Do you agree or disagree with these mind? Why?

At the Library.

Libraries are very important in the life of all people. We can't buy all the books we want to read. That's why we take out books from libraries.

A lot of people go to libraries when they have some time to spare. They bring their books to the library and go home taking new books.

The librarians take books from the people who come in and give them some new books to choose for reading at home.

The librarian fills piece of paper in the book in, puts the date on it. Then she fills the person's reading card in.

Speaking about libraries it is necessary to admit that Moscow holds the first place among all the other cities of the world for the number of its libraries. The largest library in the world is the State Lenin Library with an overall fund of 21 million various titles in 166 languages. It has 22 reading-rooms, special halls for scientific reference work, for children and youth, for current periodicals, reference books, manuscripts and for other purposes.

The library has a book exchange service with 60 countries of the world.

I enjoy reading books. And it doesn't matter what kind of book it is. It can be a collection of short stories, a book of poems or adventures. I equally enjoy them all. But there's one thing that matters. When I choose a book for reading, it shouldn't be dull but interesting.

I use to get some of my books from library nearby my house. I must admit our library has a good stock of books and the librarian is always ready to help in one's choice of books. A great number of volumes filled the shelves. One could find there books of adventure stories, historical novels and tales that opened up panoramas of life and history of other countries, psychological novels, collections of short stories, the immortal classics.

Our library subscribes to several newspapers and magazines. They keep us well informed about the latest developments in this country and abroad, news in the spheres of science, art and literature.

Though I attend libraries on a regular basis, I buy quite a lot of books too, particularly those that I read before and enjoyed reading. I like to have them in my room so that I can turn to them not only once but time and again. I derive an utmost pleasure from sitting in the room where my books are and even if I am not reading them, I like to look at the books on the shelves and to feel that I have my friends around me.

Vocabulary:

to buy — покупать to have some time to spare — иметь свободное время to choose— выбирать to fill in — заполнять reading card — карточка читателя to admit — признать to hold the first place — занимать первое место an overall fund of — общий фонд scientific reference work,— работа с научной справочной литературой periodicals — периодические издания reference books — справочники manuscripts — рукописи to be housed — размещаться dull — скучный

a good stock of books — хороший выбор, собрание книг volume — том psychological — психологический novel — роман to subscribe to — подписываться (на периодику) magazine — журнал to keep smb. well-informed — держать в курсе, информировать on a regular basis — регулярно particularly — особенно to enjoy — получать удовольствие time and again — постоянно to derive an utmost pleasure from — получать огромное удовольствие

 

Questions:

I. Why do we take books from libraries?
2. When do a lot of people go to libraries?
3. What do librarians do when people come to libraries?
4. What is there in the pocket of a book?
5. Which city holds the first place in the world for the number of books?
6. What is the largest library of this country?
7. What is the overall fund of the State Lenin Library?
8. What halls are there in the Lenin Library?
9. What books could one find in your college library?
10. Do your college subscribe to any newspapers and magazines?
11. Do you buy books?
12. What do you derive an utmost pleasure from?

Libraries in our life

The book at all times plays a major role in the development of mankind. With the advent of the first books, libraries began to appear. The libraries store in themselves the knowledge and history of the ages. Their primary function is to transfer accumulated knowledge, experience and cultural values ​​to the future generation. Libraries are the main place where people can get the information they need. But unfortunately, with the advent of the Internet, the role of libraries has significantly decreased, because the global network is capable of providing the necessary information in a matter of minutes, which saves a lot of time.

Libraries are different, they contain not only books, but also newspapers and magazines. Libraries have their own archives. Distinguish scientific libraries, public, school. There are many specialized libraries that provide technical and reference literature.

Workers of libraries in various ways try to attract readers: they organize literary evenings, organize circles for interests, courses of foreign languages. The library is a unique place with a special atmosphere, filled with knowledge of the whole world. Silence, the ticking of the clock, the rustle of paper - all this is fascinating and soothing. Previously, many people visited libraries to spend their leisure time reading an interesting book. Now, students, schoolchildren, scientists can always find very rare editions in them.

