Paradigmatic and syntagmatic syntax

GENERAL COMPREHENSION

BE READY TO SPEAK ON:

1. Expressive means based upon absence of logically indispensable elements (ellipsis, aposiopesis, nominative sentences, asyndeton, zeugma).

2. Expressive means based upon the excessive use of speech elements (repetition, framing, anadiplosis, prolepsis, polysydeton).

3. Expressive means consisting in an unusual arrangement of linguistic elements (stylistic inversion).

4. Expressive means based upon interaction of syntactical forms (anaphora, epiphora, parallelism, chiasmus).

5. The connection between parts of the sentence (detachment, parenthetic elements).

DETAILED COMPREHENSION

I. STATE the type of each syntactical EM in the following cases:

1. KEITH (letting go her arms): My God! If the police come – find me here – (He dashes to the door. Then stops) (Galsworthy).

2. He notices a slight stain on the window-side rug. He cannot change it with the other rug, they are a different size (Christie).

3. You would get a scaffolding pole entangled, you would… (Jerome).

4. And only one thing really troubled him, sitting there – the melancholy craving in his heart – because the sun was like enchantment on his face and on the clouds and on the golden birch leaves, and the wind’s rustle was so gentle, and the yew-tree so dark, and the sickle of a moon pale in the sky (Galsworthy).

5. I return it, but should you think fit to invest it for the benefit of the little chap (we call him Jolly) who bears our Christian and, by courtesy, our surname, I shall be very glad (Galsworthy).

6. I love my love and my Love loves me! (Coleridge).

7. And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor/ Shall be lifted – nevermore! (Poe).

8. Down came the storm, and smote again/ The vessel in its strength… (Longfellow).

9. I went to Oxford as one goes into exile; she to London (Wells).

10. Well, Judge Thatcher, he took it [the money] and put it out at interest… (Twain).

11. Women are not made for attack. Wait they must (Conrad).

12. Gentleness in passion! What could have been more seductive to the scared, starved heart of that girl?

13. A dark gentleman… A very bad manner. In the last degree constrained, reserved, diffident, troubled (Dickens).

14. She narrowed her eyes a trifle at me and said I looked exactly like ceila Braganza’s boy. Around the mouth (Salinger).

15. And it was so unlikely that anyone would trouble to look there – until – until – until – well (Dreiser).

16. … the photograph of Lotta Lindbeck he tore into small bits across and across and across (Ferber).

17. It was Mr. Squeer’s custom to… make a sort of report… regarding the relations and friends he had seen, the news he had heard, the letters he had brought down, the bills which had been paid, the accounts which had been unpaid, and so forth (Dickens).

18. His dislike of her grew because he was ashamed of it… Resentment bred shame, and shame in its turn bred more resentment (Huxley).

19. First the front, then the back, then the sides, then the superscription, then the seal, were objects of Newman’s admiration (Dickens).

20. I see what you mean. And I want the money. Must have it (Priestley).

21. He got the medicine and an English Doctor (Kipling).

 

II. SPECIFY the functions performed by syntactical expressive means in the following examples:

1. … I’ve done everything for them. They’ve eaten my food and drunk my wine. I’ve run their errands for them. I’ve made their parties for them. I’ve turned myself inside out to do them favours. And what have I got out of it? Nothing, nothing, nothing… (Maugham).

2. “The result of an upright, sober and godly life,” he laughed, “Plenty of work. Plenty of exercise…” (Maugham).

3. “You have a splendid rank. I don’t want you to have any more rank. It might go to your head. Oh, darling, I’m awfully glad you’re not conceited. I’d have married you even if you were conceited but it’s very restful to have a husband who’s not conceited” (Hemingway).

4. “I’m serious, y’know”, he declared now, with the same dreary solemnity. “I’m not joking. You get me that job out there as soon as you can. I’m serious” (Priestley).

5. “You are. You are worse than sneaky. You are like snake, A snake with an Italian uniform: with a cape around your neck” (Hemingway).

6. “I wouldn’t mind him if he wasn’t so conceited and didn’t bore me, and bore me, and bore me” (Hemingway).

7. I was very angry. “The whole thing is crazy. Down below they blow up a little bridge. Here they leave a bridge on the main road. Where is everybody? Don’t they try and stop them at all?” (Hemingway).

8. “Isn’t it a grand country? I love the way it feel under my shoes” (Hemingway).

9. “Never in my life have I faced a sadder duty. It will always be with me” (Dreiser).

10. “But, Jane, you owe everything to Gilbert”, said Mrs. Tower indignantly. “You wouldn’t exist without him. Without him to design your clothes, you’ll be nothing” (Maugham).

11. In her mother’s lap afterwards Rosemary cried and cried. “I love him, Mother. I’m desperately in love with him – I never knew I could feel that way about anybody. And he’s married and I like her too – it’s just helpless. Oh, I love him so!” (Fitzgerald).

12. The voice in the hall rose high with annoyance: “Very well, then, I won’t sell you the car at all… I’m under no obligation to you at all… an as for your bothering me about it at lunch time, I won’t stand that at all!” (Fitzgerald).

13. “No-! No-! Let her go, you fool, you fool-!” cried Ursula at the top of her voice, completely outside herself (Lawrence).

14. “But I will. I’ll say what you wish and I’ll do what you wish and you will never want any other girls, will you?” She looked at me very happily. “I’ll be a great success, won’t I?” (Hemingway).

15. “She’s brazen, brazen”, burst from Mrs. Davidson. Her anger almost suffocated her (Lawrence).

16. “Oh, all right”. Edna wriggled her shoulders. “Don’t go on and on about it…” (Priestley).

17. “I wouldn’t have a boy. I mean I always wanted girls. I mean girls have got a lot more zip to them. I mean they’re a lot zippier. But let’s go!” (Lardner).

18. Five minutes of crashing through a thicket of chaparral brought them to open woods, where the three horses were tied to low-hanging branches. One was waiting or John Big Dog, who would never ride a night or day again. This animal the robbers divested of saddle and bridle and set free (O’Henry).

 

III. CLASSIFY the expressive devices based upon absence of logically indispensable syntactical units; specify their functions:

1. “What part of the East was you from, anyway?” – “New York State”, said Shark Dodson… (O’Henry).

2. “Gar!” said the first man. “Northwestern Mounted Police! That must be a job! A good rifle and a good horse and no closed season on Indians! That’s what I call Sport!” (Reed).

3. Then somebody I couldn’t see yelled out, so hoarse he couldn’t hardly speak. “Where’d he go?” – “Past the house and out back!” says I, and started to run (Reed).

4. “I love Nevada. Why, they don’t even have mealtimes here. I never met so many people didn’t owe a watch” (Miller).

5. Pain and discomfort – that was all the future held. And meanwhile ugliness, sickness, fatigue (Huxley).

REFERENCES

1. Ивашкин, М.П. Практикум по стилистике английского языка [Текст] / М.П.Ивашкин, В.В.Сдобников, А.В.Селяев. – Нижний Новгород, 1999.

2. Skrebnev, Y.M. Fundamentals of English Stylistics [Текст] / Y.M. Skrebnev. – M., 1994.

FUNCTIONAL STYLISTICS

GENERAL COMPREHENSION

BE READY TO SPEAK ON:

1. The notion of style in functional stylistics.

2. Correlation of style, norm and function in the language.

3. Classifications of the functional styles (of Prof. I.Galperin, Prof. I.Arnold, Prof. Y.Skrebnev, D.Crystal).

DETAILED COMPREHENSION

IDENTIFY the functional style in each of the texts given below and POINT OUT the distinctive features that testify to its specific character.

 

a) It has long been known that when exposed to light under suitable conditions of temperature and moisture, the green parts of plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen to it. These exchanges are the opposite of those, which occur in respiration. The process is called photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water by the chroloplasts of plant cells in the presence of light. Oxygen is the product of reaction. For each molecule of carbon dioxide used, one molecule of oxygen is released. A summary chemical equation for equation for photosynthesis is:

  6CO2 = 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

 

b) You was sharp, wasn’t you, to catch me like that, eh? By Ga-ard, you had me fixed proper, proper you had. Darn me, you fixed me up proper – proper, you did.

 I don’t think no worse of you for it, no, darned if I do. Fine pluck in a woman’s what I admire. That I do indeed.

 We fet from the start, we did. And, my word, you begin again quick the minute you see me, you did. Darn me you was too sharp for me. A darn fine woman, puts us a darn good fight. Darn me if I could find a woman in all the darn States as could get me down like that. Wonderful fine woman you be, truth to sat, at this minute (Lawrence).

 

c) Wal-Mart told to raise German prices

Wal-Mart’s European expansion plans suffered their second blow in a week as the German

competition authority ordered the retailer to raise key prices in its German hypermarkets.

 

  Prince to buy Kirch pay-TV stake

 Prince Al-Valeed of Saudi Arabia plans to buy a 3.2 percent stake in the pay television operation of the German Leo Kirch.

 

 Japanese debt downgraded second time

 The Japanese government was struck a humiliating blow when Moody’s, the US credit rating agency, downgraded Japan’s domestic currency debt for the second time in two years.

 

  SAP prices consultancy at top of range

 SAP, Europe’s largest software group, is likely to price shares in SAP SI, its consultancy. At the top of its book-building range.

 

  Enel subsidiary mulls Infostrada buy

 Enel, Italy’s main electricity utility, expressed strong interest in its telecommunications subsidiary, Wind, buying its Italian fixed-line rival, Infostrada.

d) In your letter of 15^th ultimo you advise us of the problem of finding skilled personnel. In its connection we wish to state that only about 12 percent of skilled workforce is engaged in minor industrial activity associated with servicing the city’s growth.

 We enclose herewith a schedule of the work and the work progress report thereon and we wish to state that among considerations influencing the selection of sites is the desire to maintain residential amenity.

 We wish to state that several specialized industries have been established in terms of article 3 of the said contract.

 

e) “It certainly is great Bourbon!” said Bartlett, smacking his lips and putting his glass back on the tray.

 “You bet it is!” Greg agreed. “I mean you can’t buy that kind of stuff anymore. I mean it’s real stuff. You help yourself when you want another. Mr. Bartlett is going to stay all night, sweetheart. I told he could get a whole lot more of a line on us that way than just interviewing me in the office. I mean I’m tongue-tied when it comes to talking about my work and my success. I mean it’s better to see me out here as I am, in my home, with my family” (Lardner).

REFERENCES

1. Арнольд, И.В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык [Текст]: учеб. для вузов / И.В. Арнольд. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2004.

2. Ивашкин, М.П. Практикум по стилистике английского языка [Текст] / М.П. Ивашкин, В.В. Сдобников, А.В. Селяев. – Н. Новгород, 1999. – С. 26–43.

4. Skrebnev, Y.M. Fundamentals of English Stylistics [Text] / Y.M. Skrebnev. – M., 1994.

PART II

FICTION DECODING

GENERAL COMPREHENSION

BE READY TO SPEAK ON:

1. Stylistics of perception as stylistics of decoding.

2. The theory of information as the basis of decoding stylistics.

2. Text type and style.

3. Style in literature: text and discourse.

4. The analysis of the fiction. Context.

5. Intertextuality.

DETAILED COMPREHENSION

1. FIND in the reference books the definitions of the following terms: “text type”, “genre”, “text”, “discourse”, “context”, “intertextuality”.

2. FIND examples of the intertextuality in fiction.

REFERENCES

1. Арнольд, И.В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык [Текст]: учеб. для вузов  / И.В. Арнольд. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2004.

 

POINT OF VIEW

GENERAL COMPREHENSION

BE READY TO SPEAK ON:

1. Point of view.

2. Third-person points of view.

3. First-person points of view.

4. Second-person points of view.

DETAILED COMPREHENSION

 

1. GIVE a summary of the article "Point of View" from Bedford’s Introduction to Literature.

 

2. DEFINE points of view in the given abstracts and prove it with the examples from the texts. While analyzing follow the questions:

a) What is the point of view: who talks to the reader? Is the point of view consistent throughout the work or does it shift in some way?

b) Where does the narrator stand in relation to the work? Where does the reader stand?

c) To what sources of information does the point of view give the reader access? What sources of knowledge or information does it serve to conceal?

d) If the work is told from the point of view of one of the characters, is the narrator reliable? Does his or her personality, character, or intellect affect an ability to interpret the events or the other characters correctly?

e) Given the author's purposes, is the chosen point of view an appropriate and effective one?

f) How would the work be different if told from another point of view?

 

3. ANALYZE the texts defining the point of view in each abstract.