supposition implying strong probability.

e.g. This film should (ought to) be very good as it has been produced by an excellent artist.

Should” may be used for emotional colouring.

e.g. Why should we argue the point?

Чего ради? С какой стати?

EXERCISES:

1. State the meaning of the modal verbs “should”, “ought”. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1) It’s not an excuse. You ought to have known.

2) It ought to rain a little later in the day.

3) Why should he obey an order given to him by a perfect stranger?

4) He shouldn’t have taken the corner at such speed.

5) It should be about five now.

6) I think you should try.

7) The neighbours saw him enter. He should be somewhere here.

2. Give advice in answer to the following statements. Use the word combinations in brackets:

1) The boy is a little pale (to play out-of-doors).

2) I’m afraid we’ll miss this train (to take a taxi).

3) She may have forgotten all about her promise (to phone and remind her).

4) I have a slight irritation in my throat (to gargle it).

5) This child simply won’t eat soup (not to give her sweets before dinner).

6) She makes a lot of spelling mistakes (to copy passages out of a book).

7) I don’t know which hat to take (to take the one that goes with the coat).

3. Criticize the actions mentioned in the following sentences:

1) We forgot to leave a message for her.

2) We didn’t wait for him. It was beginning to rain.

3) I didn’t put down her address, and I clean forgot it.

4) I didn’t explain to her how to get there.

5) So we told her to her face what we really think of her “wonderful” plan.

6) I have not seen the film. I was busy and did not go.

7) My fountain pen was leaking, so I wrote in pencil.

8) I am afraid I ate too much cake with my tea.

4. Translate into English:

1) Не надо было есть пирожные.

2) Чего ради он должен тебе помогать?

3) Ты бы перечитал работу.

4) Надо было бы предупредить ее.

5) По-моему, тебе следует согласиться.

6) Вам надо было надеть шерстяные носки.

7) Не надо было оставаться там так поздно.

WILL (WOULD)

The verb “will” has the following forms: will (the Present tense), would (the Past tense).

The verb “will” has the following meanings:

With the first person “will” expresses volition, intention.

e.g. I will go to the British Museum.

Habitual actions.

e.g. She will (would) sit for hours under the old oak tree looking at the beautiful country around her.

Persistence, refusal to perform an action.

e.g. Jerome will (would) not give up smoking.

The door will (would) not open.

Polite request.

e.g. Will (would) you pass me the salt?

Order.

e.g. You will do this at once.

Near certainty.

The Indefinite Infinitive is used after the verb “will (would)” with the reference to the present.

e.g. This will (would) be the place she meant.

The Perfect Infinitive is used with the reference to the past.

e.g. The reader will have already noticed that...

That would have been the right place.

Making an offer.

e.g. Will you have a piece of cake?

Issuing an invitation.

e.g. Will you come inside?

SET EXPRESSIONS WITH THE VERB “WILL (WOULD)”:

1. You would, would you? – It corresponds to the Russian: “Ах, ты так!”

2. “Would” may be used to comment on smb’s action.

e.g. He refused to interfere. - He would.

This corresponds to the Russian: “На него похоже.”

SHALL

The modal verb “shall” is used to denote:

Asking for instruction.

e.g. Shall I leave my address with the secretary?

Promice.

e.g. You shall get an invitation card as well.

Warning.

e.g. You shall catch cold if you don’t put on a warm coat.

Threat.

e.g. You shall be sorry.

EXERCISES:

1. State the meaning of the modal verbs “shall”, “will”. Translate them into Russian:

1) She would sit there for hours waiting for the telephone to ring.

2) Now and again the dog would bark.

3) She pointed to the gramophone. “Shall I show you how to work it?”

4) Shall I pull the blinds down?

5) You shall be punished if you don’t tell us the truth.

6) You shall get there in time, I will give you a lift in my car.

7) Will you do me a favour and meet her at the station?

8) The kettle wouldn’t boil.

2. Translate the following sentences into English:

1) Сварить тебе кофе?

2) Ты получишь деньги обратно.

3) Ты промочишь ноги.

4) Ты еще пожалеешь о своих словах.

5) Она не говорит в чем дело.

6) Этот нож не режет.

7) Они, бывало, отдыхали летом на даче.

8) Скажите, пожалуйста, который час.

9) Я схожу в аптеку и выкуплю лекарство.

DARE

The modal verb “dare” has two forms, which are the Present and the Past tense forms (dare - dared). The verb “dare” means “to have the courage to do something”. It corresponds to the Russian “осмеливаться”.

e.g. How dare you talk to me like that?

He dared not look at her.

THE SET PHRASE WITH THE VERB “DARE”:

I dare say – “очень возможно, полагаю, пожалуй”.