Complete the gaps with the correct preposition.

1. The spread of common law in the world is due both … the once widespread influence of Britain in the world and the growth of its former colony, the United States.

2. Courts are bound … the decisions of previous courts unless it can be shown that the facts differ from previous cases.

3. No one may be subject … medical, scientific or other experiment without voluntary consent.

4. … the Constitution Russia is a democratic federative law-governed state with a republican form of government.

5. The distinction between the criminal and civil law does not depend … the nature of the wrongful act.

Fill in the blanks in the dialogue with the correct words or phrases given below.

Living, in, ages, ago, based, with, meet, too, what, that

1.

A: Nice to meet you, John. Haven’t seen you for 1. …. What do you do for a 2. …?

B: I’m 3. … finance. And 4. … about you?

A: I’m in computers.

В: Where is your firm 5. …?

A: Our firm is in Los Angeles.

2.

A: Oh, John! 6. … my colleague.

B: How do you do?

C: How do you do?

B: Are you a lawyer 7. …?

С: I am. I work 8. … Smith and Co.

B: Smith and Со? I know that’s a very prestigious firm. What do you focus on?

С: I focus on business law.

3.

A: Who did you speak to five minutes 9. …?

B: Oh, 10. … was Susan.

A: Is she your colleague?

B: Yes, she is. She has been working for Smith and Co for three years.

Вариант 3

1. Translate the text into Russian in writing .

Public law

Public law concerns the relationships within government and those between governments and individuals. Because the Roman codes were almost entirely limited to the private area, public law is usually not codified. In civil-law countries, separate administrative courts adjudicate claims and disputes between the various branches of government and citizens, and many lawyers specialize in public law. In France, Germany, and Italy, still other courts handle constitutional issues. Public law is not quite so clearly demarcated in Great Britain and the U.S. Under the common-law approach the same courts handle public and private litigation. Because Great Britain has no written constitution, basic principles pertaining to government powers and limits and to fundamental individual rights are found in acts of Parliament, judicial opinions, and tradition. The U.S., on the other hand, has a distinct body of constitutional law.

The development of administrative law is a comparatively recent occurrence. Numerous federal and state administrative agencies now make rules that reach into all manner of activities, including licensing, regulation of trades and professions, protection of health, and promotion of welfare. Their powers emanate from legislation, and their rules are reviewable by the courts.

U.S. constitutional law is the most extensive and pervasive of any country in the world. It is embodied in the Constitution and in the opinions of the U.S. Supreme Court rendered over time. The Supreme Court does more than give advisory opinions on the Constitution; the power of judicial review allows it to invalidate any legislation or other governmental actions that it finds to be in violation of the Constitution. Constitutional courts in some civil- law countries have similar powers. In Great Britain no equivalent judicial power exists, and Parliament is supreme. In totalitarian nations, constitutional limits on legislative power are generally a matter of political determination.

Laws concerning taxation and the regulation of business are in the public area, as is criminal law, which involves the exercise of governmental power by way of enforcement and punishment. Historically, criminal law in Great Britain included crimes defined by the courts. In the U.S. crimes are defined by statute, thus satisfying constitutional notions of due process. The public-law nature of the area is further emphasized by other constitutional protections such as the right of the accused to remain silent and the right to effective counsel. Criminal law not only promotes security and order but also reinforces moral norms. Debate has been continuous regarding the legitimacy of government intervention in areas where moral attitudes are in significant conflict, such as in matters of birth control, and euthanasia.