(or degradation) not according to the level of the expressiveness of this or that quality, but according to the difference (D) between the points indicating the stages of development. Secondly, the degree of natural gifts (professionalism) should be revealed comparing the level of expressiveness of some qualities of estimated individual with similar qualities of other individuals. So, we can see, that natural gifts, genius, talent are relative notions. The genius of one social-historical epoch can not be the same for another epoch, etc.
The first Newton’s law (the law of inertia). Any isolated (not being influenced by external forces) body keeps its state of tranquility or uniform rectilinear motion.	It means that to change a psychic state, psychic process, personality psychological characteristics, social orientation, outlook, etc. you need an external or (and) internal influence. The effectiveness of the change is proportional to the effectiveness of overcoming of inertia. Too sharp and strong influence (especially in the opposite direction) leads to psychological explosion (conflict).
The second Newton’s law shows that the change of a body’s speed is caused by the influence of other bodies on it.	It means that external or internal influences are the causes of the change of the speed of development or degradation of psychic functions. That’s why the diagnostic index is not only the fact of the change of the development, but also the speed of this process.
The third Newton’s law. While interacting two bodies, their forces, by which they influence each other, are equal in modulo and opposite in direction.	The force of psychological influence on a personality is equal in modulo to the sum of qualitative and quantitative aspects of this influence. The qualitative aspect depends on social and psychological significance of the influence for a given person. The quantitative aspect depends on the quantity and vector of influences.
The angle of influence is equal to the angle of reflection.	The direction of a person’s psychic reaction on a psychic influence depends on what angle to the plane of a person’s needs this influence is made.

 

According to this principle any system is characteristic of physics laws, In system diagnostics the registration of the principle of physics is especially necessary while interpreting the results of the investigation. The examples in table 1 illustrate how these principles work in psychic states.

The postulates of principles of physics play a very important role in the comprehension of the essence of a person’s system diagnostics.

According to the postulate of integrity a composite system should be considered as a single unit. The example of such composite and at the same time integrated system is a man. The diagnostics of this integrated system should take system character which enables to diagnose the whole spectrum of a person’s qualities and also to review the investigated quality in the context other qualities of a person’s integrated structure.

According to the postulate of autonomy a system has a spatially-temporary metrics and intra-system laws of conservation which are defined by the contents and the structure of the system and don’t depend on the environment. That’s why identical external influences, also in the process of psycho-diagnostics cause different individual reactions, connected with individual (autonomic) features of the examinees. The postulate of autonomy corresponds to the well-known formula of S.L.Rubenstein according to which any external influences on a person are carried out through his internal conditions.

 

The principle of modeling

 

According to this principle any system can be presented as a finite set of models, each of them reflects a particular side of its essence.

Model – is a theoretical (imaginary), or sign (semiotic), or material (artificial or natural) substitute of the original which reflects a number of the original’s characteristics, essential to the given investigation, in the form of a number of elements and which helps to solve scientific and applied tasks.

The principle of modeling is of great importance for psychological diagnostics. It testifies to the legitimacy of studying of any quality while modeling the appropriate activity (situation). It should be pointed out, that huge modeling possibilities are used in a person’s diagnostics insufficiently. Because of it the practical diagnostics suffers which is especially actual for the diagnostics of the qualities appearing in extreme situations. It’s very difficult and even impossible for carrying out the diagnostic procedures in real extreme situations. The best solution of the problem is the modeling of extreme situation. As well as any other model, it has reproducibility, standardness and other important characteristics. It doesn’t only facilitate the procedure of the diagnostics, but also raises the reliability of the results. Its confirmation is the practice of usage of methods of the diagnostics of reliability in extreme situation and the diagnostics of psycho-emotional steadiness which are based on the use of the model of extreme situation (see the description of the methods in chapter VI, part II).

The principle of modeling suggests the possibility to model any aspects and characteristics of a person, his activity and behavior. The fact that many parameters have no qualified models yet (it especially concerns the simulation of emotions) testifies only about an irregularity or insufficiency of knowledge in this sphere, but not about theoretical hopelessness of this way.

In system diagnostics the principle of modeling allows to use simplified models. Their interaction provides the reflection of a composite system as a whole. It is reasonable to use the hierarchical system of models. In this case the model which is on the top of the pyramid helps to investigate only common tendencies which gradually become concrete dealing with the models of lower levels.

The postulates of modeling principle play an important role in a person’s system diagnostics.

The postulate of supplement, according to the principle of Bohr requires that the objects should be described using pairs of notions simultaneously completing each other. In system diagnostics the principle of continuum described in 2.2 corresponds to this postulate.

The postulate of uncertainty according to the principle of Meisenberg indicates that the minimum accuracy of the definition of a system’s properties depends on the area of uncertainty which is characteristic of this system, and inside of which the increasing accuracy of the definition of one property entails the lowering accuracy of the definition of another one. Due to this, many psychic processes have their areas of uncertainty, this postulate helps to understand the reasons of noninformity of the accuracy of the diagnostics of various properties during profound investigations.