Recently, electronic libraries have appeared, but unfortunately in the electronic form it is not always possible to find the necessary book. Despite the advent of computerization and digital technologies, there are still enough people who want to visit libraries, sit in a quiet room and wrap themselves in the smell of old books. Is not it beautiful?

Vocabulary:

to appear - появляться to store - хранить to accumulate - аккумулировать value - ценность significantly - значительно to decrease – уменьшаться, снижаться to be capable – быть способным, в состоянии to distinguish - различать, выделять

the rustle of paper – шелест, шуршание to fascinate – очаровывать, восхищать to soothe – успокаивать, умиротворять previously – прежде, раньше rare editions – редкий, уникальный despite – несмотря на to wrap – окружать, окутывать, обволакивать

Finde:

- The primary function of libraries.

- Various ways to attract readers.

- Advantage and disadvantage of electronic libraries.

Anton Chekhov

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was born in 1860 in Taganrog. He studied medicine in Moscow. Though he practised little as a doctor in his lifetime, he was prouder of his medical knowledge than of his writing talent. While in college, Chekhov wrote humorous sketches for comic papers to support his family. He collected the best ones in a book called Motley Stories, which became popular.
Established as a comic writer, Chekhov began writing plays now famous all over the world. He was closely connected with the Moscow Art Theatre. This theatre put on all his plays from The Seagull to The Cherry Orchard with constant success.
Chekhov was chronically ill. Because of his tuberculosis he had to live first in Melikhovo, a village 50 miles from Moscow, and then in the Crimea. He died at 44.
Chekhov had an immense influence on the 20th-century drama. Besides, several generations of writers both in Russia and abroad studied and imitated Chekhov to perfect their own literary style.

 

Vocabulary:

establish – всем хорошо известный, зарекомендовавший себя

to support - поддерживать

immense - огромный, безмерный
playwright - драматург
sketch - очерк
Motley Stories – пестрые рассказы

The Cherry Orchard - Вишневый сад
The Seagull - Чайка
closely - тесно

device - устройство

convenient – удобный

 

Feodor Dostoyevsky

A profound psychologist and philosopher, Dostoyevsky depicted with remarkable insight the depth and complexity of the human soul. His powerful though generally humorless narrative style, his understanding of the intricacies of character, especially the pathological conscience, and his interest in sin and redemption made him a giant among novelists.

Dostoyevsky was born and raised in Moscow. His father, a military surgeon and an alcoholic of despotic temperament, was brutally killed by his own serfs. This event haunted Dostoyevsky all his life and perhaps accounts in part for the preoccupation with murder and guilt in his writings. Dostoyevsky attended military engineering school in St. Petersburg but soon abandoned this career for writing.

His first published work, Poor Folk (1846), which brought him immediate critical and public recognition, reveals his characteristic compassion for the downtrodden. At about this time Dostoyevsky became involved with a group of radical Utopians. The discovery of their illegal printing press brought about their arrest. Dostoyevsky was sentenced to four years in a Siberian penal colony. During this period he suffered great physical and mental pain, including repeated attacks of epilepsy. He abandoned his belief in the liberal, atheistic ideologies of Western Europe and turned wholeheartedly to religion and to the belief that Orthodox Russia was destined to be the spiritual leader of the world. After several years of obligatory military service in Siberia, he was allowed to return to St. Petersburg.

Dostoyevsky joined his beloved brother Mikhail in editing the magazine Time, which serialized The Insulted and The Injured (1861 -1862) and the record of his experience in the penal colony, The House of the Dead (1862). Notes from the Underground (1864), a detailed study of neurotic suffering, began the greatest period of Dostoyevsky's literary career. Crime and Punishment, a brilliant portrait of sin, remorse, and redemption through sacrifice, followed in 1866. His next novel, The Idiot (1868), concerns a Christ figure, a meek and noble man whose effect on those around him is tragic. The Possessed (1871-1872) is a violent denunciation of the leftists and revolutionaries that Dostoyevsky had previously admired. This theme is central to the enormously complex plot and character development of his masterpiece, The Brothers Karamazov (1879-1880), generally thought to be one of the finest novels ever written.

