Traffic Problems Can Be Solved

 

Advertisements for cars don’t show the reality of driving. Cities and towns all over the world have a huge problem: traffic jams. Of course cars are symbols of freedom and wealth. They represent a personal choice to travel when and where you want to but when you are stuck in a traffic jam; all cars are just little metal boxes to sit in.

There are millions of cars on the road today. How do cities cope with this?

Some of them have found solutions to their traffic problems.

The city Curitiba in Brazil has very few traffic jams. This is because the authorities have developed an efficient bus network to transport people rapidly around the city. Main roads have special lanes for buses only, so that they do not get caught in traffic jams.

In Milan, cars need a permit to enter the city center. Only residents and some employers can obtain a permit, so very little traffic now drives in or out. Nearly everyone parks on the edge of the restricted area and heads for the center on foot. As a result, Milan now has many pedestrian-only shopping streets.

In Athens, car owners are only allowed to drive into the city centre every other day. They must match the final number of their car number plate to the day’s date

– if the date is an even number, and so is the final number of the number plate, then they can enter the inner-city area. The same goes for odd number plates and odd dates. This means that 50 per cent of all cars must stay at home each day.

 

a traffic jam – дорожная пробка

to be stuck – застревать

to cope – справляться

a bus network – сеть автобусных маршрутов

a lane – полоса движения residents – постоянные жители an employer – предприниматель on foot – пешком

every other day – через день

 

Задание № 11. Закончите предложение, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания.

 

Only residents and some employers can obtain a permit, so …

a) car owners are only allowed to drive into the city centre every other day

b) very little traffic now drives in or out

c) they do not get caught in traffic jams

 

Задание № 12. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

 

1. What is a huge problem of cities and towns all over the world?

2. Have some cities found solutions to their traffic problems?

3. Why does the city Curitiba have very few traffic jams?

4. Milan now has many pedestrian-only shopping streets, hasn’t it?

5. How many cars must stay at home each day in Athens?

 

 

Вариант № 4

 

Задание № 1. Выберите соответствующее местоимение. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Tom is very busy. Don’t speak to (he, him, his) now.

2. There was no light. I could see (something, anybody, nothing).

3. We didn’t have (many, much, a lot of) trouble finding a suitable office.

4. The fax machine will turn (itself, yourself, himself) off if you don’t use it.

 

Задание № 2. Выберите нужный предлог for, on, in, with, out. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. There is no increase … prices.

2. He is a sales manager. He works … Sony.

3. I think she must be ….

4. They are … business in London.

5. I’m really angry … you!

 

Задание № 3. Закончите разделительные вопросы и перепишите их.

 

1. There’s no point in saving money, …?

2. We’ve nearly finished, …?

3. You like eating pasta, …?

4. I went back to it a few years ago, …?

5. Her parents were working abroad at the time, …?

 

Задание № 4. Поставьте предложения с модальными глаголами в прошедшем или будущем времени, используя слова, данные в скобках. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. I have to be at the office by 9.00 a.m. In my last job I (by 8.00 a.m.).

2. We can’t give you your bank balance by phone (yesterday).

3. You must pay your bill (next week).

 

Задание № 5. Выберите действительную или страдательную форму

глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Peter Frank (is run, runs) the Marketing Department.

2. You (will meet, will be met) at the airport by one of our drivers.

3. The Marketing Department (has been turned, has turned) into three separate divisions.

4. Britain and France (were opened, opened) the Channel Tunnel in 1994.

 

Задание № 6. Переделайте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный, сохраняя видовременную форму сказуемого. Напишите и переведите полученные предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radium.

2. Workers in China make these telephones.

3. The company will hire some managers.

4. She is typing letters now.

5. The company has lost a great deal of money on the deal.

 

Задание № 7. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите из каждого глагол – сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Напишите форму инфинитива глагола.

 

1. He is talking to a customer at the moment.

2. We have automated our production lines.

3. The results are being published on Monday.

4. The names of the Nobel Prize winners will be announced in May.

5. I have been to Italy several times.

6. The first CDs were marketed in 1982 by Philips and Sony.

 

Задание № 8. Выберите нужную форму глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. If you (book) your summer holiday in December, you (get) a discount.

2. I (go) to Brazil if I (have) enough money.

3. If I (have) more time, I (finish) my work yesterday.

4. They (sign) the contract if we (give) them a discount.

 

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите причастный (Absolute Participle Construction) или инфинитивный (Complex Object, Complex Subject) оборот и определите его тип.