 

Table 2 – The manifestation of the postulate of operation in Hooke’s law and also in psychic phenomenon.

 

Hooke’s law

Psychic phenomenon

The force of elasticity, originating in a body during its deformation, is proportional to the absolute alongation of the body. The coefficient of proportionality is called the rigidity of the body. It depends upon a material, geometrical sizes and forms. Hooke’s law is fulfilled during small deformations. The ultimate tension, during which Hooke’s law is fulfilled, is called the limit of elasticity.

During a psychological influence (pressure) on a person the quantity of a person’s counteraction is proportional to the quantity of the pressure and also the psychological rigidity of a person. An ultimate tension, under which this law is fulfilled, is called the limit of psychological steadiness. If the pressure is increased, a paradoxal phase of reaction is observed. It appears in two polar forms: the reaction of lion (supernormal rise of aggression, activity, will, muscle force, speed of reaction) and the reaction of rabbit (is characterized by relaxation, up to a stupor). The farther increase of a psychological pressure causes destruction of a person, up to a somatic self-destruction (suicide).

 

The postulate of operation causes a threshold character of a system’s reactions to an external influence. Up to the definite level the influence of the environment is compensated by strengthening of some processes and weakening of others and beginning with some level, the saltus – the modification of the system – is necessary. This postulate is displayed in Hooke’s law and its operations (see table 2).

The postulate of operation is compounded with the law of force by B.M.Teplov – V.D.Nebylitsin, which is the basis of their well-known technique of the diagnostics of force-weakness of nervous system and also the law of initial meanings by N.M.Peysakhov (1974) which contributes to the adequate interpretation of the results. E.P.Ilyin’s technique (1981) “Tepping-test” for the diagnostics of force-weakness of nervous system also corresponds with this postulate.

 

The principle of relativity

 

Treats one and the same collection of element both as an independent system and as a part (subsystem) of another, great system, which is included into. In its turn, the same collection of elements can be considered as a big system in relation to the parts which are included in it.

So, the systems, enclosed into each other, are hierarchical. The components in the hierarchy are ordered: according to the levels – by subordination (on the vertical), inside of the levels – by coordination (on the horizontal).

In system diagnostics this principle, firstly, testifies about the necessity of limitation of any research by particular frameworks. Because it is impossible to investigate absolutely everything, even theoretically. Secondly, it helps to separate more significant parameters from less significant ones to build a necessary strategy of the diagnostics.

The principle of efficiency

 

Testifies that the changes of motion of a controlled system should take place in time, i.e. in real time. Taking into account that the real time of macrosystems is more than the real time of microsystems, the changes in a controlled macrosystem are slower than the changes in microsystem. In this connection the qualities which are on the top hierarchical levels of a person’s structure are changed more slowly than the qualities of lower levels. Besides the amplitude of changes of the qualities which are placed on top levels differs from those on lower levels. I should be taken into account in a person’s system diagnostics, especially when you interpret the results.

 

The levels of hierarchical

Soma

                                      

 

      Picture 1. Hierarchical structure of a person’s qualities.

 

The fact that a man’s somatic system has system organization testifies about the expediency of its system diagnostics.

Psycho-psychological qualities occupy the next level. It includes nervous system qualities, activation and functional asymmetry of cerebral hemispheres.

The Following level is occupied by psychic states. Their structure is usually investigated according to quantitative and qualitative criteria. A quantitative criterion is the level of activation (wakefulness) with help of which we differ such psychic states as: dream, drowsiness, passive wakefulness, active wakefulness and excessive wakefulness.

A qualitative criterion is interconnected with a person’s hierarchical structure showed on picture 1 and reflects the hierarchical levels of states in the Following direction: from the psychological level – to the social one. So, according to V.A.Ganzen and V.N.Yurchenko (1981) the psychological level of psychic states is characterized by neuro-physiological, morphological and bio-chemical changes. Psycho-psychological level is characterized by the changes of vegetative reactions, psycho-motorics, and sensorics; psychological level – by the changes of psychic functions and the spirits of a person. Socio-psychological level – by the characteristics of a person’s activity, behavior and attitude.

Higher – there is a level of psychic processes which includes: sensations, perception, memory, thinking, imagination, attention, psychomotor system. The abilities representing psychic processes, the degree of development (expressiveness) of which is sufficient for successful execution of this or that activity, are also placed on this level. Naturally, psychic processes have also hierarchical relations with each other. So, perception occupies higher hierarchical position than sensations and the hierarchical position of thinking is higher than that if perception.

