Have you volunteered before?

IIкурс III семестр

 

МОДУЛЬ III

Грамматический материал.

Грамматическая и лексическая омонимия. Распространение предложений при помощи причастий и причастных оборотов. Различие функций причастий как части сказуемого и как определения существительного. Распространение предложений при помощи инфинитивных оборотов. Инфинитивный оборот после абстрактного существительного, порядкового числительного. Инфинитив цели. Синтаксические инфинитивные обороты. Обороты «Сложное подлежащее», способы его перевода, форма сказуемого.

Оборот «Сложное дополнение». Основные случаи употребления инфинитива с частицей to и без неё.

 

Грамматический материал.

 

В английском языке развито явление грамматической омонимии, при которой одно и то же слово выполняет функции разных частей речи, например:

When my younger sister asks me for help I help her.- Когда моя старшая сестра просит меня помочь, я её помогаю.

 

Чаще всего грамматическими омонимами бывают глаголы и существительные.

 

Exercise 1. Ниже приводятся существительные. Назовите соответствующий глагол и переведите его, напр. demand – to demand.

 

wish – желание (to wish)

need – потребность (to need)

return – возвращение (to return)

promise – обещание (to promise)

test – тест (to test)

worry – тревога (to worry)

offer – предложение(to offer)

look – взгляд (to look)

start – начало (to start)

answer – ответ (to answer)

concern – забота (to concern)

change – изменение (to change)

base – база (to base)

structure – структура (to structure)

share – доля (to share), laundry – прачечная, cook – готовить (to cook)

major – предмет специализации.

 

Exercise 2. В некоторых случаях перевод может состоять более, чем из одного слова: catalog – каталог; to catalog – вносить в каталог. Назовите соответствующий глагол и переведите его описательно (словосочетанием)

to note – делать заметки

shop – магазин, -shopping(делать покупки)

to face – сталкиваться

to privilege - привилегироваться

to camp – жить в палатках

to break – ломать,

ad - объявление,

volunteer – волонтёр, доброволец.

 

Exercise 3. Назовите номера предложений, в которых выделенные слова являются глаголами.

Have you volunteered before?

2. All volunteers care about people and the good of others.

3. I saw the ad “ Volunteers Wanted” on the notice board.

4. Thousands of American people are actively volunteering in a number of projects.

5. His face is familiar to me.

6. You face a lot of problems, don’t you?

7. The windows of our room face the street.

He rented the apartment off-campus.

9. He couldn’t pay the rent himself. So he found a guy to share the apartment with.

10. To camp out is fun when you have good company.

We’ll drive a couple of miles and then camp by the river.

 

Помимо грамматической омонимии, в английском, как и в русском языке, существует явление лексической омонимии. Это означает, что слова выглядят одинаково, но не связаны по значению. В словарях они представлены отдельными статьями, например state - заявлять и штат, государство. Или tap – кран, и похлопать по плечу.

 

Exercise 4. Выпишите из предложений грамматические омонимы

1. Nancy found a small puppy in the street. - found

2. At this meeting we are going to found a new organization.- found

3. He felt a strong blow on his back. - blow

4. In the east the winds blow more often than in the west. - blow

5. He made a bow in front of the Queen. - a bow

6. The bow is an outdated weapon nowadays. - a bow

7. Private schools increase in number in the USA.- Private

8. Her brother served as a private in Her Majesty’s army.- Private

 

The professor visiting our college comes from New York.

3. The exchange students are enjoying their visit a lot.

The girl obviously enjoying her ice-cream ordered another one.

5. They are using a lot of modern methods.

Teachers using computers have their professional association “Computer Using Educators”.

Chuck noticed a small coin shining in the sun.

The guy playing the piano is my classmate.

9. My big brother was playing soccer last Sunday.

The team winning the game is my school team.

11. Anna was winning in the first set, but lost the game completely.

The woman shouting to me is my neighbour.

Exercise 9. Назовите номера предложений, распространённых инфинитивами

1. Nancy was the first in our class to apply to the university.

2. American dormitories are located on the campus.

Сложное дополнение.

Сложное дополнение может употребляться после глаголов want, think, consider, know, expect, suppose, would like. После них инфинитивы употребляются с частицей to.

The British want the foreigners to study English, but are slow to study foreigners languages themselves – Британцы хотят, чтобы иностранцы учили английский язык, но сами не спешат учить иностранный язык.

После глаголов feel, see, hear, make (заставлять) инфинитив употребляется без частицы to.

