Advanced exercises in conversion

 

11. Rewrite in the passive the sentences or clauses con­taining a verb in italics.

1. The fact that the new scheme raised such a storm of dis­approval means that no one can have explained it property to the public. 2. His father warned him not to let others lead him astray. 3. The chairman of the committee complained that they were taking up too much time in discussing trivialities. 4. People put down the boy's rudeness to his parents' hav­ing spoiled him

5. Not until later did they discover that someone had sto­len the picture. 6. Never before had they sent anyone to prison for that par­ticular crime. 7. They could make the law effective only in this ("Only in this way...") 8. People said that no one could reach any agreement on this question. 9. The army put down the rebellion and declared martial law. 10. He wanted them to treat the information as confidential. 11. Had they told me that someone was to bring up the subject of finance at the next meeting, I wouldn't have mentioned it. 12. He dislikes his fellow-workers thinking him a fool. 13. The public having ignored him for many years, the writer suddenly became famous. (" After...") 14. Should someone prove beyond doubt that an accident caused the fire, the police will, naturally, release the man the' are at present holding on suspicion of arson. 15. On their informing him that the police wanted him, the man realized that his accomplice had betrayed him.

 

12. Rewrite in the active the sentences or clauses con­taining a verb in italics. Where the agent is not stated, a suitable subject for the sentence or clause should be inferred from the context.

1. The fire was finally got under control, but not before ex­tensive damage had been caused.

2. Don't let yourself be depressed by your failure. 3. In view of the widespread concern that is felt by the community at the plan for a main road to be built through the village, it has been decided by the local Council that a special inquiry should be held. 4. The house had been broken into, and two thousands pounds' worth of jewellery had been stolen. 5. Only after it had been subjected to searching laboratory tests by the scientists was the new vaccine put on the market by the Company. 6. The plan hadn't been at all well thought out by the leader.

7. It ought to have been made quite clear to the sharehold­ers before the annual meeting was held that they would not be allowed to vote for a new board by proxy. 8. Your lawyer's advice should have been obtained before any decision was made by you for the matter to be taken further. 9. He needn't have been caused so much distress by being told by the army authorities that his brother had died in action, as it was later discovered that a mistake had been made as to the missing man's identity. 10. Information about the source from which the starling news had been obtained was withheld by the reporter.

 

13. Rewrite the sentences in the passive omitting the words in brackets.

1. (Everyone) knows this fact very well. 2. (They) opened the theatre only last month. 3. (People) will soon forget it. 4. (You) must write the answers in ink. 5. (Someone) has taken two of my books. 6. (We) have already filled the vacancy. 7. What should (one) do in such case? 8. Did (they) say anything interesting? 9. Did (no one) ever make the situation clear to you? 10. (One) should keep milk in a refrigerator. 11. I don't think (anyone) can do it. 12. (They) would undoubtedly have killed him if he hadn't promised to co-operate. 13. (You) must finish the work by 7. 14. (They) are now manufacturing this type of com­puter in many countries. 15. (No one) could possibly have known the secret. 16. Has (someone) made all the necessary arrange­ments? 17. Fortunately (no one) had said anything about it. 18. (We) will execute all orders promptly. 19. (The police) kept the man in custody. 20. Does (someone) clean all the rooms regularly?

 

14. Complete the sentences with a passive construction using the verbs given and the forms suggested.

1. Much of London (destroy) by fire in the 17th century. (Past simple). 2. The men who (bite) a snake (give) a serum. (Past perfect, Past simple). 3. A leader should be a man who can respect. (Infinitive). 4. Many slums (demolish) to make way for new buildings. (Present progressive). 5. The police (instruct) to take firm action against hooligans. (Present perfect). 6. He (save) from bankruptcy by the kindness of a friend. (Past simple). 7. A cease-fire (expect) (declare) later this week. (Present simple, Infinitive). 8. A great deal of research (do) into the possible causes of cancer. (Present progressive). 9. The worker claimed that he (victimize) by his employers. (Past progressive). 10. The tenant (evict) for not paying his rent. (Past simple) 11. It (think) that the Government would do something to help. (Past perfect). 12. Three hundred new houses (build) by the end of next year. (Future perfect). 13. Because of a strike work on the building had to (discontinue). (Infinitive). 14. The witness strongly objected to (cross-examine). (Gerund). 15. (threaten) by a blackmailer he immediately informed the police. (Perfect participle). 16. I'm not accustomed to (treat) in that way. (Gerund). 17. The passengers ought to (inform) that the train (withdraw) from service. (Perfect infinitive, Past perfect). 18. Customers (ask) to ensure that they (give) the correct change before leaving the shop, as mistakes cannot afterwards (rectify). (Present simple, Present perfect, In­finitive). 19. Was he very upset at (not offer) the job? (Gerund). 20. The man was sent to prison for six months, (find) guilty of fraud. (Perfect participle).

 

15. Use the passive forms to make corrects sentences.

1. computer — many offices/ they — in schools, too. 2. pocket calculator — in all kinds of shops/ they — quite cheaply today. 3. more radio and TV programmes — 20 years ago/ much more money — on these programmes, too. 4. fantastic photos — underwater/ of course special cam­eras — for such photos.

 

16. Change the following sentences from active to passive voice.

1. Somebody calls the president every day. 2. John is calling the other members. 3. Martha was delivering the documents to the department 4. The other members have repealed the amendment. 5. The delegates had received the information before the recess. 6. The teacher should buy the supplies for this class. 7. Somebody will call Mr Watson tonight. 8. The fire has caused considerable damage. 9. The company was developing a new procedure before the bankruptcy hearings began. 10. John will have received the paper by tomorrow.

17. Complete this report with the correct active and pas­sive forms.

SIR BILLY DIES AT THE AGE OF 81

Sir William Butlin, founder of the famous "Butlin's" holiday camps, (die) yesterday morning at the age of eighty one. No fur­ther information about the cause of his death (give) yet. "Billy Butlin" — as he (call) by everyone here in Britain — (be) born in South Africa in 1899. When Billy (be) eleven years old, his par­ents (emigrate) to Canada. Billy (leave) school at the age of twelve and (give) a job in a department store. At fifteen he (join) the Canadian army and (send) to France, where he (fight) in World War I.'

After sometime as a travelling entertainer, he (open) his first small holiday camp at Skegness in Lincolnshire in 1936, It (be) so successful that soon other camps (open) by "Sir Billy" at Clacton-on-Sec in Essex and at Filey in Yorkshire. After World War II his holiday-camp empire (grow) so quickly that soon the camp (visit) by over one million people every year. Today especially families with children (enjoy) a holiday at a Butlin's camp.