Dostoyevsky died of a lung hemorrhage complicated by an attack of epilepsy.

 

depict depth intricacies conscience sin redemption surgeon haunted abandoned reveals compassion downtrodden

discovery suffer abandoned penal colony remorse redemption  meek noble denunciation plot

 

 

Do the matching.

a.

 

The Insulted and The Injured	Идиот
The House of the Dead	Преступление и наказание
Notes from the Underground	Братья Карамазовы
Crime and Punishment	Бедные люди
The Idiot	Записки из подполья
The Possessed	Униженные и оскорбленные
The Brothers Karamazov	Записки мертвого дома
Poor Folk	Бесы

 

I. Writers.

1. He is the first major US writer of novels. He wrote mostly about frontiersmen and Native Americans. His best-known books include The Last of the Mohicans and The Deerslayer.
2. He is the leading US humorous writer of the 19^th century. His real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens.
3. He is a popular US writer of short stories who was born William Sydney Porter. He began to write in prison after being sent there for stealing money from the bank where he worked. His stories were simple and often humorous, and they usually ended with a surprise.
4. He is a US writer of adventure novels and short stories. Before starting to write he worked as a sailor and went to the Klondike to look for gold, experience which he later used in his books. His best known novel is White Fang.
5. He is a US writer of novels and short stories, which were often about poor people with unhappy lives. He was opposed to the idea of the American dream of success. His best-known books were Sister Carrie and An American Tragedy, both of which were made into films.
6. He is a US writer of novels and short stories. He created a style of writing using short, simple sentences, and received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954. He drove an ambulance during World War I and later worked in France and Spain as a journalist reporting on World War II and the Spanish Civil War.
7. He is a US author of novels, plays and more than 400 stories. He wrote about ordinary people and refused the Pulitzer Prize for his play The Time of Your Life because he did not want rich people to support the arts. His best-known novel is The Human Comedy.
8. He is a US author who received the 1962 Nobel Prize for literature. He often wrote about poor farmers in California. His best-known book include Of Mice and Men, The Grapes of Wrath, Cannery Row and East of Eden.

III. Heroes and Stories

1. He is not educated but is an independent and happy boy. He is a character created by Mark Twain for his novel The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, who he then made the main character in the second book, which is considered one of the greatest American novels. It is about his trip down the Mississippi River with a slave called Jim who has escaped.
2. She is the main female character in the novel Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell. She is a lively woman who uses her charm to get what she wants. She loves Ashley Wilkes, who rejects her because he is already married, so she marries the charming but immoral Rhett Butler, who finally leaves her.
3. He is the main character in a series of very successful books by British author J K Rowling. He is a boy with magical powers (a young wizard) and the books are about his adventures at his school.
4. It is a novel by the US writer Harriet Beecher Stowe which increased support for the movement to free slaves. It is about a kind slave called Tom who is badly treated and finally killed by Simon Legree. Tom’s daughter Eva also dies and another well-known character in the novel is the slave child Topsy. The name “Uncle Tom” is sometimes used as an insult to describe an African American who has too much respect for white people.
5. It is a novel by the US writer F Scott Fitzgerald. The story is about Jay Gatsby, a man who has become very rich through illegal activities, and his attempts to win back his former lover Daisy. The book is regarded as one of the best descriptions of the lives of rich, lazy people in the Jazz Age.
6. It is the best-known poem by Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1845. In it a man is visited by a raven and asks it when he will see his lost lover again. The bird repeatedly answers “Nevermore”.
7. It is a science fiction novel by the American Writer Ray Bradbury about a world in which books are officially forbidden. The book was written during the McCarthy era and it is about many of the issues about freedom of speech which were raised at that time.