It’s difficult to make a person study unless he wants it – Трудно заставить, чтобы человек учился, если он сам этого не хочет.

I heard him speak with an accent – Я слышал, что он говорит с акцентом”.

 

Сложное дополнение переводится придаточными предложениями с союзами что, чтобы, как.

 

Exercise 10. Выпишите из предложений сложные дополнения (глагол, от которого зависит оборот + существительное с ифинитивом)

1. Many students of the English language wish its spelling to be made simpler.

2. People consider the English to like privacy.

3. The British believe their singers to be the best in the world.

4. They hate their rights to be violated (нарушать).

5. Some nations think British friendliness to be insincere.

 

Exercise 11. Выпишите инфинитивы без частицы To

1. Englishmen expect their guests to come on time.

2. We heard Americans be very punctual.

3. Many parents want their children to know foreign languages.

4. He asked me to translate the text for him.

5. The British seldom make their kids eat everything on the plate.

6. I know many English streets to have unusual names.

 

Сложное подлежащее.

 

Комплекс “Сложное подлежащее” может употребляться с теми же глаголами, что и “Сложное дополнение”, однако они ставятся в форму страдательного залога и перевод предложения начинается с них.

 

Italians are known to be very expressive in their body language – Известно, что итальянцы очень выразительны в своих жестах и мимике”.

N. Baskov is heard to come to Saratov. Есть слух (слышно), что Н. Басков приезжает в Саратов.

 

Сказуемое в переводе, как правило, является неопределённо-личной формой: полагают, известно, слышно и т.п.

 

Exercise 12. Соотнесите предложения с данными переводами конструкции «Сложное подлежащее»

 

A) Считается, что B) Полагали, что C) Известно, что D) Говорят, что E) Кажется, что F) Думают, что G) Вероятно, что

 

1. The national character of Britishers is considered to be paradoxical. -A

2. Englishmen seem not to laugh loudly. -E

3. Swiss banks were believed to be very reliable.-B

4. Football is likely to be invented in England. -G

5. The British are said to be very tolerant to other people’s behaviour. -D

6. The American students are known to address their professors very informally, by their first names. -C

7. Kids are thought to like fast food better than self-cooked. -F

 

TEXTS

Text 1

Schedule and Credit Hours

New Words and Expressions.

Schedule - расписание, повестка дня. The schedule for this week is really packed. Major - предмет специализации, специальность. What is your major? My major is Primary School Teaching, and my sister's major is Physics and Computing.

Class - учебное занятие, группа студентов. 30 classes a week is a lot! Hallo, class, I am your new teacher.

Advisor - руководитель, куратор. Who is your course paper advisor? At our institute all the students of the 1-st through 3-rd year have advisors.

To lead through - руководить, доcл. провести через. My friend led me through the most diffi­cult time in my life.

Concern - забота, сомнение. To concern - заботить/ся. Newly married couples have a lot of concerns. What concerns you so much? His only concern is to make the ends meet (свести кон­цы с концами).

Go by = look through - просматривать, листать. The teacher quickly went by Sue's English composition, found some errors but decided to correct them later. My morning coffee is the best time for looking through the newspapers.

To earn - зарабатывать (деньги, авторитет, зачёт). I earn less than I would like. I can't put you a test now - you should earn it.

A credit hour - зачётный час (в американской системе образования обозначает количество часов в неделю в течение семестра; например, если у вас 3 часа английского, 6 часов ма­тематики и 2 часа философии каждую неделю, то за семестр вы зарабатываете 11 кредитных часов. Количество кредитных часов по изучаемым предметам, наряду с экзаменаци­онными оценками но ним, служит основанием для получения степени (диплома).

Composition - зд. письменные работы, сочинения. English composition is an

obligatory component of the first year curriculum in the US High School.

Major area - область специализации.

Academic - учебный, академический. The academic year in American schools lasts about 10 months.

Freshman - первокурсник, новичок, доcл. свежий человек. Freshmen often feel uncomfort­able in the new surroundings. For a freshman he is very confident (уверенный в себе).

Entire = whole - весь, целый. The entire course is worth 4 credit hours. Way - способ, образ действия, путь. In three (2, 4) ways - тремя (двумя, четырьмя) спосо­бами. In what way are you going to act? The way to my home is very long. This is the correct way of saying it.

In a row - подряд, доcл. в ряд. The rock group gave three concerts in a row. How many seats are there in a row in Boeng 867?

