Possibility, permission). May (permission).

MUST (OBLIGATION)

Illustrative Situations

/. Listen and imitate:

1. Dick and Peter are fond of sports. Dick can play tennis, volleyball and golf. Peter can't play golf, but he can play cricket, (can — ability)

Questions: General: — Can Dick play volley-ball? — Yes, he can.

— Can Peter play golf? — No, he can't.

Special: What games can the boys play? Which of the boys can

play golf? Who can play cricket? Alternative: — Can Peter play golf or cricket? Disjunctive; — Dick can play golf, can't he? — Yes, he can.

— Peter can't play golf, can he? — No, he can't.

— Dick can't play tennis, can he? — Yes, he can.

2. There is nobody in room 35. You can work there, (possibility) 3 It's too dark. I can't see anything.

4. — Can I use your typewriter?

— Yes, certainly./Of course you can. (can — permission)

5. — Can I take your textbook?

— I'm afraid you can't. I'm going to do some exercises.

6. — Can I park here? — I'm not sure.

7. — Can I stop here? — Certainly not./Of course not.

8. — May I ask you a question? — Yes, you may. (may — per-

mission)

9. — May I take your pen? — Do, please.

10. — May I come in? — Yes, of course/certainly.

11. — May I smoke here? — I'm afraid not.

12. — May I cross the street now? — No, you mustn't. There is a

red light shining.

13. — Must I come on Monday morning?

— Yes, you must, (must — obligation)

14. — Must I do this exercise in writing?

— No, you needn't. You may do it orally.

15. — I think Mary is a clever girl.

__ Can she dance?

__ Of course, she can and she can cook as well.

— And she is clever, I agree, jg __ Can you write short-hand?

__ No, I can't.

__ And can you ride a horse?

— No, I can't, but I can dance.

17 — Is Harry going to play tennis this afternoon?

— I'm afraid not.

— Why not?

— Because he can't play tennis.

jg. — Are you going to watch television tonight?

— I'm sorry, I can't. I haven't the time.

— What are you going to do?

— I have some typing to do.

19. — May I use your typewriter, please?

— Yes, you may.

— And can Jack borrow your bike?

— No, he can't.

20. — I must say good-bye to you now.

— Can't you stay a little longer?

— I'm afraid I can't. I must do some work at home.

— What a pity, good-bye.

21. — Peggy is coming to see us today.

— When?

— This afternoon.

— Then I must go and meet her at the station.

22. — I am going fishing this afternoon. Can Susan come with me?

— No, she can't.

— Why not?

— Because she must stay at home and cook the dinner.

23. — Bill is very athletic. He can swim very well.

— So can Jack.

— Yes, they are both very good at sports.

24. — I can't play tennis.

— Neither can I, but I can play basketball.

— So can I.

Practice

/. Express agreement. Do it as in the example:

^e-g- — Helen is a good pianist.

— You are right. She can play the piano well.

1. Jack is a good jumper. 2. My brother is a good swimmer. 3. Robert is a good skater. 4. Mrs. Brown is a good singer. 5. Alec is a good dancer. 6. Mike is a good football player. 7. Mr. Smith is a good teacher. 8. He is a good chess player. 9. Mrs. Green is a good cook. 10. Miss Smith is a good typist. 11. Mr. Brown is a good pain­ter.

//. Respond to the following questions:

e.g. — Can you swim and dive? — 1 can swim but I can't dive.

1. Can you knit and sew? 2. Can the baby walk and run? 3. Can she dance and sing? 4. Can he read and write? 5. Can you draw and paint? 6. Can you ski and skate? 7. Can you type and take short­hand? 8. Can you play tennis and cricket? 9. Can you understand and speak English? 10. Can you make biscuits and cakes? 11. Can you play cards and do card tricks?

///. Ask for additional information: e.g. — I can't play cricket, (what games) — What games can you play?

1. You can't take all these books, (which books) 2. She can't finish the work tonight, (when) 3. You can't keep the book long, (how long) 4.1 can't visit Peter tonight, (when) 5. We can't stay at this hotel, (where) 6. He can't help me. (why) 7. Betty can't speak Spanish, (who)

IV. Give true answers to the following questions: 1. You can't play tennis, can you? 2. Can you ski? 3. You can ska­te, can't you? 4. Can you play the piano? 5. Can you visit me tomor­row? 6. Can you translate a French text for me? 7. Can you help me with my English? 8. You can dance well, can't you? 9. Can you type some letters for me? 10. Can you buy a ticket for me? 11. Can you speak Bulgarian?