Sir William Butlin (be) a man who (give) much of his money to charity. One of the first charity walks (organize) by him in February 1969. Hundreds of people (walk) from John o'Groats in the north of Scotland to land's End in Cornwall and thousands of pounds (give) to charity.

It (expect) that the holiday camp tradition which (establish) by Billy Butlin (continue) in the future, so that many more Butlin holidays can (enjoy) by families from all over Britain.

 

18. Put the transitive verbs into the passive voice. Do not mention the agent unless it seems necessary.

1. The milkman brings the milk to my door but the postman leaves the letters in the hall.

2. In future, perhaps, they won't bring letters to the houses, and we shall have to collect them from the Post Office. 3. People steal things from supermarkets every day; some­one stole twenty bottles of whisky from this one last week. 4 Normally men sweep this street every day, but nobody swept it last week. 5. The postman clears this box three time a day. He last cleared it at 2.30. 6. Someone turned on a light in the hall and opened the door. 7 Women clean this office in the evening after the staff have left; they clean the upstairs offices between seven and eight in the morning. 8. We never saw him in the dining-room. A maid took all his meals up to him. 9. Someone left this purse in a classroom yesterday; the cleaner found it. 10. We build well over 1,000 new houses a year. Last year we built 1,500. 11. We serve hot meals till 10.30, and guests can order coffee and sandwiches up to 11.30. 12. Passengers leave all sorts of things in buses. The conduc­tors collect them and send them to the Lost Property Office.

13. An ambulance took the sick man to hospital. (Mention ambulance.) 14. We kill and injure people on the roads every day. Can't we do something about this? 15. Dogs guard the warehouse. The other day a thief tried to get in and a dog saw him and chased him. (A thief who...) 16. The watchman called the police. The police arrested the man. 17. Tom had only a slight injury and they helped him off the field; but Jack was seriously injured and they carried him off on a stretcher. (Tom, who had..., but Jack, who was...) 18. You can't wash this dress; you must dry-clean it. 19. They are demolishing the entire block. 20. He recommends fitting new tyres. (Use should) 21. He suggested allowing council tenants to buy their houses.

22. Men with slide rules used to do these calculations; now a computer does them. 23. The court tried the man, found him guilty and sent him to prison. 24. The hall porter polishes the knockers of all the flats every day. ~ Well, he hasn't polished mine for a week. 25. They are repairing my piano at the moment. 26. Passengers shouldn't throw away their tickets as inspec­tors may check these during the journey. 27. They invited Jack but they didn't invite Tom.

28. The guests ate all sandwiches and drank all the beer. They left nothing. 29. Has someone posted my parcel? 30. Why did no one inform me of the change of plan? 31. Tom Smith wrote the book and Brown and Co. published it. 32. We shall have to tow the car to the garage. 33. I'm afraid we have sold all our copies but we have or­dered more. 34. We will prosecute trespassers. 35. Someone stole my car and abandoned it fifteen miles away. He had removed the radio but done no other damage. 36. You must keep dogs on leads in the gardens.

 

19. Put the transitive verbs into the passive voice. Do not mention the agent unless it seems necessary.

1. They haven't stamped the letter. 2. They didn't pay me for the work; they expected me to do it for nothing. 3. He escaped when they were moving him from one prison to another. 4 She didn't introduce me to her mother. 5. A frightful crash wakened me at 4 a.m. 6. When they have widened this street the roar of the traffic will keep residents awake all night. 7. They threw away the rubbish. 8. A Japanese firm makes these television sets. 9. An earthquake destroyed the town. 10. A machine could do this much more easily. 11. Visitors must leave umbrellas and sticks in the cloakroom. 12. We ask tenants not to play their radios loudly after midnight. 13. We can't repair your clock. 14. We cannot exchange articles which customers have bought during the sale. (Articles...) 15. We have to pick the fruit very early in the morning, oth­erwise we can't get it to the market in time. 16. The police shouldn't allow people to park there.

17. They are watching my house. 18. The examiner will read the passage three times. 19. Candidates may not use dictionaries. 20. You need not type this letter. 21. This used to be number 13, but now I see that someone has crossed out "13" and written "12A" underneath.

22. You mustn't move this man; he is too ill. You'll have to leave him here. 23. They searched his house and found a number of stolen articles. 24. Nobody has used this room for ages. 25. They took him for a Frenchman, his French was so good. 26. You should have taken those books back to the library. 27. They brought the children up in Italy. 28. They have taken down the For Sale notice, so I suppose they have sold the house. 29. Someone broke into his house and stole a lot of his things. 30. We have warned you. 31. A lorry knocked him down.

32. They returned my keys to me; someone had picked them up in the street. 33. We had to give the books back; they did not allow us to take them home. 34. You shouldn't leave these documents on the desk. You should lock them up. 35. They handed round coffee and biscuits.

36. They have tried other people's schemes. Why have they never tried my scheme?

 

20. In this exercise most of the sentences contain a verb + preposition/adverb combination. The preposition or adverb must be retained when the combination is pu* into the passive. In most of the sentences it is not necessary to mention the agent.

1. The government has called out troops. 2. Fog held up the trains, (agent required) 3. You are to leave this here. Someone will call for it later on 4. We called in the police. 5. They didn't look after the children properly. 6. They are flying in reinforcements. 7. Then they called up men of 28. 8. Everyone looked up to him. (agent required) 9. All the ministers will see him off at the airport, (agent required) 10. He hasn't slept in his bed. 11. We can build on more rooms.

12. They threw him out. 13. They will have to adopt a different attitude. 14. He's a dangerous maniac. They ought to lock him up. 15. Her story didn't take them in. (agent required) 16. Burglars broke into the house. 17. The manufacturers are giving away small plastic toys with each packet of cereal. 18. They took down the notice. 19. They frown on smoking here.

20. After the government had spent a million pounds on the scheme they decided that it was impracticable and gave it up. (Make only the first and last verbs passive.) 21. When I returned I found that they had towed my car away. I asked why they had done this and they told me that it was be­cause I had parked it under a No Parking sign, (four passives) 22. People must hand in their weapons. 23. The crowd shouted him down. 24. People often take him for his brother.

25. No one has taken out the cork. 26. The film company were to have used the pool for aquatic displays, but now they have changed their minds about it and are filling it in. (Make the first and last verbs passive.) 27. This college is already full. We are turning away students the whole time. 28. You will have to pull down this skyscraper as you have not complied with the town planning regulations.

 

21 - Some of the following sentences when put into the passive require or can have a change of construction.

1. believe, claim, consider, find, know, say, suppose and ''«ink when used in the passive can be followed by an infinitive:

They say he is a spy = He is said to be a spy.

They say he was a spy = He is said to have been a spy.

It is said that he is/was... is also possible.

2. Subject + be supposed + infinitive often conveys an idea of duty, particularly when the subject is you:

It is your duty to obey him = You are supposed to obey him.

3. Infinitives after passive verbs are normally full infinitives.

4. Note the use of have + object + past participle: Get someone to mend it = Have it mended.

5. Note the use of should in the passive.

 

Put the following sentences into the passive, using an infinitive construction where possible.

1. We added up the money and found that it was correct. 2. I'm employing a man to tile the bathroom. 3. Someone seems to have made a terrible mistake. 4. It is your duty to make tea at eleven o'clock. (Use sup­pose.) 5. People know that he is armed. 6. Someone saw him pick up the gun. 7. We know that you were in town on the night of the crime. 8. We believe that he has special knowledge which may be useful to the police, (one passive) 9. You needn't have done this. 10. It's a little too loose; you had better ask your tailor to take it in. (one passive) 11. He likes people to call him "sir". 12. Don't touch this switch. 13. You will have to get someone to see to it. 14. It is impossible to do this. (Use can't.) 15. Someone is following us. 16. They used to make little boys climb the chimneys to clean them, (one passive) 17. You have to see it to believe it. (two passives) 18. You order me about and I am tired of it. (/ am tired of...) 19. He doesn't like people laughing at him. 20. You don't need to wind this watch. 21. They shouldn't have told him. 2. They decided to divide the money between the widows of the lifeboatmen. (They decided that the money...) 23. People believe that he was killed by terrorists. 24. They are to send letters to the leaders of charitable or­ganizations. 25. We consider that she was the best singer that Australia has ever produced, (one passive) 26. We don't allow smoking. 27. We know that the expedition reached the South Pole in May. 28. Before they invented printing people had to write every­thing by hand. 29. They urged the government to create more jobs, (two ways) 30. They suggested banning the sale of alcohol at football matches.

 

22. Use the correct tenses and passive forms of the verbs in brackets.

FISHY TALES

Mermaids (see)... by sailors for centuries. The basis of all mermaid myths (suppose)... to be a creature called a Manatee: a kind of walrus! Mermaids used (to show)... in funfairs until re­cently. It all began in 1817 when a "mermaid" (buy)... for £6,000 by a sailor in the South Pacific. She (eventually sell)... to the great circusowner Barnum. She (exhibit)... in 1842 as "The Fee-jee Mermaid". It (say)... that she earned Barnum $1,000 a week! The thousands who saw this mermaid (must/disappoint).... She (cleverly make)... by a Japanese fisherman. A monkey's head (delicately sew)... to the tail of a large salmon. The job (so skilfully do)... that the joint between the fish and the monkey was invisible. Real imagination (must/require)... to see this re­volving creature as a beautiful mermaid combing her golden hair!

 

23. Put in the correct forms, active or passive, of the verbs in brackets.

HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES?

Lord Manners was a rich and famous banker. When he (die)... recently, he (give)... a magnificent funeral which (attend)... by hundreds of famous people. The funeral was going to (hold)... in Westminster Abbey. Many ordinary people (line)... the streets

to watch the procession. The wonderful black and gold carriage (draw)... by six black horses. The mourners (follow)... in silence. Lord Manners (give)... a royal farewell. Two tramps were among the crowd. They (watch)... the procession with amazement. As solemn music (could hear)... in the distance, one of them (turn)... to the other and (whisper)... in admiration, "Now that's what I call really living!"

 

24. Supply suitable active and passive forms in these sentences using the verbs in brackets. Some varia­tions in tenses may be possible.

1. It isn't clear how far the ozone layer (damage)... by aero­sol sprays. It may be possible to tell whether the hole over the Antarctic (widen)... after the area (investigate)... high-flying planes. 2. These days, even the most remote places on earth (visit)... by tourists. Package tours (can/arrange)... for almost anywhere, from the Himalayas to the Amazonian jungle. 3. No­tices such as (English/Speak)... and (Shoes/Repair)... are common. Sometimes they (translate)... into different languages for the benefit of the tourists. 4. We (constantly remind)... of the way the world (become)... smaller when events taking place in different parts of the globe (flash)... on our television screens. 5. If you (involve)... in a car accident and someone (hurt)... you (have to)... report the matter to the police. If only the vehicles (damage)... drivers should exchange names and addresses.

 

25. Open the brackets. Put the verbs into active or passive.

1. Today minerals (form) almost half of Australic's exports. 2. Australia also (export) lots of wood, meat, butter, fruit and wine. 3. Many of these products (export) to the Pacific countries, especially Japan and the West of the USA. 4. Australia (discover) as a market for American products at the end of the 18th century. 5. The first products from the USA (arrive) in Australia in 1792. 6. In the early 19th century Sydney (can/reach) faster from San Francisco than New York (can/reach) from the West Coast. 7. Today Australia mainly (import) machines and computer equipment from the USA.

 

26. Open the brackets. Use present simple or past simple, active or passive.

FRANKENSTEIN'S MONSTER

"Frankenstein" is a name that (know) by many people today. But not everybody (know) that Victor Frankenstein is the main character in a horror story by Mary Shelley. The book (write) at the beginning of the 19th century. Mary Shelley (be) only twenty years old when she (write) it.

In the story Frankenstein, a scientist, (want) to create a "person", but unfortunately he (create) a "monster". The mon­ster (want) to be loved by people, but nobody (like) him. That's why he (become) violent and (start) killing people. In the end he also (kill) Victor Frankenstein.

 

27. Open the brackets. Use the verbs in the active or in the passive voices.

SAVING THE ENVIRONMENT

1. Elefriends (found) some years ago by a group of people who (be) worried about the future of elephants. Today a large number of elephants (kill) every day. If this (continue), there (be) no more elephants in ten years. 2. Greenpeace (be) an environmental group which (support) by a large number of people all over the world. In recent years saving the ozone layer (be) one of their main issues. The ozone layer, the "roof" by which life on earth (protect) (have) a huge hole for years now. Among other things aerosols containing CFSs (be) responsible for this problem. 3. ARK (be) another environmental group. It (campaign) to stop air and water pollution. It (encourage) people to help the environment by changing the way they (live). ARK (hope) that in the next few years they (be able) to attract young people espe­cially. The group (support) by a British chain of shops which (sell) beauty products. Their products (make) from natural sub­stances and the bags they (use) (have) from recycled paper. Many of their products (sell) in bottles which (can/take) back to the shop, where they (can/refill).