A required minimum - необходимый, обязательный минимум. What was the required mini­mum of grades at the admission exams this year? I am not asking you to do a lot - only a required minimum. To require - требовать.

Lab - сокр. от laboratory. A computer lab. A chemistry lab.

Legal student status - юридический статус студента.

To pre'sent - представлять, делать презентацию; омоним - существитeльное 'present - по­дарок. When will you pre'sent your new picture? The pop-group pre'sented their new album in the well-known night club. What kind of present could be bought for such a snobbish person?

Assignment - задание. American state schools' policy is not to give large home assignments. The soldiers were given a new assignment.

Notion = idea. I have no notion of what to tell them.

Permanent - постоянный. Her elder son is her permanent concern.

Get to know - узнать, познакомиться. After coming to Warresburg he got to know many new things.

Different environments – различное окружение, новая обстановка. Not all freshmen adapt easily to the different environments.

In August last year I was admitted to Central University and came here to study. The main thing for me was to make my own schedule. And the schedule depends, first, on what major you want to do, and, second, on how many classes a week you want to have. Believe me, it is very exciting to make one's own schedule. Though every student has a special university advisor whose responsibility is to lead you through the school years and give answers to all your concerns. And there is also a special catalog with a list of majors and the courses required for each major. You just go by this catalog and choose the courses you want.

In order to graduate from Central University with a Bachelor degree, a student has to earn no less than 124 credit hours - 54 hours of General education (like English composition, a foreign lan­guage, mathematics, philosophy and some others) and 70 hours in your major area.

A credit hour is not what you may think - 45 or 60 minutes. A credit hour is one academic hour a week during a semester. For example, a course which every freshman should take is English composition. It means that a student has Composition 3 hours a week for the entire se­mester. You may have these classes in three ways: 3 times a week (Monday, Wednesday, Fri­day, 50 minutes each day); 2 times a week; (Tuesday, Thursday, 1 hour and 15 minutes each day); and 1 time a week, 3 hours in a row. A required minimum of classes spent at a desk in a classroom is 12 hours a week, otherwise you will lose your legal student status. 12 hours a week don't seem much, but for many classes, you should spend 2, 3 or even more hours out ofthe classroom in the

library or a computer lab. Usually students present their home assignments to professors in a written form. All the exams are written, too.

Now you can understand why in the US there is no notion of a permanent group of students who take classes together from their first semester until graduation. I like it because you get to know hundreds of other people and learn how to work in different environments.

 

Exercise 13. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

1. Study schedules are made by

a ) students of the University;

b) university advisors;

c) authors of a special catalogue.

 

2. For a Bachelor degree the number of credit hours for General education

a) is greater than the number of hours in the Major area;

b) is less than the number of hours in the Major area;

c) may be changed by the student.

 

3.A credit hour

a) lasts 45 minutes;

b) lasts 60 minutes;

c) is taught weekly.

 

3. English composition

a ) is an obligatory subject;

b) is taught every day;

c) may be changed for mathematics.

 

5. A student loses his/her student status

a) if s/he lives in another state;

b) if s/he has 10 hours of classroom studies;

c) if s/he has more than 12 hours of classroom studies.

 

6. American students study

a) individually;

b) in permanent groups;

c) in changing groups.

 

TEXT 2

TEXT 3

 

Costs for Each Session.

Each session is 8 weeks

Instructional Fee $1,800

Health and Accident Insurance $187

 

Housing, double occupancy $ 675

Single occupancy, $175 extra

Food service $ 375

Books $ 175

Pocket money $ 300

Total (one session) $3,487

One semester (two sessions) $ 6, 974

These costs are approximate and may change without notice.

 

Exercise 15. Соотнесите цены и услуги.

 

A)$1,800, B) $187, C) $ 675, D) $ 6, 974, E) $ 300, F) $ 375, G) $3,487, H) $ 175

1. стоимость обучения со всеми услугами за один семестр (две сессии)- A

2. плата за обучение- D

3. стоимость обучения со всеми услугами за одну сессию;-G

4. деньги на карманные расходы;- E

5. медицинская страховка и страховка от несчастных случаев;-B

6. проживание в комнате на двоих;- C

7. питание; -F

8. книги;- H

 

 

 

 

Text 4

Recreation.

New Words and Expressions.

Indoor - в помещении. Indoor games are widely used in day care centers and kindergardens.

Outdoor - на воздухе. Outdoor activities for small children may include playing team games, hide-and- seek, various competitions.

Track - трек, беговая дорожка. Track and field - лёгкая атлетика.