 

1. The company is believed to be planning a major new investment.

2. The lawyer advised me to read the contract carefully.

3. He coming very late, we had to stay at home.

 

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

Contracts

 

Business transactions usually start with enquiries. As a rule the prospective buyer gets the name and the address of the prospective seller either at an exhibition, from an advertisement in a newspaper, magazine, and thanks to a television or radio commercial. All these channels of information and advertising are very important. Enquiries can be sent by mail, by telex or by fax. Sometimes enquiries can be made orally, by telephone. In the enquiry the prospective buyer states in what goods exactly he/she is interested and asks for details on the price and terms of sale.

After considering the enquiry for some time the seller sends an offer in reply. The offer usually quotes the price and stipulates terms of delivery, terms of payment, time of delivery and some other necessary details.

In the course of making enquiries and offers, the parties very often meet to agree upon one or another question.

After the buyer receives the offer he carefully studies it. Then, very often, he has a few talks or exchanges letters with the seller. After the two parties come to an agreement about terms and conditions of the transaction they sign a contract. Contracts usually contain the following information: date of the contract, names of the buyer and the seller, description of the goods, price and the total value, terms of delivery, terms of payment, etc.

 

an enquiry– запрос

a transaction – сделка

to stipulate – устанавливать

terms of payment – условия платежа

an offer – предложение

commercial – реклама на телевидении

terms of delivery – условия поставки

Задание № 11. Закончите предложение, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания.

 

Business transactions start with …

a) an advertisement

b) offers

c) enquiries

 

Задание № 12. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

 

1. How can a person or a company get the name and address of the seller?

2. How can enquiries be sent?

3. What information do offers usually give?

4. Why do the parties often meet in the course of making enquiries and offers?

5. What information does the contract usually contain?

 

Вариант № 5

 

Задание № 1. Выберите соответствующее местоимение. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. We’ve got (no, some, any) bread, but we haven’t got (any, no, some) cheese.

2. There is (some, any, no) towel in the bathroom. Will you give me one?

3. Are there (some, no, any) chairs in the kitchen?

4. The office is empty now. (nobody, everyone, anybody) has gone home.

 

Задание № 2. Выберите нужный предлог over, on, to, in, out of. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. I’m going … the shop to buy some milk.

2. John lives … a small village.

3. Don’t put your feet … the table.

4. I jumped … the wall into the garden.

5. She took a key … her bag and opened the door.

 

Задание № 3. Закончите разделительные вопросы и перепишите их.

 

1. Shopping isn’t always fun, …?

2. You like reading books, …?

3. Your favorite colours are blue and green, …?

4. He sent you a letter, …?

5. You’ll finish the work by Saturday, …?

Задание № 4. Поставьте предложения с модальными глаголами в прошедшем или будущем времени, используя слова, данные в скобках. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. He must go to the bank to get some money (yesterday).

2. Can you speak any foreign languages (when you were a child)?

3. I don’t have to help you to find accommodations (you could do it yourself).

 

Задание № 5. Выберите действительную или страдательную форму

глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Carpenters (is made, make) things from wood.

2. She (is cleaning, is being cleaned) the room at the moment.

3. New working methods (will study, will be studied) by young teachers.

4. Industrial products (have been replaced, have replaced) traditional ones.

 

Задание № 6. Переделайте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный, сохраняя видовременную форму сказуемого. Напишите и переведите полученные предложения на русский язык.

 

1. They make beer from water, hops and malted barley.

2. Philips and Sony marketed the first CDs in 1982.

3. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin.

4. A team of European scientists is doing the research.

5. The committee will announce the names of the Nobel Prize winners in May.

Задание № 7. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите из каждого глагол – сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Напишите форму инфинитива глагола.

 

1. I was given a watch for my birthday.

2. These problems will have to be solved before we can go ahead.

3. Computers are used in all kinds of places nowadays.

4. People are using computers in all kinds of places these days.

5. The Second World War started in 1939.

6. He has been to Italy several times.

 

Задание № 8. Выберите нужную форму глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. If our flight (land) on time, we (arrive) in time for lunch.

2. If I (have) enough money, I (buy) car.

3. If I (have) more time, I (finish) my work yesterday.

4. If you (intend) to go abroad you (have to get) a visa.

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите причастный (Absolute Participle Construction) или инфинитивный (Complex Object, Complex Subject) оборот и определите его тип.