Sometimes this hierarchy is transferred mechanically on professionally important qualities (PIQ) which are formed on the basis of corresponding abilities. But this transference is not always justified, because the main criterion of hierarchical structure of PIQ is the successfulness of professional activity. Because of that one and the same quality can occupy different hierarchical positions in the structures of PIQ of the representatives of different professions. For example, in the structure of PIQ of musicians-performers the absolute hearing occupies lower hierarchical position than melodic and harmonic hearing. While in the structure of PIQ of the tuners of musical instruments the absolute hearing is higher by hierarchy than melodic and harmonic hearing.

Further the level of personality psychological characteristics is placed. Here there are: needs, personality orientation, motivation, anxiety, emotional reactivity and others. Being stable psychological characteristics, they are formed as a result of repetitions, characteristic of a given person, of corresponding psychic states and psychic processes. So, frequent states of anxiety form anxiety as a personality psychological characteristics, typical emotional manifestations form emotional reactivity, etc. In their turn, personality characteristics cause corresponding psychic states. For example, people with high emotional reactivity have more strong emotional responses on this or that irritant than those with low emotional reactivity, etc.

By analogy with the qualities of previous levels inner structures of personality psychological characteristics have also hierarchical character. For example, physiological needs are used to refer to a lower hierarchical level than cognitive ones, which, in their turn, yield by hierarchy to social needs.

Higher hierarchical level is occupied by social-psychological qualities. They provide interaction and communication between people and they are especially important in the activity “person-person” (for example, in the activity of a teacher, leader, actor, shop-assistant, etc.). On social-psychological level such problems (and qualities interconnected with them) as formal and informal leadership, the reference of the members of collective (i.e. their attitude towards the needs and value orientation of the collective), etc.

The highest hierarchical level is occupied by social qualities which are connected with a person’s outlook.

 

 

CHAPTER II.

ART П.

PRACTICE

SYSTEM DIAGNOSTICS OF THE MAN  

 

CHAPTER 1.

Activationmeter Ats-6.

The device consists of:

1 – case, 2 - amplifier controls, 3 - regulating head of indicator, 4 - ruler with differently directed scales, 5 - plug of acupuncture probes, 6 - control push button, 7 – electrode, 8 – electrode, 9 - handle and forearm stay, 10 – case, 11 - control panel, 12 - cuvette for testing with the help of R. Voll method, 13 - spot electrode, 14 - acupuncture probe, 15 - zoned electrode, 16 – cursor, 17- arrow indicator, 18 - buttons for mode of operation, 19 - storage drawer for acupuncture probes, 20 - acupuncture electrodes, 21 - handle to move rulers.

The device in drawing 1 consists of seven diagnostic devices:

1.Universal diagnostic scale, consisted of:

- spaced digital scale with different vector directions, disposed on ruler 4.   

- two markers, moving along it, situated on slides 16, to give positive and negative scores.

Scale measurement range is from minus 25 to plus 25 scores with up to 0,1 point accuracy.

 2. Device to diagnose eyesight estimation consisted of

- ruler 4,divided into 300 equal points;

- two slides 16, freely moving along the guide;

- «blind» ruler with a marker in the center. This ruler if necessary, is moved   to the place of ruler 4 with the help of handle 21. 

 3. Cinematometer, consisted of:

 - slide 16, freely moving along the guide;

 - ruler 4, divided into 300 equal points.

 4. Coordinationmeter, consisted of two symmetrically placed cinema-tometers.

 5.Activationmeter, consisted of the Following components:

 - two arrow indicators 17;

 - two pairs of symmetrically disposed metal plated electrodes 7 and 8;

 - button switches of operation modes.

 6. Lie detector, consisted of Activationmeter, device for acupuncture diagnostics and device for testing under R. Voll method.

7. Acupuncture diagnostic device consisted of:

- two arrow indicators 17;

- two probes 14 with interchangeable spot 13, zoned 15 and aurico- punctured 20 electrodes.

- two passive la mellara electrodes 8;

     - two signal output amplifiers with regulation handles 2;

     - button 6 for acupuncture diagnostics channel adjustment control.

8. Device for R. Voll testing method consisted of:

- device for acupuncture diagnostics

- cuvette 12 to test substances of organic and non organic origin.

 

Universal diagnostic scale

Qualities, studied by expert evaluation Full evaluation of any non-formalized qualities Self-evaluation Correction of self-evaluation and micro-climate in a group Qualities, studied with forms and questionnaires More full and exact results

Eyesight estimation device

Reliability in emergency situation. Stability. Forecast of stability and reliability in an extreme situation. Professional selection. Eye sight estimation (basic quality to visual evaluation of spaced lengths) Forecast of success in shooting, sport, driving. Professional selection. Visual memory. Visual sensibility. Forecast of success of visual actions.

Coordinationmeter

Coordination of movements and its components Pathology revealing. Forecast of success. Leading hand Proficiency forming. Children development

Cinemato-meter

Motor memory. Proprio-sensibility Forecast of success of motor memory and of delicate movements Mobility, nervous system balance. Proficiency forming and behavior. Professional selection.

 

Activati-onmeter

Activation and hemispheres functional asymmetry. Type of thinking. Proficiency forming. Group selection. Professional selection. Psychological compatibility Group selection. Self regulation

Professional selection, professional orientation, proficiency development

Emotional reactivity Emotional stability Sensibility Psycho-emotional conditions Admittance to risk activity Influences: musical, studying suggestive and others. Selection and correction of influences The force of nervous system Professional selection, individual style.

Detector of lie

Thruthfulness of evidences Investigation. Selection. Extrasensory and bioenergetic qualities. Examination of extra-sensors and bioenergetics

Acupuncture diagnostics

Condition of organs and functions of organism Pilotage medical diagnostics Somatic self-regulation and sensibility Therapy. Special selection and humane selection.

Chapter II

System somatic diagnostics

Acupuncture diagnostics

Из всего огромного многообразия методов соматической диагностики мы выбрали акупунктурную потому, что она имеет для системной диагностики человека особый интерес. Во-первых, система акупунктурных точек и меридиан охватывает все органы и функции тела человека и носит для сомы общесистемный характер, что обуславливает системность акупунктурной диагностики. Во-вторых, по сравнению с диагностикой других общесоматических систем (эндокринной, генетической, нервной, лимфатической) акупунктурная диагностика отличается более высокой портативностью, доступностью, удобством, экологической чистотой. В-третьих, эта диагностика очень удобна для обратной связи в процессе коррекции (как психолого-педагогической, так и терапевтической). В-четвертых, достоверность, валидность и надежность акупунктурной диагностики подтверждается ее четырехтысячелетним опытом.

Суть метода акупунктурной диагностики состоит в регистрации уровня

активности акупунктурных точек и зон, взаимосвязанных с определенными системами, органами или функциями организма.

On the device ATS-6

 

 The peculiarity of the device ATS-6 is its steadiness to external interference. That’s why when you make acupuncture diagnostics you needn’t resort to such generally accepted attributes as stripping the patient, using a rubber carpet, gloves for a diagnostician, etc. At the same time it is necessary to take into account the Following factors which influence the accuracy of investigation:

2.1.2.1. You should not receive the diagnostic information in the places where the skin is hurt, because the state of a skin surface influences the indications of any acupuncture device, including the device ATS-6. You should keep in mind that any skin injury (fresh scratches, cuts, posttraumatic seams, and combustion) could be the cause of distorted indications.

2.1.2.2.According to the generally accepted traditions in acupuncture diagnostics it is reasonable to eliminate the influence of factors leading to the change of the state of acupuncture system and distortions of the results of the diagnostics in the process of investigation. Such factors include taking medicine, the presence of strangers, unsatisfactory emotional and physical state of examinee and researcher, wearing jewelry. The investigator is more interested in the typical state of this or that organ than in the reaction to the influences in some situation (it can be the subject of separate investigation).

2.1.2.3. By analogy with the individual peculiarities of psychic states, processes, qualities you may speak about the individual peculiarities (individual norm) of acupuncture activity. In this connection putting the diagnosis means the comparison of the received result with the individual norm which also has its individual variations. In order to solve this task the device ATS-6 gives the opportunity to reveal and fix an individual acupuncture norm.

2.1.2.4. It is known that many organs are connected with pair BAP, which are placed symmetrically on the opposite sides of body and head, and also on symmetric extremities. It is noticed that in normal state symmetric BAP give identical indexes, if the function of the organ is violated – their indexes are different. That’s why it is necessary to diagnose pair BAP simultaneously. It has also been foreseen by the construction of the device ATS-6, which gives the opportunity to make a dual-channel diagnostics simultaneously.

Working up of the results

2.1.4.1. Calculate the absolute index of Voll effect for the first investigated point (see the first line of table 4). It is equal to the difference between maximal and minimal indexes of activity of the given point, i.e. the difference between the indexes of columns 3 and 4, table 4.

2.1.4.2. Put down the result into column 5, table 4.

2.1.4.3. Calculate the relative index of Voll effect, i.e. the percentage correlation between the indexes of columns 3 and 4, table 4 in accordance with the Following formula:

 

       APmax. – APmin.

FER=------------------------- x 100 %          (2),

       APmax. + APmin.

 

Where FER – relative index of Voll effect,

       APmax. – maximal index of the activity of a point,

       APmin. – minimal index of the activity of a point (after the falling).

 

2.1.4.4. Put down the result into column 6, table 4.

2.1.4.5. Calculate the absolute and relative indexes of Voll effect for other investigated points by analogy.

2.1.4.6. Work up the results of the diagnostics of pair BAP according to table 5 in the Following way:

Calculate the absolute difference between the indexes of activity of pair BAP, i.e. the absolute difference between the indexes of column 3 and 4, table 5.

Calculate the relative (in percentage) difference between the indexes of activity of pair BAP according to formula, which is similar to formula 2. Put down the result into column 6.

