Words and Word Combinations to Remember

Ex.1 Read and study the following words and word combinations with their definitions. Translate them into Russian.

1. culture -the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society

2. to earn (awards) -to get a prize or other mark of recognition given in honour of an achievement

3. to employ (scientists) -give work to (someone) and pay them for it

4. to possess some fundamental secret to success – to havesomething that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others

5. to debunk (explanations. ideas) – to expose the falseness or hollowness of (an idea or belief)

6. superficial (explanations) -not thorough, deep, or complete

7. to track (the academic success) -follow the trail or movements of (someone or something), typically in order to find them or note their course

8. refugee (children) -a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

9. (to suffer) harrowing experiences -a harrowing experience is extremely upsetting or disturbing.

10. obstacles -a thing that blocks one's way or prevents or hinders progress

11. values (family/moral/traditional)- the beliefs people have about what is right and wrong and what is most important in life, which control their behaviour

12. to hold values – to have some principles or standards of behaviour; one's judgement of what is important in life

13. to place value on – to think that smth is important

14. to embody (the values) – to be a symbol or expression of

15. to absorbed values – to take in and understand values fully

16. to reflect (cultural values) – to show, represent

17. to be of (no) value -if something is of value, it is useful or important. If it is of no value, it has no usefulness or importance.

18. norms -a standard or pattern, especially of social behaviour, that is typical or expected

19. to follow norms – to behave in accordance with typical standards

20. folkways (Am) -the traditional behaviour or way of life of a particular community or group of people

21. to find a high correlation between smth – to finda mutual relationship or connection between two or more things

22. to hold achievement-oriented values – to be mainly concerned withan achievement

23. to take smth for granted – to assume that something is true without questioning it...

24. the concept of (culture) -an abstract idea; a general notion of culture

25. to turn to (an examination of) -to start to examine

26. to define smth (culture etc) – to give the meaning of

27. to share definitions of right and wrong – to possess a view what is right or wrong in common with others

28. the process of social interaction -the activity of being with and talking to other people, and the way that people react to each other

29. to pass (culture) on from generation to generation – to give from generation to generation

30. to exist independently of each other – to exist in a way that is not connected with other people

31. primitive -not developed

32. an ancestor -a person, typically one more remote than a grandparent, from whom one is descended предок

33. to transmit (information) to – to send, to transmit

34. to store (information) – to keep, to accumulate

35. complex information – information that is not easy to analyse and understand

36. to comprehend (abstract concepts) – to understand

37. justice -the quality of being fair and reasonable

38. an ideal -a principle, idea, or standard that seems very good and worth trying to achieve

39. sentiments -a attitude toward a situation or event which is based on their thoughts and feelings

40. to underlie (the system of laws) – to be the basis of

41. to be associated with smth – to be connected with something else in one's mind

42. complementary forces – forces that are different from each other but make a good combination by enhancing or emphasising qualities of each other

43. to comprise (all aspects of life) – are made up of…

44. flexible -able to be easily modified to respond to altered circumstances

45. precise – exact and accurate in all details

46. to convey complex subtleties – to communicatevery small details or differences which are not obvious

47. to shape (ideals and goals) – to form, determine

48. to be emotionally charged – to be filled or pervade (something) with a emotion

49. to provide smth for smb – to supply smb with smth

50. to excel in smth – to be exceptionally good at or proficient in an activity or subject

51. siblings -each of two or more children or offspring having one or both parents in common; a brother or sister

52. to allow smb ample time to do smth – to let smb have plentiful, more than enough time

53. to bring noticeable results – to bring obvious, easily seen results

54. to approve of -to agree, believe that smth is good

55. bravery -courageous behaviour

56. loyalty – the quality of staying firm in your friendship or support for someone or something.

57. to be fascinated by – to find smth very interesting and attractive, as a result one's thoughts tend to concentrate on it.

58. traits of (the character etc) -distinguishing qualities or characteristics

59. medieval (culture) -relating to the Middle Ages

60. to be consistent with – to be compatible, in agreement not containing any logical contradictions

61. profit-oriented (life) – to be mainly concerned with gaining profits

62. to mould (behaviour) -to mould someone or something means to change or influence them over a period of time so that they develop in a particular way.

63. to form attitudes – to shape a settled way of thinking or feeling about something

64. specific patterns of behaviour – a particular way of behaviour

65. afterthought -something that is thought of or added later

66. ingrained (habits, beliefs, attitudes) – firmly fixed or deeply established

67. to apply (theory) to – to use in real life

68. a valid point of view -having a sound basis in logic or fact; reasonable or cogent

69. to precede – to come before in time

70. reciprocal (relationships, actions, arrangements) -done according to an arrangement by which you do something for someone who does the same thing for you

71. to codify (norms, laws, rules) – to arrange into a systematic code

72. violators – criminals

73. to obey (norms, rules, laws) – to comply with, to behave in accordance with

74. to break (norms, rules, laws) – to violate

75. without serious consequence – without unpleasant results or effects, without any sanctions

76. sacred (norms, duty, procession) -something that is sacred is believed to be holy and to have a special connection with God.

77. to overlook (law, rule, norm) – to ignore, disregard

78. to (strictly) enforce (law, rule) -to make sure that a law or a rule is obeyed, usually by punishing people who do not obey it

79. mores -the essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a society or community

80. to enact (mores) -to make a law

81. to regulate (behaviour)– to control by means of rules

82. human conduct -he manner in which a person behaves, especially in a particular place or situation

83. to conform (rules, laws, standards)– comply with, behave according to socially acceptable conventions or standards следовать, подчиняться правилам

84. socially acceptable ways (of behaviour) – suitable for society, those that most people approve of or consider to be normal

85. deviance -state of diverging from usual or accepted standards in social behaviour

86. extensive sanctions -a threatened serious penalty for disobeying a law or rule

87. to adapt to (changing conditions) -become adjusted to new conditions

88. to have access to smth -the right or opportunity to use or benefit from something

89. ethical issues -relating to moral principles, to beliefs about right and wrong

1. proscriptive – using proscriptions, the action of forbidding something, запретительные
2. prescriptive -prescriptive approach to something involves telling people what they should do, rather than simply giving suggestions or describing what is done, arising from long-standing custom or usage предписывающие, основанные на давнем обычае

Ex.2 Listen to the speaker. Be ready to answer the questions.