Choose the correct modal verb. Translate the sentences.

1. He … (can’t/couldn’t) open the window as it was stuck.

2. Interpreters … (may/must) translate without dictionaries.

1. … (Can/May) I use me your bike for today?
2. … (May/Could) you give me the recipe for this cake?

5. Take an umbrella. It … (may/can) rain.

1. You … (may/must) finish the article as soon as possible.
2. Lara … (can/might) get a playstation for her birthday.
3. You … (must not/needn’t) read in the dark.
4. My grandfather is retired, so he … (shouldn’t/doesn’t have to) go to work.
5. … (Could/Might) you, please, pass me the mustard?

Transform the sentences into past. Use the equivalents.

E.g.: Bob can’t dive.– Last year Bob couldn’t dive.

1. You must show your identity card (удостоверение личности) here.– Last night

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2. We can’t buy a new car.– Last summer

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3. Mike may take my laptop computer for a couple of hours.– This morning

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4. Victor has to call his mother.– Yesterday

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5. You don’t need to paper the walls.– Yesterday

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6. She is to be at the office at 9 a.m.– Last Friday

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7. You must not tell lies.– Last night

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Transform the sentences into future. Use the equivalents.

E.g.: The baby can talk.– Soon the baby will be able to talk.

1. He can’t get the tickets.– I’m afraid …

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1. You may use my camera.– Tomorrow …

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1. I am to wait for him at the airport.– Next Sunday …

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1. You must tell me the truth.– Very soon …

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1. I have to take these pills 3 times a day.– Tomorrow …

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1. I can read this book in Italian.– In two years …

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WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

analgesic (n)
antimalarial (adj)
antipyretic (adj)
assign (v)
ATC classification system
brand name		торговое название
burn (n)
cut (n)
fever (n)=pyrexia (n)
generic name		родовое название
hybridoma (n)		гибридома
manufacturer (n)
marine (adj)
mood (n)
official body		официальные инстанции
paracetamol (n)
pharmaceutical formulation		технология приготовления лекарст-венного средства
proprietary name		патентованное название
reduce (v)
replacement (n)
statin (n)
steroidal (adj)
tranquilizer (n)
wound (n)

UNIT 35. ADVERSE SIDE EFFECTS

In this unit:

· speaking on side effects of medications

· discussing the risk groups

· Passive Voice

READING

Read the text and answer the following questions.

1. Why do all medications cause side effects?

2. What unwanted responses of the body do you know?

3. Who do one considers as a child?

4. Why do side effects often occur in the elderly?

 

ADVERSE SIDE EFFECTS

All medications can cause unwanted effects because it is impossible to design a drug that acts only on its target organ or cell. Unwanted responses vary from person to person and from one drug to another; some may cause nausea and constipation, others may produce headache or insomnia, and still others may produce rashes and other allergic conditions. Some side effects appear immediately, others show up years later. In many instances, adverse effects lessen with time or can be eliminated by altering the dosage or trying an alternate drug.

Before taking a medication, it is necessary to ask the prescribing doctor and the pharmacist to list the most common side effects, also the most dangerous ones, and what to do if they should occur. Prior to using it, the doctor should get information if you have ever had either an allergic or severe reaction to a particular drug, food or any other substance, such as food dyes or sulphites. In addition, be sure to make a note of all reactions you have when you begin taken a new medication and relate them to your physician when you have a follow-up visit.

Some people faced an increased risk of adverse side effects because they fall into one of the following groups: children, the elderly, or pregnant and breast-feeding women.

In regard to taking medications, anyone under the age of 12 should be considered as a child. Usually, infants and children are given lower dosages of drugs than adults to compensate for their smaller size and lower body weight. Also, some medications that are safe for adults may be dangerous for a child.

As people age, the liver becomes less efficient at breaking down drugs, and the kidneys may take longer to excrete toxic remnants. As a result, even a regular dosage may produce severe side effects. This risk is complicated by the fact that many elderly people take different drugs simultaneously. Problems usually can be prevented by prescribing a reduced dosage and paying attention to potential drug interactions.

Almost any medication taken by a pregnant woman travels through her bloodstream and into that of the fetus. Some drugs are known to cause birth defects; others retard growth and some cause fetal death. Therefore, any over-the-counter or prescription drug should be taken during pregnancy only after consulting a doctor. Similarly, most drugs taken by a nursing mother can pass into her breast milk and may harm an infant. Consult a doctor beforehand about the safety of medication.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE