The Infinitive Constructions.

I. The Complex Object (Объектный падеж с инфинитивом).

Первая часть комплекса – личное местоимение в объектном падеже или существительное в общем падеже. Вторая часть комплекса – инфинитив.

       The Complex Object употребляется со следующими глаголами.

1. выражающими желание: to want, to like, to prefer, to wish, to desire, to intend   .

I want you  to stop worrying.

He wants the book to be returned tomorrow.

He intended me to go with him to India.

2. с глаголами мышления: to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to find (считать, полагать), to expect, to suppose, to imagine, to trust.  

Do you think him to be a good pupil?

We expect them to arrive soon.

I don’t consider him (to be) an honest man.

3. с глаголами, выражающими приказание, просьбу: to ask, to declare, to beg, to allow, to order, to permit.

What time did he ask you to come?

4. c глаголами, выражающими физическое восприятие: to hear, to see, to feel, to watch, to observe, to let (позволять), to make (заставлять). После этих глаголов инфинитив употребляется без частицы to.

I saw him come into the garden.

He didn’t hear the bell ring.

My father makes me do exercises every day.

II. For- with the Infinitive.

Состоит из тех же частей, что и Complex Object, добавляется предлог for.

The children were impatient for the bus to start.

It’s time for us to go.

Here are some books for you to read.

It will be impossible for me to come tomorrow.

You speak too fast for me to understand.

III. The Complex Subject (Nominative with the Infinitive).

Первая часть комплекса – личное местоимение в именительном падеже или

существительное в общем падеже. Вторая часть комплекса – инфинитив.

1. Употребляется со следующими группами глаголов в Passive:

- с глаголами мышления и чувств: to see, to hear, to notice, to think, to consider, to believe, to expect, to suppose, to know.

The car was seen to disappear in the distance.

He was thought to be honest and kind.

He is considered to have been one of the most popular writers of his time.

She is expected to come any minute.

       - с глаголами сообщения: to say, to report, to order, to ask, to allow, to state (заявлять), to announce (объявлять).

       She is said to be working at the factory.

       The plane was reported to have landed safely.

       He is said to be a good chess-player.

     2. Употребляется также со следующими выражениями: to be likely (вероятно), to be unlikely (маловероятно, вряд ли), to be certain/to be sure (несомненно, обязательно).

       He is unlikely to know her address.

       She is certain to be late.

       He is sure to be asked about.

       3. Употребляется также со следующими синонимами: to seem/to appear (казаться, по-видимому), to prove/to turn out (оказываться), to happen/to chance (случаться).

       The day turned out to be a fine one.

       Only yesterday we happened to meet the man.

       The first experiment proved to be a success.

       He doesn’t seem to know this subject.        

THE PARTICIPLE

     Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, сочетающая свойства глагола, прилагательного и наречия.

The Forms of the Participle.

                                           Active                                            Passive

Indefinite Participle          asking                                             being asked

(Participle I)

Past Participle                          -------                                              asked

(Participle II)

Perfect Participle               having asked                                  having been asked

 

Present Participle  образуется от основы инфинитива путем добавления окончания –ing. Обозначает действие, одновременное с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым.

Do you see the child waving the flag?

That day we stayed at home watching TV.

Seeing that I was late I hurried.

Being left alone I went on with my homework.

*Глаголы to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn в форме Present Participle могут обозначать действие, предшествующее глаголу-сказуемому, т.е. иметь значение Perfect Participle.

Hearing footsteps he rose and went to open the door. (Услышав шаги внизу, он пошел открывать дверь).

Perfect Participle обозначает действие, предшествующее действию глагола-сказуемого.

Having slept two hours I felt rested.

Having finished the letter, he went to the post-office.

Past Participle (3-я форма глагола) переходных глаголов является страдательным причастием, обозначающим законченное действие, выполненное над каким-либо объектом.

He is a man loved and admired by everybody.

The dog carried by the child gave a sharp yelp.

She took the long forgotten letter out of the bag.

PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTIONS.