II.Match the words from each pair of analogues ones with proper definitions. Note the difference in their meanings and think of your own examples to show it.

1. grant, scholarship	A. a sum of money given to a student by an official body, to pay (partly) for a course of study
	B. money given esp. by the state for a particular purpose, e.g. to a university or to support a student during his/her studies
2. dissertation, thesis	A. long written or spoken account (e.g. as submitted for a higher university degree)
	B. statement or theory put forward and supported by arguments, submitted for a higher (postgraduate) university degree
3. tutorial, seminar	A. a class of usually advanced students studying a problem and meeting for discussion with a tutor or professor
	B. teaching period for a small group of university students
4. undergraduate, postgraduate	A. a university student working for a bachelor`s degree
	B. (of studies, etc.) done at a university after taking a first academic degree

 

SUPPLEMENT 1

Additional material to the topics:

SAINT PETERSBURG

St. Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia and one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It was founded in 1703 by Peter the Great as the “Window on Europe”. St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia from 1712 till 1918.

The city was built on the swampy land at the mouth of the River Neva. Prominent European and Russian architects worked here. The new capital grew rapidly in wealth and beauty.

When World War I began in 1914, the German-sounding name St. Petersburg was changed to Petrograd. In 1924, after the death of V. Lenin, the city was given a new name — Leningrad. In 1991 the old name of St. Petersburg was returned to the city.

During the Great Patriotic War the city suffered a great deal. The German armies laid siege to it in 1941, and for the next two years and a half the city was cut off from the rest of the country. No food could be brought in, and people died of starvation. Daily shelling and air raids destroyed parts of the city. Thousands of people were killed. Rebuilding took years.

Now St. Petersburg is an industrial, cultural and scientific centre. There are over 80 museums, more than 20 theatres, a lot of exhibitions, clubs, universities, colleges, schools and parks. The Alexandrinski Drama Theatre, the Bolshoi Drama Theatre, the Mariinsky Theatre of Opera and Ballet are pearls of the Rus­sian art.

In St. Petersburg there are a lot of parks and gardens where citizens spend their free time. The Summer Garden is the oldest and most fascinating park. Rare trees, bushes and flowers grow there. Beautiful marble statues made by Italian sculptors and a famous cast iron grille decorate the Summer Garden. There is a bronze monument to the prominent Russian writer of fables Ivan Krylov (by sculptor Klodt) in the Summer Garden.

St. Petersburg is famous for its magnificent architectural en­sembles of the 18th and 19th centuries. The city began with the Peter and Paul Fortress built to protect the Neva banks from Swedish invasion. Later Domeniko Trezzini, the famous Swiss ar­chitect, reconstructed the fortress. It became a prison. Now it is a museum. Trezzini erected the Peter and Paul Cathedral here, and Russian tsars were buried in it.

The most famous square in the city is the Palace Square with its magnificent ensemble. Here one can see the Winter Palace built by Rastrelli. Till the revolution it was the residence of the Russian tsars. Now the Winter Palace and four other building`s are occu­pied by the Hermitage, one of the oldest art museums in Russia. There one can see masterpieces of outstanding artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Rembrandt, Velazquez and other unique works of art.

The Russian Museum is located in the Mikhailovsky Palace, designed by Rossi. Marvellous paintings by the famous Russian artists: Tropinin, Repin, Bryullov, Fedotbv, Surikov, Serov; the works of sculptors: Rastrelli, Shubin, Antokolsky are exhibited here.

The streets and squares in St.Petersburg are very beauti­ful. Nevsky Prospect is the main street of the city, where there are amazing buildings, shops, hotels and the remarkable Kazan Cathedral (by Voronikhin) with a colonnade and monuments to M. Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly. Here in the prospect one can see the magnificent building of the Admiralty (by Zakharov) and the ensemble of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Famous Russian writ­ers, painters, composers and actors were buried in the Lavra.

Majestic palaces, cathedrals, churches and other buildings, built by famous architects, such as: palaces of Stroganov, Menshikov, Anichkov, and St. Isaac`s Cathedral, erected by Montferrand, decorate St.Petersburg.

The city is often called the Venice of the North because there are 65 rivers and canals with artistically decorated cast iron bridges. One of the most beautiful is the Anichkov Bridge.

