Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.

What Is Psychology?

Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour. Psychologists observe and record how people and other animals relate to one another and to the environment. They look for patterns that will help them understand and predict behaviour, and they use scientific methods to test their ideas. Through such studies, psychologists have learned much that can help people fulfill their potential as human beings and increase understanding between individuals, groups, nations, and cultures.

Psychology is a broad field that explores a variety of questions about thoughts, feelings, and actions. Psychologists ask such questions as: “How do we see, hear, smell, taste, and feel? What enables us to learn, think, and remember, and why do we forget? What activities distinguish human beings from other animals? What abilities are we born with, and which must we learn? How much does the mind affect the body, and how does the body affect the mind? For example, can we change our heart rate or temperature just by thinking about doing so? What can our dreams tell us about our needs, wishes, and desires? What is mental illness?”

The research findings of psychologists have greatly increased our understanding of why people behave as they do. For example, psychologists have discovered much about how personality develops and how to promote healthy development. They have some knowledge of how to help people change bad habits and how to help students learn. They understand some of the conditions that can make workers more productive. A great deal remains to be discovered. Nevertheless, insights provided by psychology can help people function better as individuals, friends, family members, and workers.

2. Перепишите вопросы, дайте ответы на английском языке, основываясь на содержании прочитанного текста, и переведите на русский язык.

1. What is psychology?

2. What do psychologists do?

3. What does psychology explore?

4. What kind of questions do psychologists ask?

5. Why do we need psychological research?

6. How can psychology help us?

3. Ответьте на вопросы, выразив собственное мнение.

1. Why do you want to become a professional psychologist?

2. What is your favourite topic in psychology?

3. When do you think a person should consult a psychologist?

4. Перепишите данные слова и словосочетания на русском языке и напишите их эквиваленты, основываясь на содержании прочитанного текста:

психология; научный; исследование; изучение; умственный; психический; поведение; окружающая среда; окружение; образец, пример; человек; мысль; чувство; действие; разум, ум; сон, мечта; желание; психическое расстройство; исследование; психолог; личность, индивидуальность; привычка; способность понимать умственные процессы, схватывание сути проблемной ситуации, внезапное нахождение решения (на основе опыта и интуиции).

Вариант I (2 курс)

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них слова, имеющие окончание -s, и определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, и какую функцию выполняет в них окончание, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The psychologist is concerned with all aspects of behaviour, both the normal and the disturbed, and emphasizes the scientific methods in his search for knowledge.

2. We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours’ sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours’ wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.

3. It is parents’ duty to tell their children what to do in order to teach them thinking.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, подчеркните их и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The most successful way to solve this problem is to make some experiments.

2. Treatment of mental disorders is less interesting for psychologists.

3. Levels of stress in our life are increasing more and more these days, and this is true for both workers and students.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. There are some different factors that influence our perceptions.

2. The reaction of any form of beauty depends upon the state of a man's mind, whether the person writes something or paints something.

3. There is nobody in that room.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We receive our information about the world around us through our senses.

2.The scientists have performed studies in the laboratory to find out about the structure of the nervous system, or the speed of reactions to lights, sounds, etc.

3. Many concepts of human behaviour were first suggested by clues gained through animal studies.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения па русский язык.

1. When performed some experiments, the scientists found out the reasons of abnormal behaviour.

2. While observing the behaviour of the dogs on which Ivan Pavlov was working as laboratory subjects, he made some important conclusions.

3. The Police may arrest a person without a warrant under the arrest scheme established by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. They were able to pass the exam as they had spent much time getting ready for that.

2. Many different kinds of conditions of motivation can affect the way we learn.

3. Teenagers who commit crimes should be treated as adults and sentenced to significant punishment.

VII. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.

What Causes Stress at Work?

Work-related stress is the response people may have when presented with work demands and pressures that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities and which challenge their ability to cope. Stress occurs in a wide range of work circumstances but is often made worse when employees feel they have little support from supervisors and colleagues and where they have little control over work or how they can cope with its demands and pressures.

Poor work organization that is the way we design jobs and work systems, and the way we manage them, can cause stress at work. Excessive and otherwise unmanageable demands and pressures can be caused by poor work design, poor management and unsatisfactory working conditions. Similarly, these things can result in workers not receiving sufficient support from others or not having enough control over their work and its pressures.

Research findings show that the most stressful type of work is that which values excessive demands and pressures that are not matched to workers’ knowledge and abilities, where there is little opportunity to exercise any choice or control, and where there is little support from others. The more the demands and pressures of work are matched to the knowledge and abilities of workers, the less likely they are to experience work stress. The more support workers receive from others at work, or in relation to work, the less likely they are to experience work stress. The more control workers have over their work and the way they do it and the more they participate in decisions that concern their jobs, the less likely they are to experience work stress.

Most of the causes of stress at work concern the way work is designed and the way in which organizations are managed. Because these aspects of work have the potential for causing harm, they are called stress-related hazards. The literature on stress generally recognizes nine categories of stress-related hazards:

VIII. Письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is work-related stress?

2. What can cause stress at work?

3. How can we deal with stress?

Немецкий язык

ВАРИАНТ 1 (1 курс)

1. Сделайте письменный перевод текста