V. Respond expressing solidarity: e.g. — Kate can type. (Betsy)

— So can Betsy.

e.g. — Alice can't type. (Lucy)

— Neither can Lucy.

1. Robert can dive. (Jack) 2. Alec can't dance. (Nick) 3. I can drive a car. (my brother) 4. Mike can't draw. (Jane) 5. We can ski (we) 6. She can't cook, (her husband) 7. I can swim well. (Peter) 8. Donald can speak Chinese. (Victor) 9. Dick can't play chess (his father) 10. She can't help me. (I) II. I can visit her today. (Ma ry) 12. Kitty can't read. (Johnny) 13. I can't play the piano. (I)

VI. Respond expressing surprise:

e.g. — I can't swim.

— Can't you?

e.g. — Mike can swim well.

— Can he?

1. I can play poker. 2. I can't dance. 3. I can take shorthand. 4. I can't cook. 5. I can do card tricks. 6. I can't sew. 7. I can drive. 8. I can stand on my head and walk on my hands. 9. I can dive.

VII. Ask and give permission:

e.g. — May I go out for a moment, please?

— Yes, you may./Yes, please/Please, do/Certainly. Prompts: open the window; listen to the record; switch on the

radio-set; go home; borrow your pen, talk with you; come in; ask you a question; use your phone; keep the book

VIII. Ask and deny permission:

e.g. — May I smoke here?

— Please, don't/I'm afraid not/No, you mustn't. Prompts: use your car; close the door; borrow your umbrella;

go out; switch on the TVset; take your dictionary; cross the street now; buy an ice-cream; leave now; take your exercise-book

/Л". Respond using the modal verb "must" to express obligation:

e.g. — The suit is nice, (buy)

— You must buy it.

1. Bill is ill. (visit) 2. Jane is very busy, (help) 3. It's 8.40. (go to school) 4. It's 12 o'clock, (have lunch) 5. It's late, (go to bed) 6. You are tired, (have a rest) 7. The book is interesting, (read) 8. The train is leaving in half an hour, (take a taxi) 9. It's 7 o'clock already, (get up) e.g. — You've got a temperature, (go out)

— You mustn't go out.

1. It's too cold, (stay out long) 2. He is very busy now. (speak to him). 3. There is a child in the room, (smoke) 4. It's Peter's textbook, (take) 5. You have much homework for tomorrow, (watch TV) 6. Betty can do this work herself, (help) 7. You are tired, (work hard)

X. Give short answers to the following questions:

e.g. — Must I help him?

— Yes, you must./No, you needn't.

1. Must I wait for you? 2. Must I copy the text? 3. Must we go there today? 4. Must I send them a telex? 5. Must I type the docu

merits³ 6. Must I come at 5 sharp? 7 Must 1 do this work myself⁵ 8. Must I phone the manager? 9 Must we take a tent with us³ 10 Must we start at once? 11. Must I be present at the meeting³

XI. Ask general questions:

eg. — Mary is coming tonight, (meet)

— Must I meet her?

1. It's 9o'clock. (start) 2. Jack is late, (wait) 3. There's no bread at home, (go to the baker's) 4 The windows are dirty, (wash) 5 The Browns are coming to dinner, (make a cake) 6. We've got too little food, (buy) 7. Alec is very busy, (help)

XII. Ask special questions:

e.g — We must meet at 8. (where)

— Where must you meet?

1. 1 must take my test soon, (when) 2 He must work hard now. (why) 3. He must come to the plant (when) 4. I must get up early, (why) 5. We must do something about these letters (what). 6. You must go to work on Saturday, (why) 7. We must leave, (why) 8 We must finish the work soon, (when) 9. Somebody must help him with the car. (who)

XIII. Make up dialogues:

e.g. — Let's visit Jane

— I'm afraid I can't. I must help mother about the house Prompts- Peter-fix the radio-set; Mary — do my homework,

Bob — help my sister with maths; George — translate an article,

Mary — cook dinner; Jack — finish my work; Helen — do some

typing

e.g. — We must start at 6, mustn't we?

— No, we needn't. We may start at 9.

Prompts: do this work today — tomorrow; leave at 8 — at 10; get up at 6 — at 8; come at 10 — at 11 e.g. — Excuse me, Pat. Have you got a phone, please?

— Yes, I have.

— May I use it for a moment, please?

— Yes, of course/Not at the moment, I'm afraid. Prompts: a knife; a fork; a comb; a dictionary; a spoon; a tnap;

a typewriter; a piece of chalk

eg. — Is there any coffee, please?

— Yes, there is.

— May I have some, please³

— Here you are.

Prompts: tea; butter; cheese; milk; peas; beans; apples; chips

g — You can speak Chinese, can't you?

__ Yes, I can.

__ You can't speak Spanish, can you?

— No, I can't.

Prompts: play the piano — play the violin; play draughts — play chess; speak German — speak French; type — take shorthand _e „ — Excuse me, Chris. Have you got a pen, please?

— Yes, I have

— Can you lend it to me for a moment, please?

— Not at the moment, I'm afraid.

Prompts: a pencil, a dictionary, a knife, a map, a cup _e.g. — Can I use your typewriter?

— I'm afraid not.

— Can I take your bike?

— Yes, you can.

Prompts: your pen — your pencil; textbook — notebook; rain­coat -umbrella

Fluency

/. Listen to the conversations, ask and answer questions, role-play the conversations.

1. A (answering phone): 2907744.

B: Hullo. May I speak to Steve, please?

A: Who is it, please?

B: It's his mother.

A: Just a minute, please. (To C.): It's for you.

C: Who is it?

A: It's your mother.

2. Jane:... Oh, yes, my husband's wonderful! Sally: Really? Is he?

Jane: Yes, he's big, strong and handsome!

Sally: Well, my husband isn't very big, or very strong... but

he's very intelligent. Jane: Intelligent?

Sally: Yes, he can speak six languages. Jane: Can he? Which languages can he speak? Sally: He can speak French, Spanish, Italian, German, Arabic

and Japanese.

Jane: Oh!... My husband's very athletic. Sally: Athletic³

Jane: Yes, he can swim, ski, play football, cricket and rugby... Sally: Can he cook? Jane: Pardon? Sally: Can your husband cook? My husband can't play sports...

but he's an excellent cook.

Jane: Is he?

Sally: Yes, and he can sew and iron... he's a very good husband. Jane: Really? Is he English?

Questions: What is Jane's husband like? What games can he play? Is Sally's husband athletic? Can he cook? What else can he do about the house? What is your husband (wife) like? What games can he/she play? Can he/she speak any foreign langua­ges? Can he/she cook, sew and iron?

3. Helen: Can you swim?

Alice: Yes, I can, but I can't dive.

Helen: Can you ski?

Alice: No, I can't, but Maria can

Helen: Can you play tennis?

Alice: I can't, but Jane can. Look, they are playing now. Perhaps, they can teach us.

4. Nurse: Good morning, Mr. Craft.

Mr. Craft: Good morning, nurse. Can I see the dentist, please?

Nurse: Have you an appointment?

Mr. Craft: No, I haven't.

Nurse: Is it urgent?

Mr. Craft: Yes, it is It is very urgent. I have a terrible tooth­ache.

Nurse: Can you come at 10 a.m. on Monday April 24th?

Mr. Craft: I must see the dentist now, nurse.

Nurse: The dentist is very busy at the moment. Can you come at 2?

Mr. Craft: That's very late. Can't the dentist see me now?

Nurse:- I'm afraid, he can't, Mr. Craft. Can't you wait till this afternoon?

Mr. Craft: I can wait, but my toothache can't.

5. Mary: Can you make the tea, John? John: Yes, of course, I can, Mary. John: Is there any water in this kettle? Mary: Yes, there is.

John: Where's the tea, dear?

Mary: It's over there, behind the tea-pot. Can you see it?

John: I can see the tea-pot, but I can't see the tea.

Mary: There it is! It's in front of you!

John: Ah yes., I can see it now. Where are the tea-cups'

Mary There are some in the cupboard. Can you find them?

John: Yes. Here they are.

Mary: Hurry up, John' The kettle's boiling!

6. Thomas is a student He's staying with the Taylors, an English family.

Thomas: Hello, Mrs. Taylor. Can you help me? I'm doing

my homework and I can't understand this word.

Mrs. Taylor: Which one? Oh... that's difficult. I can't help you now. I'm watching something...

Thomas: Oh? What are you watching?

Mrs. Taylor: I'm watching a cowboy film

Thomas: Can Mr. Taylor help me?

Mrs. Taylor: No, he can't now, Thomas. He's reading.

Thomas: What's he reading?

Mrs. Taylor: He's reading a magazine.

Thomas: What about Kate?

Mrs. Taylor: Oh, she can't help you now...she's phoning so­meone

Thomas: Oh? Who's she phoning?

Mrs. Taylor: She's phoning her boy-friend...you are asking a lot of questions tonight, Thomas!