 

28. Open the brackets.

"Rock'n¹ Roll". The expression (use) in 1951 for the first time. The music for which it (use) had been there before: it was the black blues which (not accept) by many of the older whites. That is why it (not play) on many American radio programmes until the early 50s. But the young people of that time did not want to hear the "sweet" pop music of the 1940s any longer. R'n'R (see) as a violent kind of music by many parents, and so they did not like it. Bill Haley's "Rock around the Clock" (can/hear) in all places where young people met. But the real hero of R'n'R was Elvis Prestly. His powerful voice and the way he moved (love) by young people. He (call) "the king of R'n'R" by people all over the world.

 

29. Use active or passive forms in the past simple.

"The History of Plymouth Plantation" (write) by William Bradford between 1620 and 1651. It is a kind of diary in which he (write) about the life of the Pilgrims. After the Pilgrims had landed in Plymouth harbour, they (unload) the "Mayflower". Then all their things (put) in a dry place. Later, cottages (build) for everybody. The pilgrims also (discuss) things and (make) laws for their small group. In the winter months over half of the Pilgrims (die) and over 40 (become) ill. For sometime all the work (do) by only six or seven people. They (fetch) wood and (make) fires in everybody's houses. Food (cook) for the people who were ill, too. Then six or seven people also (wash) clothes for everybody.

 

30. Put the following into the passive voice. The agent should not be mentioned except in numbers 11 and 28.

1. You should open the wine about three hours before you use it. 2. Previous climbers had cut steps in the ice. 3. Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit. 4. We use this room only on special occasions. 5. You must not hammer nails into the walls without per­mission. 6. In some districts farmers use pigs to find truffles. 7. Someone switched on a light and opened the door. 8. Somebody had slashed the picture with a knife. 9. They are pulling down the old theatre. 10. Why didn't they mend the roof before it fell in? 11. The mob broke all the shop windows in recent riots. 12. The librarian said that they were starting a new system because people were not returning books. 13. The police asked each of us about his movements on the night of the crime. 14. Someone will serve refreshments. 15. People must not leave bicycles in the hall. 16. Members may keep books for three weeks. After that they must return them. 17. The burglars had cut an enormous hole in the steel door. 18. I've bought a harp. They are delivering it this afternoon. (Do not change the first sentence.)

19. Someone has already told him to report for duty at six. 20. They rang the church bells as a flood warning. 21. No one can do anything unless someone gives us more information. 22. People are spending far more money on food now than they spent ten years ago. 23. The organisers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month. 24. They will say nothing more about the matter if someone returns the stolen gun. 25. It is high time someone told him to stop behaving like a child. 26. A thief stole my dog and brought him back only when I offered £20 reward for him. 27.  The judge gave him two weeks in which to pay the fine. 28. They make these artificial flowers of silk.

 

31. Put the following into the passive, mentioning the agent where necessary.

Where there is an indirect and a direct object, make the indirect object the subject of the passive verb.

They gave her a clock. She was given a clock.

The gerund after certain verbs is replaced in the passive by should be + past participle:

They advised employing part-time workers.

They advised that part-time workers should be employed.

1. They feed the seals at the zoo twice a day. 2. Who wrote it? 3. Compare clothes which we have washed with clothes which any other laundry has washed. 4. He expected us to offer him the job. 5. They showed her the easiest way to do it. 6. Lightning struck the old oak.                     '7. Titian couldn't have painted it as people didn't wear that style of dress till after his death.

8. A jellyfish stung her. 9. The author has written a special edition for children. 10. Judges used to carry sweet herbs as a protection against jail-fever. 11. What did he write it with?-

He wrote it with a matchstick dipped in blood. 12. An uneasy silence succeeded the shot.

13. Did the idea interest you? 14. The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle's will.

15. Beavers make these dams. 16. They used to start these engines by hand. Now they start them by electricity. 17. Most people opposed this. 18. Students are doing a lot of the work.

19. The Prime Minister was to have opened the dry dock. 20. They recommended opening new factories in the de­pressed area. (Use should.) 21. The closure of the workshops will make a lot of men re­dundant. 22. Anyone with the smallest intelligence could understand these instructions. 23. We will not admit children under sixteen. 24. Boys of sixteen to eighteen are to man this training ship. 25. A rainstorm flooded the gypsies' camp. 26. The howling of wolves kept him awake all night. 27. They suggested making the tests easier. (Use should.) 28. Children couldn't have done all this damage.

 

32. Turn the following sentences into the active voice. Where no agent is mentioned one must be sup­plied.

School notice: This door must be kept shut. Students must keep this door shut.

1. Why don't you have your eyes tested? (... get an optician to...) 2. This speed limit is to be introduced gradually. 3. The runways are being lengthened at all the main air­ports. 4. It is now 6 a.m. and at most of the hospitals in the coun­try patients are being wakened with cups of tea.

5. Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes. 6. By tradition, any sturgeon that are caught by British ships must be offered to the Queen. 7. This notice has been altered. 8. The owners went away last March and since then their houseboat has been used continuously by squatters. (Use a pro­gressive tense and omit continuously.) 9. The damaged ship was being towed into harbour when the towline broke. 10. Have a lift put in and then you won't have to climb up all these stairs. 11. Last year a profit of two million pounds was made in the first six months but this was cancelled by a loss of seventeen million pounds which was made in the second six months. 12. Evening dress will be worn. 13. The ship was put into quarantine and passengers and crew were forbidden to land. 14. Someone will have to be found to take her place. 15. He was made to surrender his passport. 16. This rumour must have been started by our opponents. 17. My paintings are to be exhibited for the first time by New Arts Gallery.

18. This scientific theory has now been proved to be false. 19. The car which was blown over the cliff yesterday is to be salvaged today. 20. The house where the dead man was found is being guarded by the police to prevent it from being entered and the evidence interfered with.

21. Why wasn't the car either locked or put into the garage? 22. It is being said that too little money is being spent by the government on roads. 23. Your money could be put to good use instead of being left idle in the bank. 24. For a long time the earth was believed to be flat.