 

Acupuncture therapy

 

2.1.7.1. In order to avoid some unexpected consequences the influence on any BAP should be made according to the recommendations described in special literature.

2.1.7.2. One of the simplest and most effective ways of prophylaxis and treatment of respiratory virus infections according to the method suggested by A.A. Umanskaya is the massage of acupuncture points that are connected with the main regulators of vital activity of the organism: various departments of central nervous system, thyroid gland, upper cervical sympatic knot and other derivations.

Massaging the appropriate points it is possible to activate the adaptive possibilities of the organism to the unfavorable factors of the environment, to influence the respiratory group of viruses. You should make a massage of points three times a day by the tip of a probe or using a forefinger or a middle finger. Having pressed on the skin till the appearance of slight pain make nine rotary movements clockwise and nine rotary movements in the opposite direction. The duration of influence on each point should be no less than three-five seconds. If you come across some points with high or low sensitivity you should massage them several times each 40 minutes till the sensitivity normalizes.

2.1.7.3. According to the recommendations of East medicine it is necessary to apply a thin layer of the balm “Golden Star” on your skin treating different diseases. You should rub it by the tip of your forefinger or middle finger in the particular acupuncture points shown on the schemes in the process of treatment of various diseases.

In case there is an influenza, angina, headache (if it covers the whole head), rhinites, a pain of spasmodic character in the field of a stomach, radiculitis, the lumbago (if it hurts at both sides) you should massage the symmetric points. It is necessary to do it by two hands simultaneously.

Testing by method of Voll

General description

Testing by method of Voll is derivative from acupuncture diagnostics. This testing allows:

· To define an individual compatibility of this or that organ and the organism as a whole with any substance of organic and inorganic origin: medical preparations (including homeopathic), food products (including drinks), materials of prosthetic repair, some articles of clothes, jewelry and others.

· To make an individual dosage of medical preparations.

· To make an individual selection of materials of prosthetic repair, food, clothes, jewelry, cosmetic and hygienic products and some personal things.

· To find out individual allergens.

· To define the compatibility between people on a physiological level, i.e. the influence of one person on the functional state of this or that organ or the organism as a whole of another one.

 

Working up of the results

 

2.2.3.1. Calculate the relative index of Voll effect (FER in %) between maximal and minimal indexes of background measurement of BAP, i.e. between the indexes of columns 3 and 4, table 6 according to formula 2 (see the item 2.1.4.3.).

Put down the result into column 5, table 6.

2.2.3.2. Calculate FER in % between the indexes of control measurement of BAP, i.e. between the indexes of columns 6 and 7, table 6 by analogy.

2.2.3.3. Then calculate the difference between maximal quantities of control and background indexes of BAP, i.e. between the indexes of columns 6 and 3, table 6.

Put down the result into column 9, table 6.

2.2.3.4. Then calculate the difference between the relative indexes of Voll effect, i.e. between the indexes of columns 5 and 8, table 6.

Put down the result into column 10, table 6.

 

CHAPTER III

CHARACTERISTICS

 

General description

 

The activation of cerebral hemispheres (AH) is conditioned by two main factors: a) the number of operating neurons and b) the degree of their stimulation. If the activation of one hemisphere dominates over the activation of another hemisphere – it testifies to the presence of functional asymmetry (FAH). If the hemispheres are activated equally – it testifies to an inter-hemisphere balance.

The indexes of activation of right and left hemispheres and also the index of their FAH are of great diagnostic value, because the functions of each hemisphere have their own specific features, which leave their marks on any of the human activity. The function of left hemisphere of right-handed people is an abstract-logical thinking which operates with sign and verbal information, counting. The function of right hemisphere is operating with visual, acoustical, olfactory, tactile and other images, emotional-figurative thinking. The legitimacy of left-handed people is of another character: the left hemisphere is responsible for emotional-figurative and spatial thinking, and the right hemisphere is responsible for abstract-logical and verbal thinking.

Different kinds of activity are mainly provided by “left-hemisphere” or “right-hemisphere” thinking. For example, it is known that most mathematicians, physicians and other scientific workers are mainly distinguished by the predominance of “left-hemisphere” thinking. Those people whose profession is connected with arts (musicians, artists, actors and others) in most cases have “right-hemisphere” thinking. There may be some unexpected index (for example, the essential left-side asymmetry in the musical activity or the right-side asymmetry – in mathematics) which quite often testifies to a non-optimum thinking activity of a person in the process of solving this or that professional task.

Thus, while investigating some professional musicians (the students of conservatoire) we noticed an obvious predominance of “left-hemisphere” thinking in the situation of performing some pieces of music. The reason for it, as it has been established in the course of a special research, is the substitution of emotional-figurative experience of musical contents by the logical judgement of “technological” tasks (fingering systems, technologies of sound producing, note record and so on). The means of reaching the purpose displace the purpose itself, this leads to a non-optimum anti-art result.