Huge - very big. "What huge teeth you have!" Little Red Riding Hood said to the wolf.

Fitness room – тренажёрный зал. In many private homes in the USA there is a fitness room for the family.

Shopping mall - торговый центр; торгово-развлекательный центр, объединяющий под од­ной крышей сеть разнообразных магазинов, кафе, баров и аттракционов. Sightseeng - осмотр достопримeчательностей. As I was on business trip in Pskov I didn't have time to do sightseeng there.

There a lot of facilities at the University which you can use free: swimming pools, indoor and outdoor tracks, many fitness rooms across the university, libraries and computer labs. We have also a male rugby team and a female soccer team, golf, basketball and track - and-field competi­tions.

Off-campus, there is a lot of fun: dancing, bars, shopping, camping and canoe trips, fishing and hunting and theaters. Kansas City is the closest large town where many students find everything they need: NFL Football - the Kansas City Chiefs; NFL Baseball - the Kansas City Royals; huge recreation parks - Worlds of Fun and Oceans of Fun; and many shopping malls. The Uni­versity regularly organizes trips around Warrensburg and Kansas City for shopping and sightseeing, along with annual canoe trips and picnics. Also, the University International Student Or­ganization organizes many activities for all International students at Central University, such as cultural nights, and international parties. We have lots of fun!

 

Text 5

Jobs for Students.

New Words and Expressions.

Throughout the year = through the whole year - весь год. The Admission Board at the univer­sity works throughout the year.

Available - доступный, имеющийся в наличии. Is this textbook available at the library?

Working schedules - часы (расписание) работы. Anne earns money babysitting, and her working schedule is very convenient for her: weekends and Wednesday night. Flexible - гибкий. Flexible working hours are convenient for part-time students.

Custodial work - работа по уборке помещений. Custodial work is not very popular with the students.

Tutor - частный преподаватель, репетитор. In Russia many school-leavers study with tutors before applying to a prestigious University.

 

1. Not only do students at Central study and have fun, but a large number of students work throughout summer and winter breaks. 2. There are many different jobs available on campus. 3. Some of these jobs are working opportunities - remember those cafeterias? 4. Also dormitories, bookstores, university stores and administration help. They allow the students to work as many hours as they would like. 5. These jobs provide students with the minimum salary, which is $4.75 per hour. 6. Working schedules are very flexible. 7. International students are allowed to work only on campus. 8. Many of them are working and are happy with this opportunity. Some of the students even work through the whole year.. 9. Working on campus is a good way to earn money and help yourself live. 10. I have been working on campus since I have been in Central University. 11. I worked in food service. 12. I did custodial work during the summer, and recently I have even worked as an English tutor. 13. I am very glad that I can try myself in a really working environment and help myself financially, and let me say one more thing: working is fun and easy!

 

TEXT 6

Room and Board

New Words and Expressions.

Dormitory - общежитие, сокр. dorm. How many dorms are available for students in your institute?

A suite [swi:t] - номер в гостинице или общежитии, состоящий более, чем из одной комна­ты. Омоним - suite [sju:t] - костюм. They shared a 3-room suite in the Raddisson Hotel. She's bought an elegant trouser suite.

Option = возможность. At our institute you have 2 options: either to be enrolled in the day de­partment or in the distance learning (correspondence) department.

To rent - арендовать, снимать. It is expensive to rent an office in the center of Saratov. Convenient - удобный. The schedule for this semester is not very convenient - the classes start very late.

Off - campus - вне кампуса, за пределами кампуса. Freshmen in the Central are not allowed to live off-campus.

Advantage = benefit - преимущество. What are the advantages of studying at the day depart­ment?

Conditions - условия. The living conditions in this old dorm are very poor.

In the range of – в пределах… от… до. This van costs in the range of $ 10,000 – 15,000.

Utilities - удобства. In our new dorm the utilities are first-class.

Bill - счёт. At last the waiter brought us the bill for lunch. What is your monthly bill for the telephone?

Monthly payment - ежемесячная оплата. What's your monthly payment for the room in the dorm? The monthly payment for a one-roo flat is about 70 rubles.

Call - звонок. To call - звонить. I called your office three times today, but you were out. Long - distance - междугородний звонок (доcл. на длинное расстояние). The cost of long dis­tance calls is lower after 11 p.m.

Laundry - прачечная. Our laundry has long working hours.

Board - питание. Do you rent the room with board?

Washer - стиральная машина. An automatic washer saves a lot of time, but is quite expensive.