 

1. The weather being fine, we went for a walk.

2. This experiment was considered to be dangerous.

3. He wants this work to be done.

 

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

Basic Computers

 

The computer is the heart of any direct digital control (DDC) system. Although there are many models of DDC computer systems currently available, most operate in the same basic way and are similar in design to personal computers.

In their simplest form, all computers consist of hardware and software. The term hardware includes all the components that a computer is assembled from the central processing unit, memory, input and output terminals, operator display terminal, keypad, and peripheral devices.

Peripheral equipment is used to link the computer's internal environment to the outside world to allow humans to access stored information and to allow for machine-to-machine communications in a computer network.

Software is a series of instructions that tell the computer how to operate.

These instruction sets or commands are packaged together to form programmes which are designed to manipulate data for a specific purpose. There are several echelons of software used in computers, which range from programs that tell the computer how to handle basic tasks to programs that guide the computer through difficult data processing. Computers commonly use several layers of software running concurrently to guide their operation, and these layers are transparent to the computer operator.

 

a direct digital control (DDC) system – система прямого цифрового контроля

hardware – аппаратное обеспечение

software – программное обеспечение

the central processing unit – центральное процессорное устройство

input and output terminal – терминал ввода и вывода

a keypad – вспомогательная клавиатура peripheral device – периферийное устройство environment – среда окружения

to access – иметь доступ

data processing – обработка данных

Задание № 11. Закончите предложение, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания.

 

Peripheral equipment is used …

a) to link the computer's internal environment to the outside world

b) to form programmes

c) to manipulate data for a specific purpose

 

Задание № 12. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

 

1. What is the heart of any direct digital control (DDC) system?

2. What do all computers consist of?

3. What components does the hardware include?

4. What is peripheral equipment used to?

5. What does software mean?

 

Вариант № 6

 

Задание № 1. Выберите соответствующее местоимение. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. We went on holiday with some friends of (our, ours, ourselves).

2. They want to see (their, them, theirs).

3. We invited her to stay with (ours, us, our).

4. She fell off her bike but she didn’t hurt (her, hers, herself).

 

Задание № 2. Выберите нужный предлог of, about, in, for, to. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. The price of electricity is going up … October.

2. I’m sorry … shouting at you yesterday.

3. I’m not ashamed … what I did.

4. Can I speak … you for a moment?

5. If you’re worried about the problem, you should do something … it.

 

Задание № 3. Закончите разделительные вопросы и перепишите их.

 

1. Cement is made of limestone and clay, …?

2. The characteristics of concrete depend upon the quality of the materials used,

…?

3. Ann doesn’t seem very happy at the moment, …?

4. I was having dinner with some friends, …?

5. Tom will probably arrive at about 8 o’clock, …?

Задание № 4. Поставьте предложения с модальными глаголами в прошедшем или будущем времени, используя слова, данные в скобках. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. I must get up early today (tomorrow).

2. I can run very fast (when I was young).

3. You may go to see this film (yesterday evening).

Задание № 5. Выберите действительную или страдательную форму

глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. A new microcomputer (has been developed, has developed) in our country.

2. Today scientists (are being conducted, are conducting) space research to study our solar system.

3. The new exhibition (devotes, is devoted) to economic and social developments.

4. Two hundred people (employed, were employed) by the company.

 

Задание № 6. Переделайте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный, сохраняя видовременную форму сказуемого. Напишите и переведите полученные предложения на русский язык.

 

1. In the picture galleries and museums you meet well-mannered and well-dressed people.

2. Heating systems and cars mainly pollute air.

3. Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.

4. They have built a new hospital near the park.

5. I think I’ll close the window.

 

Задание № 7. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите из каждого глагол – сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Напишите форму инфинитива глагола.

 

1. Modern industrial buildings have demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal frames and glass walls.

2. The high degree of mechanization is successfully achieved by reinforced concrete blocks and units.

3. Large blocks of stone were transported over long distances by land and water.

4. The precast concrete technique is constantly being improved in our country.

5. New plants of large capacity have been coming into service in many parts of the world.

6. They will have finished the construction by the end of the next year.

Задание № 8. Выберите нужную форму глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите требуемую по смыслу форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. It’s very crowded here. I (wish) there (be not) so many people.