25. This copy hasn't been read. The pages haven't been cut. 26. The stones were thrown by a student, who was after­wards led away by the police. 27. Carrier pigeons are said to have been used by early Egyptian and Greek sailors. 28. The referee was being escorted from the football field by a strong police guard.

 

33. Translate into English.

1. Эта рукопись была найдена много лет тому назад. 2. Город продолжает строиться.

3. За докладом последовало обсуждение. 4. Он получил повышение. 5. Она была уволена по сокращению штатов. 6 Ей до смерти надоело сидеть дома. 7. Пьеса основана на исторических фактах. 8. Третья серия еще снимается. 9. Его речь будет записана для передачи по радио. 10. О вашем чемодане позаботятся. 11. Входит ли сюда плата за обслуживание? 12. Нас разъединили. 13. Меня застал дождь. 14. В соседней комнате раздавался неудержимый хохот. 15. Нам было сказано ждать. 16. На статью часто ссылаются. 17. Ей предложили чашечку чая. 18 Ему показали дорогу на вокзал. 19. Она жаловалась, что к ней придираются. 20. Он всегда был объектом для шуток. 21. Ему была присуждена высокая награда. 22. Мне дали два дня на размышление. 23. Когда за ним пошлют? 24. Вам разрешили взять эти журналы домой? 25. От дурных привычек избавляются.

34. Translate into English.

1 Каждый год строят новые больницы. 2. Его не видели в течение недели. 3. Полиция сообщила, что убийца арестован. 4. Когда я вернулся в этот город, здание больницы еще

строилось. 5 Меня пригласили на вечеринку. 6. Нас попросили придти как можно раньше.     7. Нам посоветовали быть осторожнее. 8. Мне заплатили наличными. 9 Нам велели подождать. 10. За ним следовало два полицейских. 11. Товар не был доставлен вовремя. 12. Переговоры не будут закончены на следующей неделе. 13 Ваша статья будет опубликована в завтрашнем номере? 14. Деревня находится в горах 15. Это письмо должно быть написано сегодня. 16. Счет следует оплатить до конца месяца.

17. Это письмо следовало бы отправить авиапочтой. 18. По-английски говорят во всем мире. 19. Мэра поддержало большинство избирателей. 20. Вас предупредили.

21. Она знала, что сестра придет поздно, ее пригласили на день рождения. 22. Туристы хотели знать, кем был построен этот дворец. 23 Когда мы вошли в дом, его предложения все еще обсуждались. 24. Разве ты не понимаешь правило, которое нам только что объяснили 25 Она хотела знать, ждут ли ее еще. 26. Девушка спросила, говорю ли я по-французски, так как хотела знать, где продают билеты.

 

Modal Verbs

1. Fill in the blanks with can or be able in different tenses.

1... you stand on your head?~ I... when I was at school but I... now. (2nd verb negative)

2. When I've passed my driving test I... hire a car from our local garage. 3. At the end of the month the Post Office will send him an enormous telephone bill which he... pay. (negative)

4. I... remember the address, (negative) ~... you even remember the street? (negative)

5. When the fog lifts we... see where we are. 6. You've put too much in your rucksack; you never... carry all that. 7 When I was a child I.. understand adults, and now that I am an adult I... understand children, (negative, negative) 8. When you have taken your degree you... put letters after your name? 9. Don't try to look at all the pictures in the gallery. Oth­erwise when you get home you... remember any of them. (negative) 10. When I first went to Spain I... read Spanish but I.. speak it. (2nd verb negative) 11.... you type? ~ Yes, I... type but I... do shorthand. (2nd verb negative) 12. I'm locked in. I... get out¹ (negative) ~... you squeeze between the bars? (negative) ~ No! I..; I'm too fat. (negative) 13. He was very strong; he... ski all day and dance all night. 14. The car plunged into the river. The driver... get out but the passengers were drowned. 15. I was a long way from the stage I... see all right but I... hear very well. (2nd verb negative] 16. We.. borrow umbrellas; so we didn't get wet. 17.... you walk or did they have to carry you? 18. I had no key so I... lock the door, (negative) 19 I knew the town so I... advise him where to go. 20. When the garage had repaired our car we... continue our journey. 21. At five years old he... read quite well. 22. When I arrived everyone was asleep. Fortunately I... wake my sister and she let me in. 23. The swimmer was very tired but he... reach the shore be­fore he collapsed. 24. The police were suspicious at first but I... convince them that we were innocent. 25.... I speak to Mr Pitt, please? ~ I'm afraid he's out at the moment... you ring back later? 26. If you stood on my shoulders... you reach the top of the

wall? ~ No, I'm afraid I... (negative) 27. If I... sang you accompany me on the piano? ~ No, I..., I.. play the piano! (negative, negative) 28. If a letter comes for me... you please forward it to this address? 29. She made the wall very high so that boys... climb over it. (negative)

30. They took his passport so that he... leave the country. (negative} 31.... you tell me the time, please? ~ I'm afraid I... I haven't got a watch, (negative) 32. If you had to,.. you go without food for a week? ~ I suppose I... if I had plenty of water. 33.... you lend me £5? No, I... (negative) 34. They used to chain valuable books to library desks so that people...take them away, (negative) 35. He says that he saw Clementine drowning but.. help her as he.. swim (negative, negative) 36. If you had had the right tools... you have repaired the engine?

 

2. Insert the correct form of may/might except in 10 and 36, where a be allowed form is necessary.

1. It... rain, you'd better take a coat. 2. He said that it... rain. 3. We... as well stay here till the weather improves. 4.... I borrow your umbrella? 5. You... tell me! (7 think I have a right to know.) 6. Candidates... not bring textbooks into the examination room. 7. People convicted of an offence... (have a right to) appeal. 8. If he knew our address he... come and see us. 9.... I come in? ~ Please do. 10. When he was a child he... (they let him) do exactly as he liked.

11. I think I left my glasses in your office. You... ask your secretary to look for them for me. (request) 12. He... be my brother (/ admit that he is) but I don't trust him. 13. I... never see you again. 14. He... be on the next train. We... as well wait. 15. If we got there early we... get a good seat. 16. The police... (have a right to) ask a driver to take a breath test. 17. You ought to buy now; prices... go up. 18. I'll wait a week so that he... have time to think it over. 19. He isn't going to eat it; I... as well give it to the dog. 20. You... at least read the letter. (/ think you should.) 21. You... have written. (/ am annoyed/disappointed that you didn't.) 22. We'd better be early; there... be a crowd. 23. Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They. have sailed from South America on rafts. 24. You... (have permission to) use my office.