IV. Put a tick √ in the right place.

1.Cabbages and Kings

1.London

2.Dreiser

3.O. Henry

4.Steinbeck

5. Bradbury

6. Hemingway

7. Saroyan

8.Cooper

9.Twain

10.Рое

11.Mayne Reid

2.The Call of the Wild

1.London

2.Dreiser

3.O. Henry

4.Steinbeck

5. Bradbury

6. Hemingway

7. Saroyan

8.Cooper

9.Twain

10.Рое

11.Mayne Reid

3.The Prince and the Pauper

1.London

2.Dreiser

3.O. Henry

4.Steinbeck

5. Bradbury

6. Hemingway

7. Saroyan

8.Cooper

9.Twain

10.Рое

11.Mayne Reid

4.Trilogy
The Financier, The Titan, The Stoic

1.London

2.Dreiser

3.O. Henry

4.Steinbeck

5. Bradbury

6. Hemingway

7. Saroyan

8.Cooper

9.Twain

10.Рое

11.Mayne Reid

5.For Whom the Bell Tolls

1.London

2.Dreiser

3.O. Henry

4.Steinbeck

5. Bradbury

6. Hemingway

7. Saroyan

8.Cooper

9.Twain

10.Рое

11.Mayne Reid

6.Love of Life

1.London

2.Dreiser

3.O. Henry

4.Steinbeck

5. Bradbury

6. Hemingway

7. Saroyan

8.Cooper

9.Twain

10.Рое

11.Mayne Reid

 

 

 

 

7. The Snows of Kilimanjaro

1.London

2.Dreiser

3.O. Henry

4.Steinbeck

5. Bradbury

6. Hemingway

7. Saroyan

8.Cooper

9.Twain

10.Рое

11.Mayne Reid

8.The Headless Rider

1.London

2.Dreiser

3.O. Henry

4.Steinbeck

5. Bradbury

6. Hemingway

7. Saroyan

8.Cooper

9.Twain

10.Рое

11.Mayne Reid

9.The Snows of Kilimanjaro

1.London

2.Dreiser

3.O. Henry

4.Steinbeck

5. Bradbury

6. Hemingway

7. Saroyan

8.Cooper

9.Twain

10.Рое

11.Mayne Reid

10.The Old Man and the Sea

1.London

2.Dreiser

3.O. Henry

4.Steinbeck

5. Bradbury

6. Hemingway

7. Saroyan

8.Cooper

9.Twain

10.Рое

11.Mayne Reid

 

V. Crossword
Across:

3. It is a famous novel by the US writer J. Fennimore Cooper "The Last of the........."

5. In the novel "Gone with the Wind" by Margaret Mitchell Scarlett O'Hara marries Rhett...........

Down:

1. It is the sixth book by British author J K Rowling "Harry Potter and the Half -............ Prince".
2. It is Mark Twain's best known book "The Adventure of Tom.........."
3. It is one of the famous Earnest Hemingway's stories "The Old Man and the......."

 

Russian

    Russia is the largest country in the world. It covers eastern part of Europe and northern part of Asia. Total area of Russia is about 17 million square kilometres with the population of about 146 million people.
The official name of Russia is the Russian Federation. The colours of the national flag are white, blue and red. Russia's state emblem is a double headed eagle. The country is a parliamentary republic, which means that the President is the Head of the state. The main law of the country is the Constitution. It guarantees the rights of the citizens.
The country is washed by 12 seas and 3 oceans: the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. Russia borders on many countries: China, Georgia, Finland, Norway, Byelorussia, Ukraine and others. The landscape of Russia is varied. There are highlands in the east, steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, the tundra and the taiga in the north.
There are several mountain chains in this country, too: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest chain is the Urals which separates Russia's European part from its Asian part.
Russia is rich in rivers and lakes. The Volga which flows into the Caspian Sea is the longest river in Russia. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.
There are different types of climate on the territory of Russia. It is very cold in the north, even in summer. In the central part of the country winters are usually cold, summers are very warm. The climate of Siberia is continental: summers are hot and dry, winters are very cold and snowy. In the south of Russia the temperature is usually above zero all year round, even in winter.
Russia is an industrial country. It has a lot of mineral resources: coal, natural gas and iron. There are a lot of large factories and plants all over the country. Russia is also an agricultural country. Russians plant corn, fruit and vegetables.
The capital of Russia is Moscow. Moscow is one of the biggest cities in Europe with the population more than twelve million people. The second largest city in Russia is St. Petersburg. This is a city of numerous monuments, museums and art galleries. The city is on the Neva River.
Russia is a great country with a great culture..

