Unit 13. Present Perfect Continuous

  Образуется при помощи глагола to be в форме Present Perfec t и Participle I основного глагола: have been doing.

Утвердительная форма +	I (We/You/They) have been reading since morning
	He (She/It) has been reading since morning
Вопросительная форма ?	Have I (We/You/They) been reading since morning?
	Has he(she) been reading since morning?
Отрицательная форма -	I (We/You/They) have not been reading since morning
	He (She/It) has not been reading since morning

1. Обозначает действие, начавшееся в прошлом, продолжавшееся по настоящий момент и все еще идущего. Обычно сопровождается предлогами: since, обозначающим отправную точку: I have been learning English since last summer и for, обозначающим период времени: I have been teaching for 10 years. В этом случае глагол в Present Perfect Continuous переводится на русский язык настоящим временем.

2. Обозначает действие в развитии, которое недавно или только что закончилось: The ground is wet. It has been raining. В этом случае глагол в Present Perfect Continuous переводится на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени несовершенного вида.

      Present Perfect Simple and Continuous

1. Мы часто используем длительное время c вопросом How long?: How long have you been learning English?

Простое время часто используется с вопросами How much? How many?: How many pages have you read?

2. Используя длительное время, мы интересуемся самой деятельностью: My hands are very dirty. I’ve been repairing the car.

Используя простое время, мы интересуемся результатом: The car is OK again now. I’ve repaired it.

3. C глаголами live and work можно употреблять любое время: Tom has lived in London for a long time. Tom has been living in London for a long time.

4. Помните, что ряд глаголов не употребляется в длительных временах! 

like love hate  want need prefer know realize suppose mean understand believe recognize be remember belong contain consist depend seemfind see hear smell taste feel   have (принадлежность)

13.1. К каждой ситуации напишите по два предложения (Present Perfect Simple / Present Perfect Continuous).

E.g. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53. (read / for two hours)...(read / 53 pages so far)...

Tom has been reading for two hours. Tom has read 53 pages so far.

1. Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour three months ago. (travel / for three months) … (visit / six countries so far) … 2. Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is the national champion again - for the fourth time. (win / the national championship four times) … (play / tennis since he was ten) …. 3. When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still make films. (make / ten films since they left college) … (make / films since they left college)   

13. 2. Для каждой ситуации задайте вопросы, используя слова в скобках (Present Perfect Simple / Present Perfect Continuous).

E.g. You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask: (how long/ learn / Arabic?).... How long have you been learning Arabic?

1. You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask: (how long/wait?)

2. You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask: (how many fish / catch?)

3. Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask: (how many people / invite?)

4. A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask: (how long/ teach?)          

5. You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask: (how many books / write?) (how long / write / books?)

6. A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask: (how long/ save?) (how much money / save?)          

13.3. Поставьте глагол в правильное время (Present Perfect Simple / Present Perfect Continuous).

1. Where have you been? … (you/play) tennis? 2. Look! Somebody … (break) that window. 3. You look tired. … (you/work) hard? 4. “… (you/ever/work) in a factory?” “No, never.” 5. “Jane is away on holiday.” “Oh, is she? Where … (she/go)?” 6. My brother is an actor. He … (appear) in several films.

7. “Sorry I'm late.” “That's all right. I … (not/wait) long.” 8. “Is it still raining?” “No, it … (stop).” 9. I … (lose) my address book. … (you/see) it anywhere? 10. I … (read) the book you lent me but I … (not/finish) it yet. 11. I … (read) the book you lent me, so you can have it back now.

 

Unit 14. Past Perfect

Прошедшее завершенное

Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола had и основного глагола в форме прошедшего причастия. В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. В отрицательной форме частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола.

 

Утвердительная форма +	I (You/ We/They)                         had visited/seen by 5 o’clock yesterday He (She/It)
Вопросительная формa ?	I (you/we/they) Had she (he/it)     visited/seen by 5 o’clock yesterday?
Отрицательная  форма -	I (You/ We/They)                        had not visited/seen by 5 o’clock yesterday He (She/It)

     

Past Perfec t (прошедшее завершенное) употребляется:

1. Для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом. Этот момент может быть указан обстоятельством времени: by 5 o ’ clock к 5 часам, by that time к тому времени, by the end of the year к концу года и др., а также перед предлогом before и после предлога after: She had left by the 1 ^st of June. After she had cried, she felt easier. He was nervous because he had never flown before.

2. Для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже завершилось до другого, более позднего прошедшего действия, выраженного глаголом в Past Simple: When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.

 

Примечание:

Глаголы движения и чувственного восприятия обычно не употребляются в Past Perfect: When he heard the song, he recognized it at once.

When he came home, he found his mother in an evening dress.

14.1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Perfect.

1. By two o'clock the teacher (to examine) all the students. 2. On my way to school I (to remember) that I (to leave) my report at home. 3. All my friends (to be) glad to hear that I (to pass) all the examina­tions successfully. 4. Poor Oliver (to lie) unconscious on the spot where Sikes (to leave) him. 5. He (to open) his eyes, (to look) around and (to try) to re­member what (to happen) to him. 6. All the passen­gers (to see) at once that the old man (to travel) a great deal in his life. 7. By the time we (to come) to see him, he (to return) home. 8. During the holi­days my friend (to visit) the village where he (to live) in his childhood. 9. When they (to enter) the hall, the performance already (to begin). 10. When I came home, my mother (to tell) me that she (to receive) a letter from grandfather.