25. He said that we... use his office whenever we liked. 26. I don't think I'll succeed but I... as well try. 27. You ought to go to his lectures, you... learn some­thing. 28. If we can give him a blood transfusion we... be able to save his life. 29. Two parallel white lines in the middle of the road mean that you... not overtake. 30. If I bought a lottery ticket I... win £1,000. 31. If you said that, he... be very offended. 32. I wonder why they didn't go. ~ The weather... have been too bad. 33. Warning: No part of this book... be reproduced without the publisher's permission.

34. He has refused, but he... change his mind if you asked him again. 35.... I see your passport, please? 36. He... (negative) drive since his accident. (They haven't let him drive.)

 

3. Fill the spaces in the following sentences by inserting must от the present, future, or past form of have to.

1. She... leave home at eight every morning at present. 2. Notice in a picture gallery: Cameras, sticks and umbrellas... be left at the desk. 3. He sees very badly; he... wear glasses all the time. 4. I... do all the typing at my office. 5. You... read this book. It's really excellent.

6. The children... play in the streets till their mothers get home from work. 7. She felt ill and... leave early. 8. Mr Pitt... cook his own meals. His wife is away. 9. I hadn't enough money and I... pay by cheque. 10. I never remember his address; I always... look it up. 11. Employer: You... come to work in time. 12. If you go to a dentist with a private practice you... pay him quite a lot of money. 13. Father to small son: you... do what Mummy says. 14. My neighbour's child... practise the piano for three hours a day. 15. Doctor: I can't come now. Caller: You... come; he's terribly ill. 16. English children... stay at school till the age of 16. 17. In my district there is no gas laid on. People... use electricity for everything. 18. Notice above petrol pump: All engines... be switched off. 19. Mother to daughter: You... come in earlier at night. 20. The shops here don't deliver. We... carry everything home ourselves. 21. The buses were all full; I... get a taxi. 22. Notice beside escalators: Dogs and push chairs... be carried. 23. "Au pair" girls usually... do quite a lot of housework. 24. Tell her that she... be here by six. I insist on it.

25. When a tyre is punctured the driver... change the wheel.26. Park notice: All dogs... be kept on leads. 27. She... learn how to drive when her local railway station is closed.

28. Railway notice: Passengers.. cross the line by the foot­bridge. 29. I got lost and... ask a policeman the way. 30. Farmers... get up early. 31. If you buy that television set you... buy a licence for it. 32. When I changed my job I... move to another flat. 33. Waiters... pay tax on the tips that they receive. 34. Father to son: I can't support you any longer; you... earn your own living from now on. 35. Railway notice: Passengers... be in possession of a ticket. 36. Whenever the dog wants to go out I... get up and open the door.

4. Use must not or need not to fill the spaces in the following sentences.

1. You... ring the bell; I have a key. 2. Notice in cinema: Exit doors... be blocked during per­formances. 3. You... drink this: it is poison. 4. We... drive fast; we have plenty of time. 5 You... drive fast; there is a speed limit here. 6. Candidates... bring books into the examination room. 7. You... write to him for he will be here tomorrow. 8 We... make any noise or we'll wake the baby. 9. You... bring an umbrella. It isn't going to rain. 10. You... do all the exercise. Ten sentences will be enough. 11. We.. reheat the pie. We can eat it cold. 12. Mother to child: You... tell lies. 13. You... turn on the light; I can see quite well. 14. You... strike a match; the room is full of gas. 15. You... talk to other candidates during the exam. 16. We... make any more sandwiches; we have plenty now. 17. You... put salt in any of his dishes. Salt is very bad for him. 18. You... take anything out of shop without paying for it. 19. You... carry that parcel home yourself; the shop will send it. 20. You... clean the windows. The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow. 21. Mother to child: You... play with matches. 22. Church notice: Visitors... walk about the church dur­ing a service. 23. I... go to the shops today. There is plenty of food in the house. 24. You... smoke in a non-smoking compartment. 25. Police notice: Cars... be parked here. 26. We... open the lion's cage. It is contrary to Zoo regulations. 27. You... make your bed. The maid will do it. 28. I want this letter typed but you... do it today. Tomorrow will do. 29. I'll lend you the money and you... pay me back till next month. 30. We... climb any higher; we can see very well from here. 31. You... look under the bed. There isn't anybody there. 32. You... ask a woman her age. It's not polite. 33. You've given me too much. ~ You... eat it all. 34. We... forget to shut the lift gates. 35. Mother to child: You... interrupt when I am speaking. 36. If you want the time, pick up the receiver and dial 8081; you... say anything.

 

5. Replace the words in bold type by need not/need I? etc., or a negative or interrogative have to form.

I've been invited to a wedding; but I can't go. Will it be necessary for me to send a present? Shall I have to send a present?

1. It isn't necessary for him to go in working. He has al­ready reached retiring age. (He...) 2. Was it necessary for you to wait a long time for your bus? 3. It isn't necessary for me to water my tomato plants every day. 4. It will be necessary for them to get early when they go out to work every day. 5. We had to stop at the frontier but we were not required to open our cases.

6. It wasn't necessary to walk. He took us in his car. (We...) 7. My employer said, "I shan't require you tomorrow." (You... come.) 8. It is never necessary for me to work on Saturdays.

9. When I am eighteen I'll be of age. Then it won't be necessary to live at home if I don't want to. 10. New teacher to his class: It isn't necessary for you to call me "Sir"; call me "Bill". 11. Will it be necessary for us to report this accident to the police? 12. When you buy something on the instalment system you are not required to pay the whole price at once. 13. Did you know enough English to ask for your ticket? It wasn't necessary to say anything. I bought my ticket at a machine. 14. It isn't necessary to buy a licence for a bicycle in Eng land. (We...) 15. Is it essential for you to finish tonight? 16. Is it necessary for people to go everywhere by boat in Venice? 17. Will it be necessary for me to sleep under a mosquito net? 18. Most people think that civil servants are not required to work very hard. 19. It wasn't necessary to swim. We were able to wade across. 20. It isn't necessary for you to drive me to the station. I can get a taxi.

21. Our plane was delayed so we had lunch at the airport But it wasn't necessary to pay for the lunch. The airline gave it to us. 22. Is it obligatory for us to vote? 23. When you were a child were you required to practise the piano? 24. I saw the accident but fortunately it wasn't necessary for me to give evidence as there were plenty of other witnesses.