Drier - машина для сушки. Hair drier - фен.

Load - груз; зд. загрузка одной машины.

By hand – вручную. Underwear is usually washed by hand.

Free – бесплатный. In the USA children from the families with low income have free meals at school. I think medical care shoud be free for all.

As soon as you arrive here in Warrensburg the University staff will help to place you in a dormitory. What is an American dorm? It is something like a Russian dorm. Our dormitories at Central have suits, which are two rooms for two people in each and one bathroom. So, only 4 people share a bathroom. Also, you have a choice of staying just by yourself in a room like this, but it costs a little bit more.

For those who are 20 years and older, there is an option to rent an apartment outside the cam­pus. But many students prefer living on campus for their whole student life because it is very convenient. Then you don't need a car to drive and park. Staying in a dorm saves you a lot of time you could spend on something more important.

But staying off-campus has many advantages, too. First of all, the students have more inde­pendence, especially if they like loud parties. But seriously, let me talk about the cost. To rent a one-bedroom apartment in Warrenburg for just yourself costs about $200-350, depending on the conditions of the house or apartment. two-bedroom apartments will cost you in the range of $300-400. What most students do is get somebody else, or even 2 or 3 other people and rent a two-bedroom apartment for 2 people. It is necessary to mention that you must pay for all or some of the utilities you use. You may pay for gas and electricity, sewer and water, telephone and TV. Let me give you one example. A friend of mine from Kenia found 2 other guys, and they decided to share a 3-bedroom apartment. So, each of them had their own room and they shared the kitchen, the bathroom, the living-room, and all utilities. They paid $150 a month each, and they divided their other expenses into 3 parts. Their electricity bill was about $35 a month, TV - $19, telephone - $15 a month. So, their monthly payment was about $170-180 per month depending on how many times they called long-distance.

Before I start talking about board, I want to say a word about laundry. Each dorm has a laundry room with fully automatic washers and driers. It costs $7,5 for each load to wash and also 0,75 for each load to dry. There are also several public laundries in town where you can wash your laundry a bit cheaper. Of course, you still can wash it by hand for free!

 

IIкурс III семестр

 

МОДУЛЬ III

Грамматический материал.

Грамматическая и лексическая омонимия. Распространение предложений при помощи причастий и причастных оборотов. Различие функций причастий как части сказуемого и как определения существительного. Распространение предложений при помощи инфинитивных оборотов. Инфинитивный оборот после абстрактного существительного, порядкового числительного. Инфинитив цели. Синтаксические инфинитивные обороты. Обороты «Сложное подлежащее», способы его перевода, форма сказуемого.

Оборот «Сложное дополнение». Основные случаи употребления инфинитива с частицей to и без неё.

 

Грамматический материал.

 

В английском языке развито явление грамматической омонимии, при которой одно и то же слово выполняет функции разных частей речи, например:

When my younger sister asks me for help I help her.- Когда моя старшая сестра просит меня помочь, я её помогаю.

 

Чаще всего грамматическими омонимами бывают глаголы и существительные.

 

Exercise 1. Ниже приводятся существительные. Назовите соответствующий глагол и переведите его, напр. demand – to demand.

 

wish – желание (to wish)

need – потребность (to need)

return – возвращение (to return)

promise – обещание (to promise)

test – тест (to test)

worry – тревога (to worry)

offer – предложение(to offer)

look – взгляд (to look)

start – начало (to start)

answer – ответ (to answer)

concern – забота (to concern)

change – изменение (to change)

base – база (to base)

structure – структура (to structure)

share – доля (to share), laundry – прачечная, cook – готовить (to cook)

major – предмет специализации.

 

Exercise 2. В некоторых случаях перевод может состоять более, чем из одного слова: catalog – каталог; to catalog – вносить в каталог. Назовите соответствующий глагол и переведите его описательно (словосочетанием)

to note – делать заметки

shop – магазин, -shopping(делать покупки)

to face – сталкиваться

to privilege - привилегироваться

to camp – жить в палатках

to break – ломать,

ad - объявление,

volunteer – волонтёр, доброволец.

 

Exercise 3. Назовите номера предложений, в которых выделенные слова являются глаголами.

Have you volunteered before?

2. All volunteers care about people and the good of others.

3. I saw the ad “ Volunteers Wanted” on the notice board.

4. Thousands of American people are actively volunteering in a number of projects.

5. His face is familiar to me.

6. You face a lot of problems, don’t you?

7. The windows of our room face the street.