Citizens and tourists enjoy visiting the suburbs of St. Peters­burg: Petergof, Pushkin, Pavlovsk with their wonderful palaces, parks and fountains.

St. Petersburg inspired many of our great poets, writers, paint­ers, sculptors, composers and actors. Much of the life and work of Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tchaikovsky, Repin and Kramskoi was con­nected with the city.

 

Questions:

1. Who founded St. Petersburg and why?

2. When was St. Petersburg the capital of Russia?

3. How many times has the city been renamed and why?

4. What happened to the city during the Great Patriotic War?

5. Why is St. Petersburg an important cultural centre?

6. What famous St. Petersburg museums do you know? Do you often visit them?

7. What St. Petersburg theatres are the most popular?

8. Are there many parks and gardens in the city? What is your favourite park? Which park is the oldest one?

9. How is the Summer Garden decorated?

10. What was the Peter and Paul Fortress built for?

11. What things of interest can the tourists see in the Fortress?

12. What square is the most beautiful and why?

13. What is the main street of the city famous for?

14. Why is St. Petersburg called the Venice of the North?

15. Do you often visit the suburbs of St. Petersburg? Why?

16. When is the best season to visit the suburbs? Why?

17. Why is the city often called the Venice of the North?

18. How many bridges are in Saint Petersburg? What are the most beautiful ones?

19. Are there any draw bridges in the city? Can you name them? When do they usually draw?

20. How many rivers are in the city? Can you name the rivers and canals in the city centre?

21. Why is Saint Petersburg called the City of White Nights? The City of three Names?

22. What is the difference between the Hermitage and the Russian Muse­um?

23. What famous architects worked in the city? What buildings did they erect in Saint Petersburg?

24. What are the symbols of Saint Petersburg?

25. Where in Saint-Petersburg can you find these?

a) ‘Madonna Benua’ by Leonardo da Vinci

b) a monument to M.Kutuzov

c) paintings by I.Repin

d) the tomb of F.M. Dostoevsky

e) the tomb of Peter the Great

f) a monument to I.Krylov

 

Vocabulary (transcribe the words, learn them by heart):

amazing — изумительный

architectural — архитектурный

arm — рукав

artistically — мастерски

canal — искусственный канал

canvas — холст, полотно (худ.)

cast iron grille — чугунная ограда

channel — естественный канал

draw bridge — разводной мост

empire — империя

ensemble — ансамбль

fascinating — очаровательный

figure (genre) — жанровые карти­ны

granite — гранит

Hermitage — Эрмитаж

invaluable — бесценный

invasion — вторжение

landscape — пейзаж

magnificent — великолепный, величественный

majestic — величественный

marble — мрамор

masterpiece — шедевр

mouth — устье (реки)

pearl — жемчужина

prominent — выдающийся

shelling — бомбежки

starvation — голод

still life — натюрморт

suburbs — пригород, окрестности

swampy — болотистый

Swedish — шведский

Swiss — швейцарский

to be founded — быть основанным

to contain — содержать, вмещать

to erect — воздвигать

to inspire — вдохновлять

to lay siege — осадить

to rename — переименовать

 

Exercises

I. Compose your own sentences with the following words:

amazing, canvas, cast iron grille, draw bridge, fascinating, invaluable, invasion, landscape, magnificent, majestic, marble, masterpiece, prominent, shelling, starvation, still life, to inspire, to lay siege, to rename.

II. Find who is who, search for information and complete the sentences:

Velazquez	A Swiss architect. He worked in St. Petersburg and constructed...
Trezzini	A Russian composer famous for his ballets and operas such as...
Rembrandt	A Spanish painter. His most famous painting is...
Dostoevsky	A Dutch artist. In the Hermitage one can see his masterpieces...
Tchaikovsky	A Russian author who wrote...

PUSHKIN AND OUR TIME

 

It would be a platitude to say that A. S. Pushkin is the greatest Russian poet. But I hope no-one is challenging the view that he occupies an outstanding place in Russian literature and culture.

Every summer in June, thousands of people visit the Pskov land. They come here to the village of Mikhailovskoye to the wonderful festival of poetry, to see the places where he lived and worked.

Pushkin is always alive for us, he is the man we all know and love, the greatest of poets. Generations come and go, but Pushkin still remains. We are all greatful to Pushkin for each line of his works. Pushkin is not only a great poet for us. He is the perfect man combining brilliant talent with civil courage and moral integrity. His name is associated with our love for the Motherland, and the best in our life.

Hundreds of new concepts, hundreds of new words have appeared in the language in the years that have passed since his death, but not a single word of his poetry has become obsolete. The old forms of life went into the past, but everything written by Pushkin continues to live. It has not become something of the past, it does not need any corrections and hardly needs commentary. His feelings and his views still correspond to our own feelings and views.

We admire the great world of Pushkin`s poetry as a whole, each of us finding some special lines for himself, lines showing Pushkin`s great and generous heart, his sympathy and respect for his people. Whatever Pushkin`s work we see portrayal of Russian life, the Russian intellect, the Russian soul, the life of the Russian land in all epochs, the Russian people. The reader cannot imagine his inner world without him.

 

Questions:

1. What place does Pushkin occupy in Russian literature and culture?

2. What do thousands of people visit every summer?

3. What for do thousands of people come to the village of Mikhailovskoye?

4. Why is he always alive for us?

5. What are we grateful to Pushkin for?

6. What is A. S. Pushkin`s name associated with?

7. Has poetry by Pushkin become obsolete?

8. What has appeared in our language in the years that have passed since the poet`s death?

9. Does everything written by Pushkin need commentary?

10. What do the poet's feelings and views correspond to?

11. What do we admire?

12. What do the lines of Pushkin`s poets show?

Vocabulary:

alive — живой

brilliant — блестящий

civil courage — гражданское мужество

concept — понятие

epoch — эпоха

generation — поколение

generous — великодушный, щедрый

inner world — внутренний мир

intellect — ум

it hardly needs commentary — вряд ли нуждается в ком­ментариях

language — язык

moral integrity — нравственная чистота

platitude — банальность

portrayal — изображение

respect for smb. — уважение к кому-либо

soul — душа

sympathy — сочувствие

to admire — восторгаться, восхищаться

to be associated with smth. — связываться, ассоцииро­ваться с чем-либо

to be grateful to — быть благодарным

to become obsolete — стать устаревшим, устареть

to challenge the view — оспаривать, подвергать сомне­нию точку зрения

to combine — объединять, соединять

to correspond to smth. — соответствовать чему-либо

to imagine — вообразить, представить

to measure — измерять

to need sth. — требовать, нуждаться в чем-либо

to occupy an outstanding place in — занимать выдающе­еся место в

whatever — какой бы ни

CHARLES DICKENS

 

Charles Dickens was born in 1812. He lived in the south of England when he was a little boy. His father worked in an office. He was a very clever man, but he was very poor. Charles had many brothers and sisters, but he did not often play with them. His father had many books and Charles liked to read them. He learned to read very early.

When Charles was 10 years old, his family went to London.

There his father got into debt (as he had little money) and then into debtor`s prison. So little Charles began to work when he was ten. That was the beginning of Charles` hard life.

He worked at a small factory in London, pasting labels on blacking bottles. He had to work in a dirty room with no windows. He did not like his work, but he had to work at the factory for two years. Then he went to school for three years, but he did not learn much at school. He learned much at home, from his father and from other clever people.

Later he worked as a reporter to the Parliament and became a writer of short stories.

In 1837 he published his first novel “The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club”. And the young reporter became a famous writer. Then he published novel after novel — “Oliver Twist”, “Dombey and Son”, “David Copperfield” and many other good books.

His books are very interesting, they tell us about the hard life of the poor people in England of that time. When we read his books, we sometimes laugh, but we often want to cry.

Charles Dickens died in 1870.

He is one of the greatest novelists in the English literature, Dickens lived more than a hundred years ago, but people in the whole world like to read his books today, because in his books lie showed a real world and people of Victorian England.

Questions:

1. Where did Charles Dickens live?

2. Where did his father work?

3. When did his family go to London?

4. Why did Charles have to work?

5. What novel did Charles Dickens publish in 1837?

6. What do his books tell us about?

7. What did Charles Dickens show in his books?

Vocabulary:

poor — бедный

prison — тюрьма

to cry — плакать

to get into debt — залезть в долги

 

OSCAR WILDE

 

Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin on October 16, 1854. His father was a famous Irish surgeon. His mother was well known in Dublin as a writer of verse and prose.

At school, and later at Oxford, Oscar displayed gift for art and the humanities.

While at the university, Wilde became one of the most famous personalities of the day: he wore his hair long, decorated his room with different beautiful things. His witty sayings were well known among the students.

After graduating from the university, Wilde turned his attention to writing, travelling and lecturing.

Oscar Wilde earned the reputation of being the leader of the Aesthetic Movement and an apostle of beauty.

His most famous works appeared over the next ten years. The most popular are “The Happy Prince and Other Tales”, “The Picture of Dorian Gray”, and his comedies “Lady Windermere`s Fan”, “An Ideal Husband”, “The Importance of Being Earnest”.

Wilde also wrote poems, essays, reviews, letters. He attracted the attention of his audiences by the brilliance of his conversation, his knowledge, and the force of his personality.

In his works, especially in his tales, he glorifies beauty, and not only the beauty of nature or artificial beauty, but the beauty of devoted love. He admires unselfishness, kindness and generosity (“The Happy Prince”, “The Nightingale and the Rose”) and despises egoism and greed (“The Selfish Giant”, “The Devoted Friend”). The theme of most of his works, even of his tales, is quite realistic. He shows the contrast between wealth and poverty. His own sympathy for poor, labouring people is quite evident.

At the height of his popularity and success, tragedy struck. He was accused of immorality and sentenced to two years` imprisonment. When released from prison in 1897, he lived mainly on the Continent, settling later in Paris. In 1898 he published his poem “Ballad of Reading Gaol”. He died in Paris in 1900.

Questions:

1. When did Oscar Wilde display gift for art and the humanities?

2. What did Oscar Wilde do after graduating from the university?

3. What reputation did Oscar Wilde earn?

4. What did Oscar Wilde write?

5. What did he despise and what did he glorify in his works?

6. Why was Oscar Wilde sentenced to two years` imprisonment?

7. When did Oscar Wilde die?

Vocabulary:

audience — аудитория, публика

gift — способность, дарование

greed — алчность, жадность

sentenced to two years` imprisonment — приговорен к двум годам лишения свободы

surgeon — хирург

the humanities — гуманитарные науки

to despise — презирать

to display — показывать, проявлять

to glorify — прославлять, восхвалять

to release from prison — освобождать из тюрьмы

was accused of immorality — обвинен в безнравствен­ности

witty — остроумный

 

JEROME K. JEROME

 

Inthe history of English literature Jerome K. Jerome occupies a modest place. He cannot be compared with Dickens, Thackeray, or Bernard Shaw, but he is well known as a writer-humorist not only in his country but in another countries too.

Jerome Klapka Jerome was born in England on May 2, 1859 into the family of ruined businessman. Jerome's childhood was poor and sad. He could not finish school because his father died in 1871 and the boy had to begin working to support his family. First he worked as a clerk. Later he took up teaching journalism and acting. For three years he was an actor and had to play different parts. He had very little money and often went hungry and had no place to sleep.

In his free moments Jerome tried to write. He wrote plays, stories and articles, but nothing was published.

His first literary success was a one-act comedy which was performed in the Globe theatre in London in 1886.

In 1889 a collection of his articles was published. They were published as a book under the title “The Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow”. This book became very popular in England, and it was published 105 times in 4 years. In 1889 Jerome`s best book “Three Men in a Boat” also came out.

“The Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow” and “Three Men in a Boat” made the author famous. The books were translated into several European languages.

In the following years Jerome published several books and plays. He went travelling all over Europe and in 1899 he visited St. Petersburg, where he was met with enthusiasm. He knew Russian literature very well.

Jerome K. Jerome also wrote serious books, but the public didn`t like them.

He criticized German imperialism and the policy of Britain in China.

Jerome`s last book was his autobiography “My Life and Time”. He died in 1927. The works of Jerome are full of humour and they can`t but amuse the reader.

Questions:

1. When and where was Jerome K. Jerome born?

2. What was his father?

3. How old was the boy when he began to work?

4. What was Jerome's first profession?

5. What did he do in his free moments?

6. What did he try to write?

7. What book was his first literary success?

8. What was Jerome's best book that made him famous?

 

Vocabulary:

modest — скромный

to amuse — забавлять, развлекать

to be a success — иметь успех

to compare — сравнивать

to ruin — разорять

 

О`НENRY

 

О`Неnrу was born in Greensboro, a little town in North Carolina in 1862. His real name was William Sydney Porter. The works of this writer reflect a specific period in American literature — the turn of the century. His credo was — art should be true, democratic and it should address contemporary life and embrace all aspects of life.

