Реферирование научной статьи

Реферирование есть краткое изложение основного содержания текста. При составлении реферата информацию статьи сокращают так, чтобы реферат содержал все её основные положения, изложенные в сжатом виде. Степень сокращения текста зависит от его объёма и информативной ценности (обычно объём реферата составляет 10-25% объёма источника).

Рефераты бывают информативные (содержащие основную информацию в тезисном виде) и индикативные (аннотация).

Составление информативного реферата включает в себя последовательное выполнение следующих операций: осмысление содержания оригинала с помощью перевода (устного или письменного), его анализ и преобразование. При анализе материала необходимо выявить основную информацию, которую следует включить в реферат, и отбросить дополнительную, не имеющую особого значения или повторяющуюся информацию. Отобранный материал излагается как единое целое.

Удобно работать над текстом по абзацам. В каждом абзаце надо выделить опорные фрагменты - ключевые слова и словосочетания (т.е. те, опираясь на которые можно вспомнить, о чём идёт речь), и предложения, выражающие основную мысль, - и записать их.

Информативный реферат состоит из 1) заголовка (название реферируемой работы по-русски и по-английски, её авторы, выходные данные по-английски), 2) основного содержания, изложенного кратко, с выводами и 3) справочной части, где указывается количество иллюстраций, таблиц и количество наименований использованной автором литературы. (Здесь также приводятся примечания автора реферата, если они есть, и его имя).

Аннотация - это предельно сжатая общая характеристика содержания текста, излагаемая в виде перечня основных проблем. Она лишь сообщает о наличии в реферируемой работе материала на определённую тему. Прочитав аннотацию, специалист решает, представляет ли для него интерес данная статья. Объём аннотации в среднем составляет до 500 печатных знаков (несколько предложений).

Составьте информативный реферат к данной ниже статье на русском языке. Выпишите ключевые слова. Составьте аннотацию на русском и английском языках.

AN UNUSUALLY EARLY ADDER BITE

The United Kingdom possesses only one naturally occurring venomous snake, the adder "Vipera berus". The reptile, in common with many others, remains in its hibemaculum throughout the coldest months of the year and is rarely seen in the period extending from the middle of October to the end of March. The adder is not naturally aggressive and the majority of people who are bitten appear to have made ill-advised attempts to pick it up. Some 62% of adder bites occur in June, July and August. Bites occurring in March are exceedingly rare and the literature contains only three previous references. In each instance the bite is recorded as having occurred during March, but no date is given. We now report a case of envenomation by an adder, which occurred in the morning on Saturday, March 4 and appears to be the earliest recorded bite by this reptile.

Case report.

The patient involved was a 12-year-old boy who whilst walking in a field near his home in South Devon, noticed a snake and picked it up. He was promptly bitten on his right index finger, immediately dropped the reptile and returned home, and was subsequently rushed to the Accident Department by his parents.

On admission it was noticed that he was extremely apprehensive, had vomited on several occasions, and was feeling nauseated. His blood pressure was 95/60mmHg, with a regular pulse rate of 96 per minute. His ECG was normal. There were two small puncture wounds on his right index finger which was markedly swollen and bruised. The swelling extended to include his right hand and forearm, with tenderness up to the axilla. The only relevant past history was of a febrile convulsion as an infant after a first course of triple vaccine; because of this he had not received any further immunization.

His nausea was controlled by 25mg of chlorpromazine intramuscularly, after which he was given lOOmg of hydrocortisone and 5mg of chlorpheniremine maleate intravenously, with 0,5mg of tetanus toxoid intramuscularly; the latter was preceded by a test dose to which he did not react. Oral penicillin V was started, together with l0 mg of prednisone and 4mg of Pirition thrice daily. At this stage the use of Zagreb antivenom was considered but it was not felt to be indicated immediately and was withheld pending further observation.

The child was admitted to the pediatric ward and, over the next 24 hours, his general symptoms disappeared, although his right hand and arm remained painful. Over the next four days there was improvement in the arm, With subsidence of the swelling and recovery of a full range of pain-free movement. The steroids were therefore reduced and then finally stopped, and on March 9 he was considered fit for discharge.

Comment.

This case differs from the majority of adder bites in that it occurred at a time when the reptile might still be hibernating. Theoretically, a bite occurring so early in the year, presumably shortly after the reptile's awakening from hibernation, might be expected to be particularly serious as its venom sacs are likely to be fully charged.          This patient's symptoms, however, were not unduly severe.

Zagreb antivenom, which is both safe and effective, was considered in this case. Initially, however, there was some concern about the production of side effects as the child had apparently previously reacted to triple vaccine. As both the local and systemic effects responded satisfactorily to symptomatic therapy it was felt that the use of the antivenom was unnecessary in this particular instance.

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                                   PART III