25. Small boy to friend: It won't be necessary for you to work hard when you come to my school. The teachers aren't very strict. 26. They had plenty of time. It wasn't necessary for them to hurry. 27. Is it necessary for you to take your dog with you eve­rywhere? 28. What time was it necessary for you to leave home? 29. I brought my passport but I wasn't required to show it to anyone. 30. I missed one day of the exam. Will it be necessary for me to take the whole exam again? 31. Is it really necessary for you to practise the violin at 3 a.m.? 32. Everything was done for me. It wasn't necessary for me to do anything. 33. Are French children obliged to go to school on Saturday? 34. I was late for the opera. ~ Was it necessary for you to wait till the end of the first act before finding your seat? 35. He repaired my old watch so it wasn't necessary for me to buy a new one after all. 36. Were you required to make a speech?

 

6. Fill the spaces in the following sentences by using one of these forms + the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets.

must + perfect infinitive is used for affirmative deductions can't/couldn't + infinitive is used for negative deductions. needn't + perfect infinitive is used for a past action which Was unnecessary but was performed.

1. Did you hear me come in last night? ~ No, I... (be) asleep. 2. I wonder who broke the wineglass; it... (be) the cat for ^she was out all day. 3. You... (help) him. (You helped him but he didn't need help.) 4. I had my umbrella when I came out but I haven't got it now. ~

You... (leave) it on the bus. 5. He... (escape) by this window because it is barred. 6. I... (give) £10. £5 would have been enough. 7. I saw a rattlesnake near the river yesterday. ~ You... (see) a rattlesnake. There aren't any rattlesnakes in this country. 8. He is back already. ~ He... (start) very early. 9. He returned home with a tiger cub. ~ His wife (be) very pleased about that.

10. I bought two bottles of milk. ~ You... (buy) milk; we have heaps in the house. 11. I phoned you at nine this morning but got no answer. ~ I'm sorry. I.. (be) in the garden. 12. I left my bicycle here and now it's gone. ~ Someone... (borrow) it. * 13. When she woke up her watch had vanished. ~ Someone... (steal) it while she slept. 14. I've opened another bottle. ~

You... (do) that. We've only just started this one. 15. The machine said, "You weigh 65 kilos," and I said, "Thank you." ~ You... (say) anything. 16. I told him to turn left and he immediately turned right! ~ He... (understand) you. 17. Perhaps he swam across. ~ No, he... (do) that; he can't swim. 18. Do you remember reading about it in newspapers? ~ No, I... (be) abroad at the time. 19. He... (walk) from here to London in two hours. It isn't possible. 20. He was very sick last night. ~ The meat we had for supper... (be) good. 21. There was a dock strike and the liner couldn't leave port. ~ The passengers... (be) furious. 22. We went to a restaurant and had a very good dinner for £3. ~ You... (have) a very good dinner if you only paid £3. 23. I have just watered the roses. ~ You... (water) them! Look, it's raining now! 24. That carpet was made entirely by hand. ~ It... (take) a long time. 25. The door was open. ~ It... (be) open. I had locked it myself and the key was in my pocket. 26. He said that he watered the plants every day. ~ He... (water) them. If he had they wouldn't have died. 27. He came out of the water with little red spots all over his back. ~ He... (be) stung by a jelly-fish. 28. We've sent for a doctor. ~

You... (send) for him. I am perfectly well. 29. I've made two copies. ~ You... (make) two. One would have been enough. 30. There was a terrible crash at 3 a.m. ~ That... (be) Tom coming in from his party. 31. I had to get down the mountain in a thick fog. ~ That... (be) very difficult.

32. I saw Ann in the library yesterday. ~ You... (see) her; she is still abroad. 33. How did he get out of the house? He... (come) down the stairs for they were blazing. 34. You... (lend) him your map. He has one of his own. 35. I spoke in English, very slowly. ~ You... (speak) slowly. He speaks English very fluently. 36. He was found unconscious at the foot of the cliff. He... (fall) 200 metres.

 

7. Rewrite the sentences, using the adverbs suggested, so that they represent the equivalent situation in past time.

1. He can drive a car. (when he was eighteen) 2. I find I can understand English better than I can speak it. (when I first arrived in England) 3. I can let you have the money tomorrow, (yesterday) 4. You can persuade him to come, if anyone can. (last week) 5. My daughter can play the piano beautifully, (at one time) 6. You can see that he is bored to death, (at the party last night) 7. I can't get into the house, (because I had forgotten my key) 8. We can overhear every word our neighbours say. (in the hotel we stayed at) 9. The doctor can see you later today, (yesterday) 10. (When they asked my advice) I can suggest only one way of solving the problem. 11. I can well understand how you feel about the situation (at the time) 12. I can't get the letter translated immediately, but I could get it done by tomorrow morning, (by the following morning)

8. Replace the words in italics with a suitable form of be able to. (NB not to be able to = to be unable to)

1. If we don't book seats soon, it won't be possible for us to get into the theatre. 2. In two months' time we shall be in a position to give you the examination results. 3. The main road was under repair, but it was possible for us to take an alternative route. 4. By pretending to be ignorant of the rules, he managed to escape being punished. 5. Luckily we retraced our steps and succeeded in finding our way again. 6. It has been impossible for me to get to the bank yet, so I haven't any money. 7. May I borrow this piece of material? I'd like to have the opportunity of showing it to my wife. 8. He took a crash course in Spanish — he wanted to be in a position to speak it when he went on business to S America. 9. They bought their first house last year: previously it had been impossible for them to get a loan. 10. The student said there were a few questions he had found impossible to answer.

 

9. Complete the sentences.

1. If the teacher spoke a little more slowly... 2. If the roads weren't so icy,... 3. If you didn't live so far away,... 4.... if I weren't so busy. 5. If the traffic hadn't been so heavy,... 6.... if you had let me know earlier. 7. If we had a bit more time,... 8.... if we had had a bit more time.

9. If we had the right materials for the jab. 10.... if we had had the right materials for the job.

 

1O. Replace the words in italics, using can or could to­gether with the words given in brackets.

Learning a foreign language isn't always easy, (sometimes difficult)

Learning a foreign language can sometimes be difficult.

