Observation universe extraction suggest inquisitive

a) Is the word positive, negative or neutral?;

b) Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?;

c) Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one with an opposite meaning (antonym)?

Reading Comprehension

Task 1.6 Read the text again and answer the questions.

1.Which ways of studying the world in prehistoric times does the ext describe?

2.Who suggested that the Earth was the centre of the Universe?

3.Which factor led to the Iron Age?

4. How did the people cope with the task of extracting iron?

5.Extracting of which metals led to the Bronze Age?

6. What early knowledge of humankind does contemporary medicine imply?

7. What did the Greeks concentrate on?

8.When did science start to shape as it is today?

9.What kinds of inventions did China, the Middle East and America give to the world?

10. When was modern science born?

11. What was developed as part of the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century.

12. What great scientists of the 19th century are mentioned in the text. What contribution to science did each of them make?

Task 1.7 Complete the sentences

1. Humankind has always been....

2. Since prehistoric times people observed ….

3. The Mesopotamians tried to ….

4. We do not know much about the process of discovery of …, but ….

5. Some of herbal medicines developed by early humans are ….

6. The Greeks tried to develop ….

7. They also suggested that ….

8. However, it was not until the 13^th century ….

9. In the 16^th century Copernicus revolutionised ….

10.  The slow process was the result of ….

11. In the 17th century the world began to be examined more closely, using ….

12. In the 18th century much of ….

13. The 19th century saw some of the great ….

14. Each of these developments forced scientists to ….

Task 1.8 Give the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations

1. вести себя определенным образом

2. проявлять любознательность

3. наблюдать за небесными светилами

4. делать попытку объяснить наблюдения

5. природа и происхождение вселенной

6. оптимизировать процесс добычи полезных ископаемых

7. путем проб и ошибок

8. новые синтетические лекарственные средства

9. методы изучения мира

10. иметь собственный культурный взгляд на мир

11. выдвигать идею

12. Эпоха Просвещения

13.  предложить теорию

14. заставить пересмотреть свою точку зрения

Task 1.9 Translate into English

1. С древнейших времен человечество проявляло любознательность в отношении явлений окружающего мира и осуществляли наблюдение за небом.

2. Люди осознавали, что небесные светила ведут себя определенным образом и полагали, что наша планета является центром вселенной.

3. Несмотря на то, что процесс добычи полезных ископаемых происходил без использования каких-либо научных данных, людям удалось усовершенствовать и оптимизировать его.

4. Древние знания о свойствах растений используются в современной фармакологической промышленности для производства лекарственных средств.

5. Греки были сконцентрированы на математическом взгляде на мир и развивали различные методы исследования

6. Они также предположили, что вещество состоит из атомов.

7. Прогресс в науке достигался долго в результате главенствования религиозных догм.

Grammar Focus

Relative pronouns who/that and which/that

Relative pronouns are often used to link two pieces of information in one sentence.

We use who and that to link information about people:

The 19th century saw some of the great names of science: people like the chemist John Dalton, who developed the atomic theory of matter.

We use which and that to link information about things:

It took until the 16th century for Copernicus to revolutionise (literally) the way that we look at the Universe

Task 1.10 Find sentences with relative pronouns in the text above. Explain the choice of who/that or which/that.

Task 1.11 Complete the sentences with who/that or which/that.

1. Mesopotamia is an ancient historical region in West Asia _______ was located in the heart of the Tigris-Euphrates river system.

2. The Iron Age was a period in human history _______ started between 1200 B.C. and 600 B.C.

3. Aristotle and Plato were the Greeks _______ developed logical methods for examining the world.

4. The 17th century saw many instruments ______were used to examine the world more closely.

5. Basic biology and chemistry were the sciences ______ were developed as part of the Age of Enlightenment.

6. It was John Dalton _______ developed the atomic theory of matter.

Speaking

Task 1.12 Speak about the history of science. Use questions in exercise 1.6 as a plan.

 

Text 2

The Birth of Modern Physics

Second Listening

Task 2.1 a) Answer the question: What is Physics for you??

b) Listen to the text about physics. What contribution did physicists make to science according to the text?

Before you Read

Task 2.2 Answer the questions:

1. What is physics as a science? What does it deal with?

2. Can you enumerate any physical theories?

3. What physical phenomena do you know?

Vocabulary

1.boundary 2. to revive	граница возрождать
3. to validate	подтвердить, обосновать
4. comprehensive	всеобъемлющий
5. equation	уравнение
6. to recede	отступать, удаляться
7. nuclear fission	атомное деление, ядерный распад
8.to recruite	нанимать, привлекать
9. beta decay	бе́та-распа́д (β-распад)
10. to disprove	опровергнуть
11. parity	паритет, равенство,
12. iconoclastic	иконоборческий, направленный против предрассудков

 

Task 2.3 Read the words and word combinations and guess their meaning

scientific revolution	fundamental force of gravity
solar system	unification
model of planetary motion	phenomenon
elliptical orbits	anomalous
universal gravitation	atomic bomb

Task 2.4 Read the text again and complete the table below

Period of time (century, year)	Scientist	Contribution to science

 

The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century, which proposed that the planets follow elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo (“Father of Modern Physics”) also made use of experiments to validate physical theories, a key element of the scientific method. William Gilbert did some of the earliest experiments with electricity and magnetism, establishing that the Earth itself is magnetic.

In 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton’s laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton’s law of universal gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity.

During the late 18th and early 19th century, the behavior of electricity and magnetism was studied by Luigi Galvani, Giovanni Aldini, Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm, and others. These studies led to the unification of the two phenomena into a single theory of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell (known as Maxwell’s equations).

The beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results, by introducing discrete energy levels. Not only did quantum mechanics show that the laws of motion did not hold on small scales, but the theory of general relativity, proposed by Einstein in 1915, showed that the fixed background of spacetime, on which both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity depended, could not exist. In 1925, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger formulated quantum mechanics, which explained the preceding quantum theories. The observation by Edwin Hubble in 1929 that the speed at which galaxies recede positively correlates with their distance, led to the understanding that the universe is expanding, and the formulation of the Big Bang theory by Georges Lemaître.

In 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments took place during World War II, which led to the practical application of radar and the development and use of the atomic bomb. Around this time, Chien-Shiung Wu was recruited by the Manhattan Project to help develop a process for separating uranium metal into U-235 and U-238 isotopes by Gaseous diffusion. She was an expert experimentalist in beta decay and weak interaction physics. Wu designed an experiment that enabled theoretical physicists Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang to disprove the law of parity experimentally, winning them a Nobel Prize in 1957.

Though the process had begun with the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest O. Lawrence in the 1930s, physics in the postwar period entered into a phase of what historians have called “Big Science”, requiring massive machines, budgets, and laboratories in order to test their theories and move into new frontiers. The primary patron of physics became state governments, who recognized that the support of “basic” research could often lead to technologies useful to both military and industrial applications.

Currently, general relativity and quantum mechanics are inconsistent with each other, and efforts are underway to unify the two.

The last century brought discoveries such as relativity and quantum mechanics, which, again, required scientists to look at things in a completely different way. It makes you wonder what the iconoclastic discoveries of this century will be.