2. If I (know) his number, I (phone) him.

3. We didn’t see you when you were crossing the street. If we (see) you, of course we (say) hello.

4. It is raining. I (wish) it (stop) raining.

 

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите причастный (Absolute Participle Construction) или инфинитивный (Complex Object, Complex Subject) оборот и определите его тип.

 

1. The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30, but it was an hour later.

2. Do you want me to meet with you?

3. It being late, we decided to stop working.

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

Building Constructions

 

The buildings erected can be divided into two broad classifications: they are either for housing or for industrial purposes. As far as material is concerned the buildings can be divided into stone, wood and concrete types. The buildings made of stone; brick or concrete blocks are durable, fireproof and have poor heat conductivity. Nowadays houses are often built of complete structural units which are factory-made and assembled on the spot.

The main parts of a building are a foundation, a framework, floors and a roof. In order to build a house first an excavation must be dug. After that the foundation is constructed to keep the walls and floors from the contact with soil. It may be of stone, bricks, concrete. Then a framework is raised. It is the part of a building on which the stability of the structure depends. This part of a building carries the loads from the roof and floors. The framework is closed with various materials in the form of panels. Floors divide the building into stories. They may be of timber, reinforced concrete or other materials. The floors are supported on beams. A roof is the topmost part of a building. Its function is to cover the building and protect it from rain and wind. Roofs also tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure. Wood, metal, tiling, bitumen felt and other materials are used for roofs.

Today builders make use of many materials: aluminium, plastics, alloys, reinforced concrete panels, prestressed concrete elements, metal frames. Glass- fiber reinforced concrete is considered the ideal material, which will provide the desired qualities. Among these characteristics are the material’s lightness and ease of handling, its strength and durability, its visual attractiveness and cost

effectiveness.

 

heat conductivity – теплопроводность

factory-made – изготовленные на заводе assembled on the spot – смонтированные на месте a framework - каркас

a floor - перекрытие

reinforced concrete - железобетон

a beam - балка

prestressed concrete - предварительно напряженный бетон

durability - долговечность

 

Задание № 11. Закончите предложение, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания.

 

The function of a roof is to...

a) provide the stability of the structure

b) cover the building, give strength and firmness to the structure

c) carry the loads from the floors

 

Задание № 12. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

 

1. How can the buildings be divided?

2. What types of buildings are erected according to the materials used?

3. What are the main parts of a building?

4. A framework carries the loads from the roof and floors, doesn’t it?

5. What materials do builders use in building construction today?

 

Вариант № 7

 

Задание № 1. Выберите соответствующее местоимение. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. When you did something foolish you feel (himself; itself; yourself) embarrassing.

2. Since Marilyn and Richard got married, (they, our, it) have lived with Richard’s parents.

3. I’ve seen pictures of (you, him, her). He has brown hair.

4. This has been a great learning experience for (I, we, us).

 

Задание № 2. Выберите нужный предлог with, in, from, at, off. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Take the kettle … the stove.

2. The album contains photographs of him … the family.

3. Hand me two eggs … the refrigerator and I’ll make you two fried eggs.

4. Until today, I was never really interested … medicine.

5. Make yourself … home.

 

Задание № 3. Закончите разделительные вопросы и перепишите их.

 

1. She doesn’t have his phone number, …?

2. Eating foods with protein is necessary for a healthy diet, …?

3. My father wanted me to study engineering, …?

4. Paul Smith will be back for his six o’clock appointment with Mr. Needham, …?

5. A real-estate agent has sold us a house, …?

 

Задание № 4. Поставьте предложения с модальными глаголами в прошедшем или будущем времени, используя слова, данные в скобках. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. You must wear old clothes when cleaning the car (yesterday).

2. My neighbours can go away on holiday (last summer).

3. I must have dinner in a restaurant with some friends (tomorrow night).

 

Задание № 5. Выберите действительную или страдательную форму

глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. The plane (delays; is delayed). It hasn’t been announced yet.

2. Her parents (bought; were bought) a lot of books for her.

3. Shoes (make; are made) at the factory.

4. This jumper (has washed; has been washed) twice.

Задание № 6. Переделайте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный, сохраняя видовременную форму сказуемого. Напишите и переведите полученные предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Cows eat grass.