1. She doesn't always remember everything, (quite forget­ful) 2. Holidays* abroad aren't necessarily expensive, (quite cheap) 3. Racial harmony isn't always easy to achieve, (difficult) 4. When I was at school, discipline wasn't generally lax. (very strict) 5. He wasn't miserable all the time, (occasionally, quite high-spirited) 6. September isn't by any means a bad month for taking a holiday in England, (wonderful) 7. Students at university don't always approve of the way their courses are run. (very critical) 8. One-way traffic systems aren't always as clear as they might be for a foreign driver, (very confusing) 9. She doesn't always look so plain, (quite pretty at times) 10. English cooking isn't necessarily bad. (in fact, excellent)

 

11. Replace the words in italics with a clause using may, might, or could.

1. Perhaps you will find you have made a mistake. 2. It is just conceivable that we shall get an answer to-morrow. 3. Accept his offer now. It is just possible that he will change his mind later. 4. Owing to the strike, trains will possibly be subject to delays. 5. It is possible that parents will find that they cannot un­derstand the way their children are now being taught. 6. We shall possibly find we can't get accommodation, as we haven't booked rooms. 7. Ask your bank manager. He will perhaps be able to ad­vise you better than I can. 8. Let's not wait any longer. It's possible that he won't turn up at all. 9. It is not impossible that the Government's policy will prove to be little short of disastrous.

 

12. Respond to the statements or questions with a sen­tence suggesting a possible explanation, using may, might, or could + the perfect infinitive of the verbs given.

1. No one is waiting at the bus stop, (may, miss) 2. He didn't come to the party last night, (might, not want) 3. No one has answered the door, (might, go out) 4. How on earth did the thief get in? (could, break) 5. Why didn't the teacher explain? (may, not know) 6. How did they know about our plans? (could, guess) 7. He didn't seem surprised when I told him. (may, already know) 8. They should have been here long before now. (may, lose) 9. I haven't seen my neighbours for over a week, (may, go) 10. Why hasn't she written to me? (could, forget)

11. I can't understand why he didn't look me up while he was down here, (may, not have)

12. It's strange that he hasn't said any more about his plans to emigrate, (might, change)

 

13. Rewrite the statements and questions in reported speech.

1. "You may leave work early this evening if you want to," the manager told me. 2. "You can put off making a decision for a week, but no longer," his interviewer told him. 3. "Could I see your passports, please?" the Customs officer asked. 4. "May I ask you a rather personal question?" the teacher asked the student. 5. "You can borrow my notes provided you take care of them," I told my friend. 6. "Might I see that photograph you're holding?" the police inspector asked his colleague. 7. "Cars may be parked at the rear of the building," the no­tice stated.

8. "Might I interrupt you for a moment?" the chairman asked the speaker politely. 9. "May I join you?" he asked his friend. 10. "Visitors may not take photographs inside the building," the notice stated.

 

14. Rewrite the sentences, using may.

Example:

Although (I am prepared to admit that) your job is very demanding, at least it isn't boring.

Your job may be very demanding, but at least it isn't boring. The work may have been difficult, but at least it was interesting.

1 Although the restaurant is expensive, the cuisine is excellent. 2. Although the method is crude, it's certainly effective. 3. Although he is badly paid, his work is very rewarding. 4. Although the book is long, you could hardly call it boring. 5. Although he is old, he isn't by any means senile.

6. Although the climb was exhausting, the view from the top made it well worth, while. 7. Although I was rude to him, I feel he had given me every justification. 8. Although he acted unwisely, he was at least trying to do something constructive. 9. Although his work has improved, it still isn't good enough. 10. Although old-age pensions have risen considerably, they

haven't kept pace with the cost of living.

 

15. Rewrite the sentences, using might and beginning with the word in italics.

1. Perhaps you would let me know tomorrow. 2. I wish he would be a little more tactful!

3. I think perhaps you should ask him if it is convenient be­fore you call on him. 4. Perhaps you would post this letter for me while you're out shopping. 5. I'm annoyed that you didn't warn me that the car was nearly out of petrol. 6. I think you should at least have apologized for what you said. 7. I'm irritated that he didn't try to look at the problem from my point of view.

8. I'm annoyed that she doesn't keep her room reasonably tidy.

 

16. Rewrite the sentences, using should or ought to.

1. The Conservatives are expected to win the next election. 2. There will probably be a lot of people at the meeting. 3. The weather forecast says it will probably be fine tomorrow. 4. Our visitors were expected to arrive long before now. 5. It probably won't be too difficult to get over the problem. 6. The meeting was expected to have finished by now. 7. The organizers of the games will probably be meeting to­morrow to try to resolve any outstanding problems. 8. We didn't expect that it would take so long to get there (It...) 9. The new regulations probably won't affect foreigners al­ready living in this country. 10. We expect to be able to move into our new house at the end of the month.

 

17. Complete the responses to the statements, using must or can't, to suggest what seems to be most likely explanation.

1. His fiancée writes to him every day. She must...2. I don't seem to have my key with me. I must have... 3. He drives a Rolls-Royce and his wife a Mercedes. They must... 4. No one thought he would be offered the job, but he was The person who interviewed him must have...

5. He has no idea what the book is about. He can't have... 6. He talks about going to the moon next year. He must... 7. She didn't reply to his letter. She can't have... 8. He wears glasses all the time. His eyesight can't... 9. They haven't been on speaking terms recently. They must have... 10. He said he would ring, but he hasn't. He must have... 11. The last bus has already gone. It must... than I thought. 12. I'm amazed that she married him so soon. She can't have...

 

18. Replace the words in italics by will or would + pres­ent infinitive. If the statements appear to indicate the speaker's annoyance, underline the modal verb to indicate that it is stressed.

1. My children love watching television. They sit for hours without saying a word.

2. He's very absent-minded. He often buys things and then leaves the shop without paying.

3. My wife persistently leaves things where other people can fall over them!

4. When we lived in the north, the water pipes used to freeze every winter, and we had to call in a plumber. 5. The chairman's main fault was that he persistently inter­rupted the speakers before they had finished. 6. I tried to refuse his invitation, but he repeatedly insisted on my coming. 7. Why do you persist in being so difficult? 8. My headmaster had great authority. Whenever he spoke, everyone used to listen attentively. 9. No wonder the house is cold! You always go out and leave the doors open! 10. In the nineteenth century, people used to go to church on Sunday as a matter of course.

 

19. Complete each short dialogue, using will together with one of the verbs in the list. The negative form will be needed in some cases.

seat bear do fit hold reach suit work

1. "Is your car very fast?" "Oh, yes! It... over 180 kilometres an hour." 2. "Is tha