It should be mentioned that the above-described legitimacy has its exceptions. There are some cases when great musicians possess abstract-logical thinking and outstanding mathematicians – emotional-figurative. However such people can achieve success only in case they form their own original, atypical for the majority of people of the same occupation, style of activity.

The Following four main characteristics of AH and FAH should be distinguished: 1) situational, 2) individually typological, 3) activity situational and 4) activity-stereotyped.

  Situational characteristics reflects the indexes of AH and FAH in this or that concrete situation (excitement, tiredness, strain and so on).

Individually typological characteristics reflects individually typological peculiarities of AH and FAH which are specific of a given person. These are steady, genetic by their character, psychological peculiarities.

Activity situational characteristics reflects the indexes of AH and FAH in a unique situation of this or that activity.

Activity-stereotyped characteristics reflects typical for a given person peculiarities of AH and FAH, which are manifested in a person’s activity. The distinctive feature of this characteristic is its connection with the individual style of activity.

Working up of the results

 

General description

Mobility-inertness of nervous system (NS) characterizes the speed (quickness) of appearance and movement of a nervous process, and also the speed of termination (inhibition) of nervous process and the change of energization by inhibition. In this connection the mobility of nervous system should be divided into the mobility of energization and the mobility of inhibition.

The mobility of energization is connected with the quickness of reaction on some unexpected irritators and with the quickness of a person’s involving into new activity. A man with mobile energization is like an automobile that starts off faster than others and gains speed rapidly.

The mobility of inhibition characterizes the quickness of executing the command “set aside” and the quickness of overcoming the inertia of driving. A man with inert inhibition keeps doing his started activity despite of necessity to stop or (and) reconsider the purpose and the ways of realizing this activity. Such man is like a car, which has weak or unworkable brakes.

Taking into account all the above mentioned it is incorrect to diagnose the mobility of NS as some homogeneous quality both from theoretical and practical point of view. That’s why the device ATS-6 has a possibility to diagnose mobility-inertness as a process of energization as well as the process of inhibition.

This and other movement techniques of E.P.Ilyin are realized by the device ATS-6 with its component called cinematometer.

 

Working up of the results

3.2.3.1. The order of working up of the results is shown on the example of the report of the diagnostics of one of the examinees. The report is presented in table 9.

3.2.3.2. After completing the procedure of investigation columns 1, 2, 3 and 5 of table 9 are filled in. Put sign “+” before each figure which is connected with the command “add a little” and put sign “-” before each figure which is connected with the command “lower a little”.

3.2.3.3. Fill in column 5 of table 9 having calculated the difference between the reproduced first intervals and chosen ones. That is you should subtract the figures of column 3 from those of column 2.

If the examinee carries out all the commands, the signs of figures of column 4 will correspond to the example from table 9.

3.2.3.4. If the examinee, Following the command “add a little”, actually reduced the interval, you should mark the actual difference by sign “-“. However you should put the sign “+” before the sign “-”, i.e. the legal sign to the command of addition (the process of energization).

 

Table 9 – the example of the report of the diagnostics of NS mobility-inertness of one of the examinees.

 

The number of cycle of movements	Chosen interval, divisions	The result of the first investigation, divisions	The deviations from the first investigation, divisions	The result of the second investigation, divisions	The deviations from the first investigation, divisions
1	2	3	4	5	6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	43 42 44 40 183 185 182 187	+45 -41 +47 -37 +188 -181 +186 -182	+2 -1 +3 -3 +5 -4 +4 -5	-40 +46 -41 +44 -179 +150 -177 +173	-3 +4 -3 +4 -4 +5 -5 +6

 

If the examinee, Following the command “lower a little”, actually added the interval, then, on the contrary, you should mark the actual difference by sign “+“. However you should put the sign “-” before it, which is the legal sign of lowering command (the process of inhibition).

3.2.3.5. Fill in column 6 of table 9 by analogy having calculated the difference between the reproduced second intervals and chosen ones. That is you should subtract the figures of column 5 from those of column 2.

3.2.3.6.in column 4 of table 9 calculate an arithmetic sum of legal pluses, i.e. the sum of deviations when executing the command “add a little”. Mark this sum by letter a1. On the example from table 9 the sum of a1 transference is equal to +14, i.e. we get 14 when adding all the four numbers of column 4 with sign “+”.

If any of these numbers had actual sign “-” (see item 3.2.3.4.), you would subtract it from the sum of the remaining three numbers.

3.2.3.7. Then, in column 4 calculate the arithmetic sum of legal minuses. Mark this sum by letter b1.

3.2.3.8. Calculate the sum of legal minuses (b2) and legal pluses (a2) in column 6 by analogy.

3.2.3.9. In order to receive the coefficient of the process of inhibition you should divide the quantity of a2 to a1.

3.2.3.10. In order to receive the coefficient of the process of energization you should divide the quantity of b2 to b1.

Note: b1 and b2 are compared with each other by their absolute quantity (without paying attention to sign “-”).

Mobility-inertness of nervous system influences various aspects and characteristics of a person’s activity: speed of reaction, quickness of processing of the information, sizes of information blocks, which help a person to think, peculiarities of behavior, communication, etc.

In this connection it is necessary to take into account the results of the diagnostics of NS mobility-inertness in the process of forming the individual style of activity and behavior, in the process of professional selection and professional consultation.

For example, driving any vehicle makes great demands to the quickness of driver’s reaction to different signals and situations. For this reason people with mobile NS have an advantage. Those people who have inert nervous system should pay special attention to the necessity of preliminary foreseeing the situation.

So, an inert driver should know how to prognosticate the appearance of pedestrians on the road, he should react to signals of traffic lights beforehand, etc. When training pilots with inert NS you should pay special attention to the formation of algorithmic sequence of operations in extreme and difficult situations.

The algorithmization of activity essentially accelerates the execution of adequate actions at the expense of spending less time on making decisions and because of increasing the degree of automatization of activity. These recommendations can be given to an operator, air manager, train driver, pilot, etc.

As it is shown in special research (Yu.A.Tsagarelly, 1989), NS mobility-inertness stipulates the quantity of acoustic-motive representations, which is the necessary component for a musician-performer. The more inert NS is, the larger blocks you need to think with. The more mobile NS is, the fewer blocks you should operate with.

Many other kinds of activity such as sports, driving technical vehicles, industrial activity, etc. have similar dependence of block sizes of motive representations on the mobility-inertness of NS. 

 

General description

 

The balance of NS is characterized by steadiness between the processes of energization and inhibition. Thus the characteristics of NS are not absolute quantities of excitative and inhibitive processes, but the correlation between them. 

 

Working up of the results

3.3.2.1. The coefficients of processes of energization and inhibition received after making the diagnostics of mobility-inertness of NS (see item 2.4.3 of the previous paragraph) should be worked up.

3.3.2.2. These coefficients should be compared among themselves according to formula:

 

            C energ. – C inhib. 

C bal. = -------------------------- x 100%                  (6),

            C energ. + C inhib.

 

Where:

 C bal. – coefficient of balance between the processes of                                     energization and inhibition

 C energ. – coefficient of processes of energization

 C inhib. – coefficient of processes of inhibition

 

Having substituted the coefficients of energization (1,15) and inhibition (1,36),which have been received as a result of working up the figures from table 9, into this formula (see item 3.2.4.5 of the previous paragraph) we get the Following:

 

            1,15 – 1,36                  - 0,21

C bal. = ------------------ x 100% = ---------- x 100% = - 8,4% (6)             

            1,15 + 1,36                    2,51

 

General description

 

The concept of NS force was introduced by I.P.Pavlov in 1922. He revealed that steadiness and endurability to strong and continuous irritators distinguish people with strong nervous system. Later B.M.Teplov’s laboratory discovered that a weak nervous system is more sensitive in comparison with a strong one.

If the force-weakness of NS could be compared with skin thickness the representatives of strong NS would remind thick-skinned animals whose advantages are the security from such negative influences as stresses, long lasting nervous-psychic loads, sudden strong effects on psyche. Thick-skinned animals do not feel pinpricks and mosquito stings.

The representatives of weak nervous system are like thin-skinned animals that consider even a slight pinprick to be painful. Their disadvantage is a low security from long lasting nervous psychic loads, stresses and other influences on psyche.

However the thicker the skin is the lower its sensitivity. That is why a negative side of strong nervous system is a low sensitivity that is manifested in high absolute and differential sensation thresholds. At the same time the advantage of people with weak nervous system is a high sensitivity that is manifested, accordingly, in lower absolute and differential sensations thresholds.

On the device of ATS-6 model the force-weakness of NS is diagnosed with the help of skin-galvanic variant of V.S.Merlin’s technique “Extinction with reinforcing” (1958). In this case you need an electric bell and a stopwatch. The examinee experiences a conditioned skin-galvanic reaction (SGR) by way of combining two irritators: conditioned – electric bell and unconditioned reinforcing that is manifested through motive arbitrary muscle tenseness.

 

Working up of the results

 

3.4.3.1. Calculate an arithmetic mean quantity of the first three indexes in the beginning of the experiment.

3.4.3.2. Calculate an arithmetic mean quantity of the last three indexes at the end of the experiment.

3.4.3.3. Calculate a logarithmic relation of the last three indexes (at the end of the experiment) to the arithmetic mean quantity of the first three indexes (in the beginning of the experiment).

Of the diagnostics results

 

3.4.5.1. Weak nervous system can be a contra-indication for a number of professions connected with risks and frequent extreme situations. In such cases the results of the diagnostics of NS force-weakness can be used in the process of professional selection and professional orientation.

