Exercise 20 p. 278 Study the following chart. Translate the sentences into Russian.

 

 

Meaning	With a Non-Perfect Infinitive (Present, Future; of past in Reported Speech
Moral obligation, advice, disapproval	You should work harder. The work should be done at once. You should be more careful next time. He should stop smoking. He said that I should thank her. You shouldn’t laugh at his mistake.
Meaning	With a Perfect Infinitive (past, or prior to the moment of speech)
Criticism of a past action (disapproval, reproach, regret)	You should have told him the whole truth. (But you didn’t). She should have been told the truth. (She wasn’t). I should have sent the telegram at once. (I didn’t. I am sorry). You shouldn’t have mentioned the fact in her presence. (But you did). I said that she shouldn’t have let him go so early. (But she had and it was wrong).

 

Exercise 21 p. 279 Express advice, disapproval or reproach about the following statements, using “should”:

Model 1: (a) He smokes too much. He shouldn’t smoke so much.

(b) She doesn’t work hard enough. She should work harder.

 

1. You don’t eat properly. 2. She often shouts at people for no reason at all. 3. I see you are not ashamed of what you have said. 4. They often quarrel about little things. 5. He doesn’t know how to behave. 6. You cross the streets very carelessly. 7. The letter is not written yet. 8. He drives very fast.

 

Model 2: (a) He didn’t take part in the discussion.

           He should have taken part in the discussion.

          (b) She allowed him to go out too early after his illness.

            She shouldn’t have allowed him to go out so early after his illness.

 

1. She didn’t follow the doctor’s advice. 2. We came to the party without an invitation. 3. He upset her by his bad behaviour. 4. They didn’t allow her to go on the excursion. She was so eager to go. 5. They smoked in class. 6. I missed this wonderful chance. 7. He didn’t win first place. He had not trained hard enough. 8. We didn’t let him make another attempt. 9. She went there alone.

Exercise 22 p. 279 Complete the situations, expressing advice, reproach, regret by using ‘should’, mind the form of the infinitive.

 

1. I didn’t know it would rain. (take an umbrella) 2. You can’t afford to make such a mistake again. (be careful next time) 3. Her advice was reasonable. (follow) 4. You are very tired. (have a rest) 5. Where is Mary? (be back long ago) 6. It seems that he forgot all about his promise. (remind about it). 7. I didn’t know the museum was such a long way from here. (take a taxi) 8. They lost their way. (not turn to the left; go straight) 9. It’s going to be a long trip (take sth to eat on the train) 10. Where is the doctor? (send for immediately) 11. He often misses lectures and lessons. (attend regularly) 12. She forgot what she wanted to say (not interrupt).

 

Exercise 23 p. 279 Translate the following sentences, using ‘should’, mind the form of the infinitive:

 

1. Вам надо было сдавать экзамены со всеми остальными студентами. 2. Мне не следовало упускать случай поговорить с ним об этом деле. 3. Этот вопрос надо поднять на следующем заседании. 4. Не надо портить глаза. Зажги свет. 5. Ему следует держать все вещи в порядке и на своих местах, тогда ему не придется искать каждый пустяк. 6. Вы должны были закончить эту работу давно. Вы уже, по-моему, работаете над этой проблемой год. 7. Он сказал, что ей следует прислушаться к голосу разума. 8. Напрасно вы не предупредили ее об изменении в расписании. 9. Они сказали, что вам следовало приехать хотя бы на день раньше.

Need

 

Exercise 24 p. 280 Study the following chart:

 

Meaning	With a Non-Perfect Infinitive (Present, Future; of past in Reported Speech)
Absence of necessity	You needn’t hurry. (There is no need for you to hurry).
	He needn’t speak so loud (Everybody can hear him).
	She said that I needn’t go there.
	With a Perfect Infinitive (past, or prior to the moment of speech)
	You needn’t have come so early. (There was no need for him to come so early, but he did come). She needn’t have translated the article. (But she did translate it). He said that I needn’t have gone there. (But I had gone there).

 

Exercise 25 p. 280 Paraphrase the following sentences, using 'need'.

1. It's not necessary for you to leave so early. 2. It is not necessary for you to repeat it so many times. 3. Why are you talking in a whisper? Nobody is sleeping. 4. It wasn't necessary for you to trouble him. They were quite able to do the work without him. 5. Why did you raise this question again? It had been settled. 6. It wasn't necessary for you to buy a new coat this year. 7. She got worried quite unnecessarily. 8. It was a waste of time to talk to him on the subject.