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to do sth for defence purposes: But the fact remains that the safeguards themselves do not prevent the government using civil plutonium for defence purposes.
(to provide) defence against sb: The crown alone still had the power to compel military service, especially for defence against invasion. | Nor can they have been substantial enough to have provided defence against further attacks from the Huns or from the Alamans.
the defence of sth: Our resources in men and ammunition are inadequate for the defence of the town. | In Britain, the defence of the country has historically been left to the navy. | They are to take measures for the defence of the country.
defence policy политика в области обороны, оборонная политика: Bush's defence policy will not work, will cost too much and will destabilize the world. | Threats, not pillars, will decide whether the members devise joint foreign or defence policies.
national defence национальная оборона, оборона страны
missile defence (system) ракетная оборона, система ракетной обороны: Dole already has used legislative issues such as gun control and strategic missile defence to score political points. | There is already tension over the controversial national missile defence system. | It has dangerously upset the strategic balance by proposing a new national missile defence system. | The latest example concerns the controversial missile defence system proposed by the United States. | The missile defence issue is without question the most troublesome, time-consuming and potentially dangerous item on the current international agenda.
anti-missile defence (system) противоракетная оборона, система противоракетной обороны: In particular, the relationship is becoming increasingly bedevilled by the issue of anti-missile defence. | Next year, the United States unveils its anti-missile defence system.
air / anti-aircraft defence (system) противовоздушная оборона, система противовоздушной обороны
defence budget расходы / затраты на оборону, оборонный бюджет: There was an attempt to reduce the defence budget. | Congress still has a big role to play in shaping the missile defence budget.
(to cut [back] / reduce // increase) defence spending / spending on defence (сокращать / увеличивать) расходы / затраты на оборону: Defence Minister Moshe Arens successfully argued that defence spending could not be reduced in the light of the ongoing Gulf crisis. | There are plans to increase defence spending by 6%. | The President has promised to increase defence spending. | The government revealed the exact levels of defence spending.
defence spending / spending on defence drops / falls / declines / goes down // rises / increases / goes up расходы / затраты на оборону сокращаются / увеличиваются: Defence spending has risen by 10% in the current budget. | The war has ended but government spending on defence is still increasing.
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defence cuts / reductions / cutbacks | a cut / reduction / cutback // increase in defence spending сокращение / увеличение расходов / затрат на оборону: The government was committed to further major reductions in defence spending. | More defence cuts are expected next year. | The Ministry of Defence announced today that it will close in 20 months time as part of cutbacks in defence spending.
line of defence линия обороны: Strategically, the Marne is important for the last line of defence it presents before the Seine. | This line of defence is no better than the first.
civil defence the organization of ordinary rather than military people to help defend their country from military attack гражданская оборона: The country has made few preparations for civil defence. | These difficulties were greatly exacerbated by poor civil defence planning.
defence force(s): When a civil conflict eventually broke out in 1991, the national defence force was unable to provide a credible response. | An army spokesman said that the security vetting of personnel was a normal procedure in all defence forces. | After working in the prison service, he joined the defence forces before becoming an intelligence agent.
13. defence(s) [ countable – usually plural ] all the armed forces, weapons, structures etc that are available to defend a place оборонительные сооружения, укрепления; оборона страны; обороноспособность, оборонительный потенциал: The city's defences were not strong enough to withstand the attack. | We didn't let down our defences unilaterally. | The city walls were built as a defence against invaders.
to develop / build one's defences / defence capability создавать оборонительный потенциал
to strengthen one's defences / defence capability укреплять обороноспособность / оборонительный потенциал: He stressed the need to strengthen the nation's defences.
to maintain one's defences / defence capability поддерживать обороноспособность / оборонительный потенциал: He emphasized the need to maintain Britain's defences at a level sufficient to deal with the unexpected.
to overcome / breach / overwhelm sb's defences преодолевать / сокрушать оборонительные сооружения / укрепления: The invading army easily overcame the town's defences. | Government forces have breached the rebels' defences.
14. resistance | opposition [ uncountable; singular ] fighting against someone who is attacking you сопротивление; отпор, противодействие: They made it clear that they would only exercise passive resistance in the event of a military takeover.
to put up / offer / provide / oppose resistance / opposition (to sb) оказывать сопротивление: The defenders put up strong resistance. | Government troops offered no resistance (to the rebels). | And so, when the enemy charged, we immediately yielded and provided no resistance. | They opposed a vigorous resistance to the enemy.
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to encounter / meet (with) resistance / opposition встречать сопротивление: A BBC correspondent in Colombo says the troops are encountering stiff resistance. | The army said the attackers met considerable resistance. | They met little resistance from outgunned government troops. | Our forces met with strong opposition all along the front.
to break down / crush / overcome / put down resistance / opposition сломить / преодолеть сопротивление: The government took elaborate precautions to crush any resistance.
resistance erupts возникает сопротивление: Almost immediately a fierce nationalist resistance erupted directed by a fiery prophet in the hills of Galilee.
pocket / centre of resistance очаг сопротивления: to mop up isolated pockets of resistance | The infantry divisions mopped up remaining centres of resistance.
armed resistance вооруженное сопротивление
considerable / determined / fierce / stiff / strong / stout / severe / stubborn resistance / opposition решительное / упорное / яростное сопротивление: Rebel gunmen have put up strong resistance. | The rebels have put up fierce resistance with small arms and rocket-propelled grenades. | The invasion was held up by unexpectedly stout resistance.
weak resistance / opposition слабое сопротивление
valiant resistance / opposition героическое сопротивление
15. the resistance | the Resistance [ singular ] an organization that secretly fights against an enemy that controls their country Сопротивление, движение Сопротивления: Mitterand was in the French Resistance during the war. | They managed to escape after being arrested by the resistance.
16. retaliation [ uncountable ] action against someone who has done something bad to you ответный удар, контрудар; меры возмездия
retaliation against sb / sth: the threat of massive retaliation against British troops | There is always the risk of possible retaliation against peacekeeping soldiers.
in retaliation (for sth): The President ordered the bombings in retaliation for the attack. | The bomb attack was in retaliation for the recent arrest of two well-known terrorists. | The car bombings were apparently in retaliation for the arrest of the terrorists.
massive retaliation массированный ответный удар / контрудар: Dulles called the policy massive retaliation. | Dulles used massive retaliation as the chief instrument of containment. | The alternative is massive retaliation by missiles aimed at the enemy's cities.
act of retaliation акт возмездия
17. breakthrough [ countable ] the act of getting past or through something that is in your way прорыв: to make a breakthrough
breakthrough charge атака с целью прорыва
18. siege [ uncountable; countable ] a military operation during which an army or the police surround a place and try to gain control of it or force someone to come out of it осада; блокада: The siege lasted almost four months. | The book is not an exhaustive account of all the sieges of the war. | They are hopeful of bringing the siege to a peaceful conclusion. | The siege is now in its eighteenth day.
at / during a siege во время осады: He was killed at / during the siege of Leningrad.
to lay siege to sb /sth to start a siege in a place начинать осаду: King Henry laid siege to the castle in 1275. | The soldiers laid siege to the city. | He laid siege to the fortress and gradually weakened it to the point of collapse.
(to be) under siege to be surrounded by an army in a siege (находиться) в осаде: Malta was under siege in World War II. | The castle was under siege for months.
to lift / raise / end the (state of) siege (of sth) снимать осаду / блокаду: The king lifted the siege two months later. | We must do everything possible to lift the siege. | Military sources stated that lifting the state of siege would not affect the fight against internal subversion. | Meanwhile Cambridge and March were ordered to raise the siege of Quimperlè and return home at once.
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to withstand a siege выдерживать осаду: The troops prepared to withstand a long siege.
a siege begins / ends: The siege began on Sunday, when the prisoners seized three wardens. | Before the siege ended, the citizens were almost starving.
to break a siege to cause a siege to end прорывать блокаду: An attempt was made to break the 38-month siege of Sarajevo.
19. blockade [ countable – usually singular ] the surrounding of an area by soldiers or ships to stop people or supplies leaving or entering блокада: an air / sea / naval blockade | the economic blockade of Lithuania | Getting food supplies through the blockade is almost impossible. | The economic blockade is accompanied by terror tactics. | There's been talk of a retaliatory blockade to prevent supplies getting through.
to impose / mount a blockade (on sth) | to put a place under a blockade устанавливать блокаду: They've imposed an economic blockade on the country. | An economic blockade was imposed on the country six months ago. | Parisian taxi drivers are threatening to mount a blockade to turn the screw on the government.
to maintain a blockade поддерживать блокаду: Some left after only a fortnight and, as time went by, it became increasingly hard to maintain the blockade.
to lift the blockade (of sth) снимать блокаду: Moreover it began to free captured troops on July 5 and to lift blockades. | The blockade of the harbour will be lifted at midnight.
to enforce a blockade осуществлять блокаду: It's not yet clear who will actually enforce the blockade.
to break (through) / run a blockade to evade and get through the forces that are surrounding the place прорывать блокаду
to order a blockade (of sth) приказывать установить блокаду: Lincoln, in turn, ordered a blockade of Southern ports. | After demanding the weapons be removed, President John F. Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of the island.
20. withdrawal | pull-out | pullout | pullback [ uncountable; countable ] the act of moving an army, weapons etc away from the area where they were fighting вывод / отвод / отход / отступление войск: an orderly / precipitate / tactical / strategic / unilateral withdrawal
withdrawal / pull-out / pullback (of sb): a pullback of troops from the occupied territories | The commander-in-chief was given 36 hours to secure a withdrawal of his troops from the combat zone. | Both countries agree on the need for a phased withdrawal of American forces from the Philippines. | The pull-out was planned to spread over a month. | The pull-out of troops will begin after the treaty is signed. | The pull-out of the army paves the way for independence.
(troop) withdrawal (from / to a particular place): a withdrawal from an area / to an area | allied troop withdrawal from the north of the country | the Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan | Troop withdrawals will take place immediately. | Soviet troop withdrawals began on 15 May and were completed on schedule on 15 February 1989.
pull-out / pullback (from a particular place): a pull-out from the occupied territories | a pullback of troops from the occupied territories
partial // complete / full // full-scale withdrawal / pull-out / pullback частичный // полный // полномасштабный вывод / отвод войск: Partial troop withdrawals from Algiers began on July 4. | He is reported to be negotiating the complete withdrawal of the 1,500 Soviet military advisers. | But a complete withdrawal could trigger a new outbreak of fighting. | He replied that the UN had passed two major resolutions calling for a complete withdrawal. | Nearly half of those polled also said they would support a referendum on peace that required a full withdrawal from the Golan. | The loss of one vehicle and the leading tank's offensive capability was not enough to cause a full-scale withdrawal.
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to make / carry out / implement a withdrawal / pull-out / pullback осуществлять вывод / отвод войск: The security forces made a tactical withdrawal from the area. | The government is planning to implement a second pullback from the area.
to complete a withdrawal / pull-out / pullback завершать вывод/ отвод войск
21. defensive (adjective) [ only before noun ] used or intended to protect someone or something from attack оборонительный; оборонный; защитный: These are purely defensive weapons, not designed for attack. | According to the report, only defensive weapons had been supplied to Iran. | The rockets are a purely defensive measure against nuclear attack. | The prince drew up his forces in a strong defensive position. | Police officers claimed that their actions during the riots were purely defensive. | Some past and current government officials say the program was intended for defensive purposes only. | He would scrap the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and permit defensive systems to guard against accidental firings or small-scale attacks by outlaw nations. | But each also has the capability of being built into defensive weapons systems.
defensive war / warfare оборонительные военные действия
22. retaliatory (adjective) [ usually before noun ] (formal) done against someone because they have harmed you ответный: a retaliatory attack / raid | retaliatory measures | Within twelve hours a retaliatory raid began. | In fact, no retaliatory action was taken. | There's been talk of a retaliatory blockade to prevent supplies getting through.
Settlement of conflicts
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