3.4.5.2. As numerous investigations show the force-weakness of NS makes a great influence on the individual style of activity. That is why the results of the diagnostics of this typological NS quality should be taken into account in the process of teaching and upbringing while forming the individual style of activity and conduct.

3.4.5.3. It is known that people with weak nervous system are psychologically more vulnerable than people with strong nervous system. That is why the representatives of weak NS usually can not be leaders, they are outsiders and depend on others. People with strong NS, on the contrary, tend to leadership, sometimes – to dictatorship. This should be taken into account when forming groups and collectives and also in the process of personnel selection.

 

CHAPTER IV

General description

 

4.1.1.1. Any kind of human activity (behavior, communication, different kinds of creativity and many others) is taking place against the background of this or that psychic (psycho-emotional) state (PS). Besides among the four basic levels of PS (drowsiness, passive state of being awake, active state of being awake, excessive state of being awake) only active state of being awake makes a positive influence on the effectiveness of human activity. Other levels of PS decrease the effectiveness of activity because of their understated (drowsiness and passive state of being awake) or excessive (excessive state of being awake) activation. In such cases the psychological reliability decreases, that leads to different faults, up to crashes.

4.1.1.2. PS is directly connected with activation of cerebral hemispheres. Thus the main indicator of PS is a summary index of right and left hemispheres.

By analogy with the four basic indexes of FAH the Following indexes of PS are distinguished: situational, individual typological, activity-situational and activity-stereotyped.

- Situational index reflects the level of a psycho-emotional tone (strength), the level of PS in this or that concrete situation.

- Individual typological index, which is usually called emotional reactivity, reflects a psycho-emotional background typical for a given person, his individual psycho-emotional norm.

- Activity-situational index reflects the level of PS in a concrete situation of activity.

- Activity-stereotyped index reflects an individual psycho-emotional stereotype in this or that activity, i.e. a PS typical for a given person in this activity.

Working up of the results

 

4.1.3.1. Situational and activity-stereotyped indexes of PS are calculated on the device ATS-6 automatically (by way of adding the signals of situational activation of both hemispheres in regime 2).

4.1.3.2. Individual typological index of PS is calculated as an arithmetic mean of ten background measurements by analogy with the item 3.1.3.2 of chapter III.

4.1.3.3. Activity-stereotyped index of PS is calculated as an arithmetic mean of a number of measurements in situations of activity by analogy with the item 3.1.3.3 of chapter III.

 

CHAPTER V

General description

Sensation is a psychic reflection of different objects of reality and their qualities that appears when these objects make influence on our receptors. Sensation is the most elementary cognitive psychic process, with the help of this process a man starts to get the knowledge about the world surrounding him. Being the initial source of all our knowledge and representations, sensations provide other, more composite psychic processes – perception, memory, thinking – with material.

Depending on the character of irritators influencing this or that analyzer and, consequently, on the character of sensations originating from this, sensations are classified into visual, acoustical, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, motive, organic, sensations of equilibrium, pain and vibration sensations.

All the sensations have sensitivity, which is a common ability to feel. The classification of different kinds of sensitivity is the same as that of sensations. Sensitivity depends on the thresholds of sensations, which are divided into absolute and relative.

A minimum quantity of irritator that causes the first, hardly noticeable sensations is called an absolute threshold of sensation. Those irritators that cannot reach this quantity lay below the threshold of sensation; i.e. people cannot feel them. However one and the same irritator can be below the threshold of sensations for one person and it can be higher than the threshold of sensations for another person. This happens because of the individual differences in absolute sensitivity, which is understood as an ability to catch (to feel) slight irritators. The weaker the irritator that a person can feel is the higher sensitivity he has. In other words, the lower the absolute threshold of sensation is the higher absolute sensitivity is and vice versa.

In this connection the diagnostics of absolute sensitivity requires the diagnostics of absolute threshold of sensations.

Another important characteristic of sensation is an ability to distinguish changes in the force of irritator. That is why the sensations are characterized by the so-called threshold of distinguishing or relative (differential) threshold. It represents the relative value indicating how much the force of irritator should increase, so that a person could feel a minimal change of sensation. The ability to feel minimal changes in the force of irritator is called a relative sensitivity. Its diagnostics presupposes the diagnostics of relative threshold of sensations.

So, the diagnostics of sensations presupposes the diagnostics of absolute and relative (differential) thresholds of sensations.

The diagnostics of absolute and relative sensitivity in all the analyzers of a man is a difficult, long and expensive process and that is why a practical psychologist cannot afford doing it. Therefore there raises a problem of choosing the most appropriate analyzer for the diagnostics of sensitivity. When solving this problem we have taken into account the results of B.G.Ananyev’s research (1980). Considering a person’s sensor-perceptive organization as a uniform system of analyzers of all modalities without exception, he singled out visual,