2. Before the World War II this famous company had made carpets.

3. I promised my children the tickets to the circus.

4. People are constructing modern buildings for many different purposes.

5. The mechanics will repair the engine quickly and efficiently.

 

Задание № 7. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите из каждого глагол – сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Напишите форму инфинитива глагола.

 

1. The rent includes gas and electricity.

2. Blinov designed and constructed a track-laying tractor driven by a steam engine.

3. Automobile industry has been developing in our country since 1917.

4. Combustion will rise the temperature and expand the gases.

5. The connecting rod is pushing the piston upwards.

6. Several types of tractors have been produced for work in agriculture.

 

Задание № 8. Выберите нужную форму глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите требуемую по смыслу форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. If I … (take) some medicine my stomach-ache … (disappear).

2. If the previous occupants … (look) after the flat well it … (be) so dirty now.

3. If he … (put) the car keys somewhere safe he … (lose) them yesterday.

4. If I … (be) you I … (waste) my time.

 

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите причастный (Absolute Participle Construction) или инфинитивный (Complex Object, Complex Subject) оборот и определите его тип.

 

1. The character of Mickey Mouse is known to be created by Walt Disney.

2. I saw your advertisement appear in the newspaper.

3. The working day being over, the city transport was overcrowded.

 

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

Cars: Passion or Problem

 

For some people, the car is a convenient form of transportation. But for others, the car is an exciting hobby. Some people spend their lives collecting valuable cars. Others drive them in races. For many people cars are more than transportation: they are a source of passion and pleasure. Yet cars can also be a source of many problems.

In 1903, Henry Ford began selling Model T car for $825. His company, Ford Motors, was the first to produce cars in large numbers. This made the car available to large numbers of people and helped them to travel long distances quickly and easily. The car has brought people much closer to places of work, study, and entertainment. Many people also work in car-related industries: fixing cars, washing cars, advertising cars, and selling car products such as stereos and cellular phones.

Most Americans buy a new car every five or six years. This means that one American may own a dozen cars in a lifetime. In fact, there are more cars than people in the United States. In New York City, 2.5 million cars move in and out of the city each day. In this traffic, the average speed is sometimes 8.1 miles per hour. This speed could easily be reached by riding a horse instead of driving a car. But

New Yorkers continue to drive, just as people do in California, where freeways are often crowded. Many people are unhappy with car traffic and pollution, as well as with the use of beautiful land for building new roads.

Cars are important to nearly everyone, including engineers, businesspeople, environmentalists, and even poets. Poet Curt Brown believes that cars are part of our passion for new places and new experiences. According to Brown, this “very, very comfortable flying chair” will continue to bring us travel and adventure, no matter how it changes the future.

 

fixing cars - ремонт автомобилей a cellular phone - сотовый телефон a freeway - автострада

crowded - перегружены

an environmentalist - эколог

 

Задание № 11. Закончите предложение, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания.

 

For many people, cars are more than transportation: …

a) many people also work in car industries

b) they are a source of passion and pleasure

c) many people are unhappy with car traffic and pollution

 

Задание № 12. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

 

1. Is the car a convenient form of transportation?

2. Can cars also be a source of many problems?

3. What company was the first to produce cars in large numbers?

4. What are many people unhappy with?

5. Who are cars important to?

 

Вариант № 8

 

Задание № 1. Выберите соответствующее местоимение. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык.

 

1. (Somebody, anything, something) took place there.

2. We've got a problem. I hope you can help (me, us, them).

3. She climbed out of the swimming pool and dried (itself, herself, myself) with a towel.

4. You can give him advice but he won't listen. He's got (their, his, my) own ideas.

Задание № 2. Выберите нужный предлог in, with, on, to, about. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. What are you doing... Saturday?

2. It was a lovely day. There wasn't a cloud... the sky.

3. I was delighted... the present you gave me.

4. I’m sorry... the noise last night.

5. Your writing is similar... mine.

 

Задание № 3. Закончите разделительные вопросы и перепишите их.

 

1. The research was carried out under great difficulty,...?

2. We are only at the beginning of the application of atomic energy,...?

3. New York makes a great impression on all visitors,...?

4. Smog can be harmful, even deadly,...?

5. Architects have done some very good work in designing new schools,...?

 

Задание № 4. Поставьте предложения с модальными глаголами в прошедшем или будущем времени, используя слова, данные в скобках. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. The developer must familiarize himself with the development plan of the area (tomorrow).

2. Land may be sold for construction projects (in a few weeks).

3. Developers can build production plants on land (a year ago).

 

Задание № 5. Выберите действительную или страдательную форму

глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. The master plan also (is defined, defines) places for active and passive recreation.

2. This house is quite old. It (built, was built) over 100 years ago.

3. They (are being built, are building) a new road round the city.

4. A decision (won't be made, won’t make) until the next meeting.

 

Задание № 6. Переделайте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный, сохраняя видовременную форму сказуемого. Переведите полученные предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Most town planners accept the traditional town pattern.

2. They have built a new hospital near the airport.

3. Somebody was recording our conversation.

4. We gave the information to the police.

5. People don't use this road very often.

Задание № 7. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите из каждого глагол – сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Напишите форму инфинитива глагола.

 

1. A new bridge was built across the river.

2. Drivers are asked to use an alternative route if possible.

3. Have you ever been on a ferry?

4. I’ve been translating songs since my youth.

5. I can recommend you a good book.

6. Some people became famous due to their hobbies.

Задание № 8. Выберите нужную форму глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите требуемую по смыслу форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. If you (turn) off lights when not in use, you (save) energy.

2. If he (repair) taps, he (save) water.

3. I wish he (arrive) next week.

4. If Marie (have) a ticket, she (go) to the opera. She didn't buy the ticket.

 

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите причастный (Absolute Participle Construction) или инфинитивный (Complex Object, Complex Subject) оборот и определите его тип.

 

1. All preparations being made, we went on an excursion.

2. I expect you to be on time.

3. He is said to learn foreign languages quickly.

 

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

Town planning

 

The purpose of a town plan is to give the greatest possible freedom to the individual. The new development absorbs or modifies an existing environment, and so before it can be designed it is necessary to find out about that environment. It is also necessary to do research of population growth, the distance from work to home, the preferences for different types of dwelling, the amount of sunshine in rooms, the degree of atmospheric pollution and so on. After the survey is complete a forecast of future development is made in the form of a map: the master plan or development plan. The plan of the city must be flexible so that it may extend and renew its dwellings, reconstruct its working places, complete its communications and avoid congestion in every part.

The plan is never a complete and fixed thing, but one that is continually being adapted to the changing needs of the community for whom it is designed. The

flexible plan, preceded by a survey, is one of the most revolutionary ideas that man has ever had about the control of his environment.

Most towns today have a characteristic functional pattern as follows: a central core containing the principal shopping centre, business zones, surrounded by suburbs of houses. Most town planners accept the traditional town pattern. In the preparation of a master plan they are preoccupied with the definition of the town centre, industrial areas, and the areas of housing; the creation of open space for recreation, the laying down of a pattern of main roads which run between the built- up areas.

The master plan thus has to define the ultimate growth of the town, but though the master plan is a diagram, and even a flexible one, it is the structure upon which all future development is to take place.

 

forecast – прогноз

a master plan – генеральный план застройки

congestion – перенаселенность, скопление

a pattern – образец

suburbs – окраинные районы housing – жилищное строительство recreation – отдых

 

Задание № 11. Закончите предложение, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания.

 

Before a town plan is designed, it is necessary...

a) to renew and extend the dwellings

b) to make a forecast of future development in the form of a map

c) to find out about existing environment

 

Задание № 12. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

 

1. What is the purpose of a town plan?

2. When is a forecast of future development made?

3. Why must the plan of the city be flexible?

4. Most towns today have a characteristic functional pattern, haven't they?

5. What does the master plan define?

 

Вариант № 9

 

Задание № 1. Выберите соответствующее местоимение. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Who are (that, these, those) people standing near the door?

2. Mary and Jane phone (them, themselves, each other) every day.

3. The building is very big but (his, its, their) halls are small.

4. You are quite ill. You must not go (somewhere, anywhere, nowhere) today.

 

Задание № 2. Выберите нужный предлог in, of, for, to, at. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Air is a mechanical mixture… several gases.

2. I am very good … chemistry.

3. Engineer is responsible… the equipment.

4. I am interested … buying a new program … my computer.

5. The task is… study the constituents of the air.

 

Задание № 3. Закончите разделительные вопросы и перепишите их.