Thomas: Am I?... Well, I'm practising my English!

//. Act out the following situations:

1. Your friend and you are speaking about sports in your life.

2 Your daughter is doing her homework. She is having diffi­culty with maths, but neither you nor your husband can help her at the moment.

Self check

/. Fill in the gaps with the proper modal verbs:

1. —... I have your type-writer for a week, please? — I'm afraid not. I'm going to type my article. 2.... I help you? — No, you.... The exercise is easy. 3. — I... type.— I think you... learn typing.

4. —...I help Peter? — Yes, you.... He... do the work himself.

5. —.. I go out, Mum? — No, you.... It's too cold. 6. Jane... skate.— So... Mary. 7. I... visit Peter tonight. I'm too busy. 8. —... I use your bike? — Certainly.

//. Translate into English:

1. Можно здесь курить? — Нет, нельзя. 2. Я умею играть в гольф. А ты? — Я тоже. 3 Я не умею плавать.— Я тоже. 4. Где мы можем встретиться? — В библиотеке. 5. Я могу поговорить с вами? — Да, пожалуйста. 6. Я тоже должен придти? — Нет, не надо. 7. Я не могу пойти с вами. Я должна навестить свою сестру. 8. Могу я повидать доктора Брауна? — Боюсь, что нет. Он сейчас занят. 9. Кто может встретить его мать на вокзале? — Мария.

U NIT 12 GRAMMAR: SIMPLE PRESENT

Illustrative Situations

7. Listen and imitate:

1. Jane's parents live in Moscow. She visits them every year.

2. I finish work early. As a rule I come home at 4.

3. We play tennis but we don't play golf.

4. Lucy speaks German but she doesn't speak French.

5. Every morning he cleans his teeth. He always cleans his teeth in the morning.

6. She gets up at 7 o'clock from Monday to Saturday, but on Sunday she gets up at II o'clock. She usually gets up at 7 o'clock.

7. They like films. They see all the new films. They often go to the cinema.

8. He's got a radio and a television. He sometimes listens to the radio, and he sometimes watches television.

9. Her brother lives in London. She doesn't. She sees him four or five times every year. She occasionally sees him.

10. He doesn't usually smoke, but at Christmas, after dinner, he has a cigar. He rarely smokes cigars.

11. She doesn't like whisky. She never drinks whisky.

12. — Do you read much, Frank?

— Yes, I do. I'm very fond of reading.

13. — Arthur is a keen footballer.

— Is he really? Does he play football every day?

— Yes, he does.

14. — Do you like jazz?

— Not very much, I'm afraid.

— Do you?

— Yes, I do.

15. — What are Jack and Judy doing this evening?

— They are going to the theatre.

— Do they go to the theatre every evening?

— No, they don't.

16. — Do you play chess every day?

— No, I don't, but Jim does.

— Does he really?

— Yes, he does, he is very fond of it.

17. — Where are you going to spend your summer holidays?

— In France.

— Do you usually spend your holidays in France?

— No,I don't.

18. — What are you doing this evening, by the way?

— I'm going swimming.

— Really? Do you often go swimming?

— Oh, about once a week.

19. — Does Susan like dancing?

— Yes, she does, but she prefers reading.

— Doesn't she find it rather boring, dull, uninteresting? — I don't think so.

20. — How do you usually spend your holidays?

— I go to Scotland.

— And how about your wife?

— Oh, she usually stays at home.

21. — What time do you usually get up?

— About seven o'clock.

— And how about John?

— Oh, he never gets up before eight.

22. — When do your classes begin?

— At nine.

23. — Where do you work?

— At a plant.

— What do you do?

— I'm an engineer.

24. — Why does Paul come home so late?

— He is very busy at his office.

25. — Who cooks your meals?

— My daughter does.

26. — Which of you speaks Italian?

— Helen does.

27. — I am looking for Alice.

— Are you?

— Yes, I want to take her to a dance.

— I'm sorry, I don't know where she is.

28. — What do you think of space travel?

— I think it's very exciting.

— So do I, but Mary doesn't.

— Doesn't she?

— No, she thinks it rather useless.

29. — I don't play cricket.

— Neither do I.

30. — Mike is a clever fellow. He knows several foreign langua-

ges.

— He speaks French, doesn't he?

— Yes, he does.

31. — Betty doesn't want to take part in the picnic, does she?

— No, she doesn't. She says she's too busy.

32. — You don't know Mary Smith, do you?

— Yes, I do. She lives next door.

33. — You like detectives, don't you?

— Yes, I do.