VIII. Запишите основную идею каждого абзаца данного текста на русском языке.

Machinery Management

 

Machinery and equipment on American farms has become a major input to the production process. The investment in machinery and equipment has been growing over time. According to the US Department of Agriculture study, this investment has exceeded 75 billion dollars, which is 11 percent of the total farm assets.

The growth of mechanization has extended the ability of many farm operations to make profit. It has become advantageous for many farms to increase expenditures for machinery and equipment in order to reduce labor cost. The automation that has taken place in egg production is a good example of substitution of equipment for labour.

For some farms, the mechanization process has become a necessity. For example, many fruit and vegetable farmers found it difficult to employ an adequate quantity of reliable seasonal labour needed to grow and harvest the crops. That is why many growers have been forced to apply machinery and equipment more extensively.

Increased mechanization has become a means of reducing risk, particularly the risk due to weather. By applying powerful machinery, the possibility of completing the necessary jobs within the desired period of time is increased.

 

IX. Выполните итоговый тест.

1. Our engineer is here. He......

a) has just come

b) just came

c) is just coming

 

2. The harrowing.... with harrows.

a) always done

b) is always done

c) always do

 

3. The first tractors..... for plowing and threshing.

a) were used

b) was used

c) used

 

4. The effects of friction......be serious.

a) should

b) can

c) have to

 

5. They..... a lot of problems since they bought a new tractor.

a) have had

b) have

c) are having

 

6. After....through the filter, the oil travels through oil galleries..

a) passed

b) having passed

c) passing

 

7. In order that the splashing......take place a “dipper” is provided on the end of the big end cap.

a) may

b) need to

c) should

 

8. Tractors will.... be equipped with oil filters.

a) can

b) may

c) have to

 

9. The tractor operator..... know the correct oil pressure at which his engine..... run.

a) must, should

b) should, need

c) may, need

 

10. The engineer..... repair this harrow yesterday.

a) had to

b) may

c) is allowed to

 

11. The type of brakes.....to tractors are usually either internal expanding brakes or disk brakes.

a) fitting

b) having fitted

c) fitted

 

12..... larger machines they reduce labour costs as the job is completed faster.

a) used

b) being used

c) using

 

13. Among the typical operations.... by the latest tractors there are plowing, cultivating, harrowing, sowing, harvesting and others..

a) performing

b) performed

c) being performed

 

14. Smaller tractors may cause delay in field operations,.....in a lower crop yields.

a) resulted

b) resulting

c) having resulted

 

15. ……farm machinery in top mechanical condition we can improve field working efficiency.

a) Kept

b) Having kept

c) Keeping

 

X. Переведите на русский язык и выучите наизусть следующие диалоги.

1. Nan: Who is he?

Jack: He’s my father.

Nan: What’s his name?

Jack: His name is John Adams

Nan: Is he a doctor?

Jack: No, he isn’t.

Nan: Is he a pilot?

Jack: No, he isn’t a pilot.

Nan: What is he then?

Jack: He is an engineer.

Nan: Is he from America?

Jack: No, he isn’t.

Nan: Where is he from?

Jack: He’s from Great Britain.

Nan: Where are you from?

Jack: I’m from Great Britain, too.

2. - Mr. Soames: Hello. Could I speak to Mr. Black, please?

Rose: Sorry, but he can’t come to the phone. He is cooking in the kitchen.

Mr. S: What’s he cooking?

R.: He is making a cake.

Mr. S: Could I speak to Mrs. Black?

R.: No, I’m afraid you can’t. She’s working in the garden.

Mr. S.: Could I speak to Tom then?

R.: No, I’m afraid you can’t. He’s at school.

Mr. S.: What’s he doing at school today?

R.: He’s playing tennis. He always plays tennis on Sundays.

Mr. S.: Oh, thank you. I’ll phone later.

 

3. – Can you tell me where the club is?

– Turn to the left and go straight ahead.

– Thank you very much.

– That’s all right.

– How can I get to the cinema from here?

– Go along Pushkin street. Turn to the right. The cinema is on your left.

– Thank you.

– You are welcome!

Тексты для самостоятельного чтения и перевода на русский язык

Текст № 1

Implements.

The Plow. The modern plow is mounted directly behind the tractor, attached to the three – pointed linkage. It is raised and lowered hydraulically. The typical mounted plow consists of a frame, which is attached to the tractor. The main components in contact with the soil are the coulter, the share, the moldboard and the landside. The coulter is carried by the frame of the plow. The share, moldboard and landside are all bolted to the frog which in turn is bolted to the leg of the plow. The plow leg is carried by the frame.

The moldboard is the part of the plow which turns the furrow over.

Cultivators. The heavy cultivators are used for breaking up ground, prior to plowing. They consist of two rows of tines mounted on a strong frame and are known as rigid tine cultivators.

Harrow. A harrow is an implement used to level up the ground and crush a large number of clods after the digging operations. It stirs the soil and prevents and destroys weeds. Under some conditions harrows can be used to cover seeds.

Disk harrows are used before plowing to cut up vegetable matter. They are used after plowing to pulverize the soil. They can be used for cultivation of crops and summer fallowing. When seeds are sown broadcast, harrows are used to cover them.

 

Текст № 2

Combine Harvester.

Harvesting the crop under the best conditions, the grower uses several harvesting machines: hay harvesting, grain harvesting, root crop harvesting machines etc.

The grain combine is adapted to harvest all the small grains, soy beans, rice as well as many other crops.

There are two general types of combines: the pull or tractor-drawn and the self-propelled machines.

The basic operational functions of a combine can be divided as follows:

- cutting the standing grain,

- separating the grain from the straw,

- cleaning the grain by removing chaff,

- handling the grain from the combine to the tank or the truck.

The combine harvester is a machine that requires careful and systematic lubrication. There are many oiling points, some of which will require attention more than once daily, others daily and some weekly. It is worth while for a combine driver to spend an hour each morning attending to lubrication servicing and other maintenance jobs that need to be done. If a combine is of self-propelled type it will be powered by an engine and this will require the same sort of attention as does a tractor engine. These are the air cleaner and the radiator. A combine works in very dusty conditions therefore the operator must ensure that neither of these units become with dirt.

Each morning before work the combine operator should do at least the following:

1. Remove any trash that may have collected around drive pulleys.

2. Check the cutting mechanisms.

3. Check the tensions of the drive chains and belts.

4. Lubricate all oiling points.

 

Текст № 3