 

1. It gets dark very late in summer, …?

2. He has not been in Russia for many years, …?

3. Architects design residential and industrial buildings, …?

4. They sent a telegram to him yesterday, …?

5. Bricks are delivered to the construction site, …?

 

Задание № 4. Поставьте предложения с модальными глаголами в прошедшем или будущем времени, используя слова, данные в скобках. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. We have to go to a dentist today (last Saturday).

2. He can speak Italian (when he was ten).

3. Mr. Brown must be in his office now (in two hours).

 

Задание № 5. Выберите действительную или страдательную форму

глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. The TV set (is switched off, switched off).

2. They (are reconstructed, reconstruct) a lot of old houses in this district every year.

3. New supermarket (was built, built) in our city last year.

4. The boiler (is made, makes) from steel.

 

Задание № 6. Переделайте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный, сохраняя видовременную форму сказуемого. Напишите и переведите полученные предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Designers use a great variety of materials nowadays.

2. This firm is constantly producing modern equipment.

3. People use summer air conditioning in stores.

4. They built and modernized many air conditioning systems.

5. People will not forget it very soon.

Задание № 7. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите из каждого глагол – сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Напишите форму инфинитива глагола.

 

1. Mankind has used coal and oil in gradually increasing quantities for centuries.

2. The consumption of energy is expected to grow so new resources should be found.

3. Electric heaters play a large part in the air conditioning plants of large buildings.

4. Heating is used to provide comfort for people.

5. Air conditioning systems vary in cost.

6. The modern twenty–five storey hotel has been constructed in the centre of London.

 

Задание № 8. Выберите нужную форму глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Before you (leave), don't forget to shut the windows.

2. If you (take) more exercise you (get) fit.

3. He promised he would return the book as soon as he (read) it.

4. Unless they improve their attitude towards the work, they (fail) the exam.

 

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите причастный (Absolute Participle Construction) или инфинитивный (Complex Object, Complex Subject) оборот и определите его тип.

 

1. All the questions having been settled, we went home.

2. It is believed that the new plan to be of great importance.

3. I want him to come.

 

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

Energy and Its Sources

 

The consumption of energy is expected to grow. The amount of energy consumed by a country is closely connected with its degree of technological development and industrialization, which are in turn related to the people's standard of living.

Energy can be classified according to its sources. Coal, oil, and natural gas are

«fossil fuels» which are extremely useful raw materials. But when they are burned for fuel, harmful pollution may result and there is a great waste of natural resources.

Wood was the main source a hundred years ago. The growth of coal usage in the

early 1900s is associated with rapidly increasing industrial development. There followed a great expansion in the consumption of natural gas and fuel oil for heating, electrical generation and especially transportation.

Several conclusions can be made: research and development work to find new sources of energy and ways of increasing efficiency are needed; the new sources of fuels must be fully developed and utilized. Natural gas is a popular source of energy because of its convenience for use and cleanliness in burning. It is generally believed that gas will be the first fossil fuel to be in short supply, and the cost of oil extraction is high.

To these sources we can add the energy obtained from water motion and the sun. Solar power is often mentioned as the logical alternative. The amount of radiant energy that reaches the earth's surface is more than what is needed. For the generation of electricity, there are serious problems to be solved. To collect and concentrate the energy by reflectors and converters of present efficiency is the major difficulty. There remain many technological problems in this area.

Man is consuming the remaining resources at a rate that they may last only a few centuries. Efforts to eliminate the extravagant waste of energy are needed. Several conclusions can be made: research and development work to find new sources of energy and ways of increasing efficiency are needed; the new sources of fuels must be fully developed and utilized. And we must give a serious consideration nuclear energy, i.e. the energy from nuclear reactions, the burning of nuclear fuel.

 

consumption - потребление

fossil fuels – ископаемое топливо

pollution - загрязнение

conveniently- легко, просто, удобно

generation – поколение

 

Задание № 11. Закончите предложение, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания.

 

The amount of energy consumed by a country is closely connected with …

a) its degree of technological development and industrialization, which are in turn related to the people's standard of living

b) its sources

c) research and development work

 

Задание № 12. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

 

1. What is the amount of energy consumed by a country connected with?

2. What kinds of fuels can you name?

3. What alternative sources of energy do you know?

4. To collect and concentrate the energy by reflectors and converters of present efficiency is the major difficulty, isn’t it?

5. What conclusions can be made to find new sources of energy?

 

Вариант № 10

 

Задание № 1. Выберите соответствующее местоимение. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Who are (that, these, those) next to me?