O`Henry was an outstanding humourist. He worked out and enriched all the types of the short story: the anecdote, the adventure story, tales and sketches. The best of his works were published in books: “Cabbages and Kings”, “The Four Million”, “Heart of the West”, “The Voice of the City” and others. He was most famous for his stories of city life. O`Henry wrote nearly 150 stories with a New York background. His works have considerable influence on American literature. His love for humanity, for the common people, his critical attitude towards injustice attract readers to this day. O`Henry could work out a plot that would keep the reader in suspense up to the surprising end.

He was a born writer of great talent. The conversation is witty, humorous and often exact and precise. O`Henry is one of the most widely published American authors. His works have been translated into nearly every language. He has been called “The American Maupassant” and is ranked among the world`s outstanding short-story writers.

Questions:

1. When was O`Henry born?

2. What was his real name?

3. What was O`Henry`s credo?

4. Was O`Henry a born writer of great talent?

5. Name the best of his published books.

Vocabulary:

contemporary — современный

injustice — несправедливость

precise — точный

sketch — очерк

suspense — ожидание

to be ranked — состоять

witty — остроумный

 

JOHN GALSWORTHY

 

Popular American writer John Galsworthy was born in 1853. He attended a big school because his father wanted John to be a lawyer. So John went to the Oxford University. But some time later he told his father about his wish to become a writer. His favourite writer was Turgenev and also he liked all books by Tolstoy. His literally career began at the age of seventeen while he studied at the Oxford University. His works established him as one of American's leading author. John Galsworthy wrote some scientific books and articles as “All about writer” 1908, “Thinking about art” 1911, “The art and the war” 1915. All of them are about art in our life.

“The Forsyte Saga” was published in 1922 in May. It is the most famous work by John Galsworthy. From this novel we get to know about the Forsyte family. The main character is Miss Forsyte. When she was a little girl her mother died and her father had run away with foreign girl. The Forsyte family wasn`t very friendly but they tried to help each other with problems.

“The Forsyte Saga” was the best work by John Galsworthy. “It was the happiest day in my life”, said John to his friends some time later. But it was very difficult for him to write this novel because he was from “Forsyte” family. “Old Jolyon”, for example, was his father.

Questions:

1. Was John Galsworthy popular American or English writer?

2. What university did he attend?

3. What was John`s favourite writer?

4. What is the most famous work by John Galsworthy?

5. Why it was difficult for him to write this novel?

Vocabulary:

career — карьера

lawyer — адвокат

to attend — посещать

 

JACK LONDON

Jack London was born in 1876 in San Francisco. His real name was John Griffit. His father was a farmer. The family was extremely poor and the boy had to earn his living after school. He sold newspapers, worked at a factory. Later he became a sailor; during some time he wandered with the unemployed.

For a year he attended the Oakland High school and spent a semester at the University of California, but as he had no money he had to stop his studies and went to work again.

This time it was a laundry. In 1897 he went to the Klondike as a gold miner. His first short story was published in 1898.

Some of the difficulties he met during the first years of his literary work are described in his novel “Martin Eden”.

During the sixteen years of his literary career Jack London published about fifty books: short stories, novels and essays. In his best stories London described the severe life and struggle of people against nature.

He died at the age of forty in 1916.

Questions:

1. When was Jack London born?

2. What was his real name?

3. How long did he attend the Oakland High school?

4. Why did he have to stop his studies?

5. What did he do in the Klondike?

6. What did he describe in his books?

Vocabulary:

laundry — прачечная

sailor — моряк, матрос

to wander — скитаться

unemployed — безработный

 

SUPPLEMENT 2

Список имен английских и американских писателей с транскрипцией:

Charles Dickens [t∫a:lz ′dikinz] Чарлз Диккенс

Mark Twain [′ma:k ′twein] Марк Твэн

Fenimore Cooper [′fenimo: ′ku:pə] Фенимор Купер

Walter Scott [′woltə skot] Вальтер Скотт

Charlotte Brontë [′∫a:lot ′bronti] Шарлотта Бронте

Jonathan Swift [′dzonəθən swift] Джонатан Свифт

Daniel Defoe [′dæniəl di′fou] Даниель Дефо

John Galsworthy [′go:lzwə:ði] Джон Голсуорси

Rudyard Kipling [′rΛdjəd ′kipliŋ] Редьярд Киплинг

Herbert Wells [′hə:bət welz] Герберт Уэллс

Lewis Carroll [′lu:is ′kærəl] Льюис Кэррол

Robert Louis Stevenson [′robət ′lu:i: ′sti:vənsn] Роберт Луис Стивенсон

Thomas Mayne Reid [′toməs ′mein ′ri:d] Томас Майн Рид

Arthur Conan Doyle [′a:θə ′konən ′doil] Артур Конан Дойл

Alexander Milne [‚ælig′za:ndə miln] Александр Милн

Harriet Beecher-Stowe [′hæriət ′bi:t∫ə ′stou] Гарриет Бичер Стоу

Jack London [′lΛndən] Джек Лондон

Jerome K. Jerome [dzə′roum] Джером К. Джером

 

Список названий художественных произведений английских и американских писателей с транскрипцией и переводом:

 

“Dombey [′dombi] and Son” – “Домби и сын”

“David [′deivid] Copperfield [′kopəfi:ld]” – “Дэвид Копперфилд”

“Oliver [′olivə] Twist” – “Оливер Твист”

“Little Dorrit” – “Крошка Доррит”

“Pickwick Papers” – “Записки Пиквикского клуба”

“The Adventure of Tom Sawyer [′so:jə]” – “Приключения Тома Сойера”

“The Prince and the Pauper [′po:pə]” – “Принц и нищий”

“The Last of the Mohicans [′mouikənz]” – “Последний из могикан”

“Ivanhoe [′aivənhou]” – “Айвенго”

“Jane Eyre [′dzein ′εə]” – “Джейн Эйр”

“Gulliver`s [′gΛlivəz] Travels” – “Приключения Гулливера”

“Robinson [′robinsn] Crusoe [′kru:sou:]” – “Робинзон Крузо”

“The Forsyte [′fo:sait] Saga [′sa:gə]” – “Сага о Форсайтах”

“The Jungle [dzΛŋgl] Book” – “Книга джунглей”

“The Invisible [in′vizibl] Man” – “Человек-невидимка”

“The War [wo:] of the Worlds” – “Война миров”

“Alice [′ælis] in Wonderland” – “Алиса в стране чудес”

“Treasure Island” – “Остров сокровищ”

“The Headless Horseman” – “Всадник без головы”

“Three Men in a Boat” – “Трое в лодке”

“The Advantures of Sherlock [′∫ə:lək] Holmes [houmz]” – “Приключения Шерлока Холмса”

“Winnie the Pooh [′winiðə′pu:]” – “Вини Пух”

“Uncle Tom`s Cabin” – “Хижина дяди Тома”

“Martin [′ma:tin] Eden [′i:dən]” – “Мартин Иден”

 

SUPPLEMENT 3

Additional vocabulary to the topics:

FAMILY

Relatives (kith and kin; near and dear) – родственники; родные и близкие

mother – мать

father – отец

parents – родители

son – сын

daughter –дочь

grandmother – бабушка

grandfather – дедушка

grandparents – бабушка и дедушка

great grandparents – прапрадедушка и прапрабабушка

aunt –тётя

uncle – дядя

cousin – двоюродный брат/двоюродная сестра

sister-cousin – двоюродная сестра

brother-cousin – двоюродный брат

nephew – племянник

niece – племянница

in-laws – родственники по линии жены/мужа:

father-in-law – тесть, свёкор

mother-in-law – тёща, свекровь

son-in-law – зять (муж дочери)

daughter-in-law – невестка, сноха (жена сына)

brother-in-law – зять (муж сестры), шурин, свояк, деверь

sister-in-law – невестка (жена брата), золовка

stepmother (father, sister, brother) – мачеха (отчим, сводный брат, сводная сестра)

half-brother (sister) – брат (сестра) только по одному из родителей

twins – близнецы

triplets – тройняшки

sibling – родной брат/сестра