2. Mary and Jane speak to (them, themselves, each other) every day.

3. The building is very old but (his, its, their) rooms are beautiful.

4. We enjoyed (myself, our, ourselves) at the party.

 

Задание № 2. Выберите нужный предлог in, of, for, to, at. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. The task is to study the constituents …of the water.

2. I’m going … the shop to buy some bread.

3. John lives … a big city.

4. These trains are very fast. They can travel … very high speeds.

5. Next week I am going to Moscow …three days.

 

Задание № 3. Закончите разделительные вопросы и перепишите их.

 

1. Days are longer than nights in summer, …?

2. It has been in reconstruction for many years, …?

3. Engineers construct residential and industrial buildings, …?

4. She sent a letter to him yesterday, …?

5. Pipes are delivered to the construction site, …?

 

Задание № 4. Поставьте предложения с модальными глаголами в прошедшем или будущем времени, используя слова, данные в скобках. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. You have to pass a test before you can get a driving license (last Saturday).

2. He can swim very well (when he was ten).

3. I must return to office now (in two hours).

 

Задание № 5. Выберите действительную или страдательную форму

глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. The radio (is switched off, switched off).

2. They (are built, build) a lot of new schools in this district every year.

3. This system (was designed, designed) to operate.

4. Technical progress (have resulted, have been resulted) in the changing of the

composition of natural water resources.

 

Задание № 6. Переделайте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный, сохраняя видовременную форму сказуемого. Напишите и переведите полученные предложения на русский язык.

 

1. I clean the room every day.

2. This firm is constantly producing irrigation systems.

3. A famous architect has designed this cathedral.

4. They sent a message yesterday.

5. I will remember this rule.

 

Задание № 7. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите из каждого глагол – сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Напишите форму инфинитива глагола.

 

1. The sanitary engineer is concerned with hydrology.

2. Different systems of water filters are used in present day.

3. Water finds its way to the rivers.

4. Ocean water contains salt and other mineral materials.

5. The earliest written records of water purification date to 2 000 B. C.

6. The modern recreation center has been erected in the center of Moscow.

Задание № 8. Выберите нужную форму глагола. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. I wish I (be) tall and strong.

2. If I miss the bus this afternoon I (get) a taxi instead.

3. If the weather (be) fine yesterday he (go) to the country.

4. I wish I (have) a car.

 

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите причастный (Absolute Participle Construction) или инфинитивный (Complex Object, Complex Subject) оборот и определите его тип.

 

1. His shoes being too small for him, he could hardly work.

2. The experiment proved to be a failure.

3. Scientists consider this problem to be very important.

 

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

Water

 

Water can appear in three phases. It takes many different forms on Earth: water

vapour and clouds in the sky; seawater and rarely icebergs in the ocean; glaciers and rivers in the mountains; and aquifers in the ground.

Water can dissolve many different substances, giving it different tastes and odors. Water fit for human consumption is called drinking water or potable water. Water that is not potable can be made potable by distillation (heating it until it becomes water vapour, and then capturing the vapour without any of the impurities it leaves behind), or by other methods (chemical or heat treatment that kills bacteria).

This natural resource is becoming scarcer in certain places, and its availability is a major social and economic concern. Currently, about one billion people around the world routinely drink unhealthy water. Most countries accepted the goal of halving by 2015 the number of people worldwide who do not have access to safe water. Water, however, is not a finite resource (like petroleum is), but rather re- circulated as potable water in precipitation in quantities many degrees of magnitude higher than human consumption. Therefore, it is the relatively small quantity of water in reserve in the earth. Water-poor countries use importation of goods as the primary method of importing water (to leave enough for local human consumption), since the manufacturing process uses around 10 to 100 times products' masses in water.

The problem of protecting natural water resources has grown very pressing for many countries since the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. The development of human society, the growth of civilization and social and technical progress have resulted in the changing of the composition of natural water resources. The rivers, lakes and ground-waters contain today the products of mechanical, chemical and biological pollution.

 

dissolve - растворять consumption - потребление potable – годный для питья quantity - количество

 

Задание № 11. Закончите предложение, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания.

 

The problem of protecting natural water resources has grown very pressing for many countries since…

a) nowadays

b) the beginning of the second half of the 20th century

c) the beginning of the second half of the 19th century

 

Задание № 12. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

 

1. What forms does water take on Earth?

2. What is cal