Vocabulary:

above zero - выше нуля be washed by - омываться cover - зд. занимать double headed eagle - двуглавый орел law - закон mountain chain - цепь гор numerous - бесчисленный

parliamentary - парламентская republic -республика plain - равнина population - население state emblem - эмблема государства steppe - степь total area - общая площадь varied - разнообразный

 

What do these numbers mean?

 

three, one hundred forty-six, seventeen, twelve

 

Find on the map:

12 seas; 2 oceans: the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north; China, Georgia, Finland, Norway, Byelorussia, Ukraine; the Ural mountains; the river Volga; the lake Baikal; Moscow, St. Petersburg

 

 

 

Match the words.

coal	natural gas	iron	corn	fruit	vegetables
зерно	овощи	уголь	фрукты	железо	природный газ

 

Write the degrees of comparison of adjectives. Find sentences with them in the text.
large –

long –

deep –

big -

 

Continue the sentences:

The official name of Russia is …

The colours of the national flag are …

Russia's state emblem is …

The country is …

The President is …

The main law of the country is …

Questions:
1. Where is Russia situated?
2. What is the total area of Russia and how many people live in the country?
3. What is the official name of Russia?
4. What can you say about Russian national flag and state emblem?
5. Is Russia a monarchy? What is the main law of the country? Who is the head of the Russian Federation?
6. How many seas and oceans is Russia washed by?
7. What is Russian landscape like?
8. Are there rivers and lakes in Russia? Can you name the biggest ones?
9. What can you say about the climate of Russia?
10. Is Russia an industrial country? Why (not)?

11. What is the capital of Russia?

 

 

Moscow

Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. It was founded over 8 centuries ago by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Historians have accepted the year of 1147 as the start of Moscow history. Gradually the city became more and more powerful. In the 13th century Moscow was the centre of the struggle by Russian lands for the liberation from the Tartar Yoke. In the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united states.

Now Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Its total area is about two thousand seven hundred square kilometres (ancient Moscow occupied the territory of the present-day Kremlin). Our capital is situated on the banks of the Moscow River. he population of the city is about 12,7 million.

The heart of Moscow is Red Square, the central and the most beautiful square in Moscow. Here one can see the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed, or St. Basil’s cathedral, erected by architects Postnik and Barma to commemorate Russia's conquest of the Khanate of Kazan in 1552. It is a masterpiece of Russian architecture. Tourists can also see the monument to Minin and Pozharsky. In was designed by Ivan Martos in 1818 in memory of the Russian victory over the Polish invaders in 1612. The History Museum in Red Square is a magnificent building. Besides, it is one of the major scientific and educational institutions where we can follow the life of the Russian people since ancient times.
But before all Red Square is famous the Kremlin which is situated there. The Kremlin is the oldest historical and architectural centre of Moscow. Its three magnificent cathedrals, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, the palaces and Spassky Tower with the clock attract the tourists' attention. The Czar-cannon and the Czar-bell, the biggest cannon and bell in the world, are also in the Kremlin.
Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament (the Duma) and the centre of the political life of the country.

There are other beautiful palaces, old mansions, cathedrals, churches and monuments in Moscow.
Moscow is also remarkable for its museums. At the Tretyakov Gallery paintings by great Russian artists are collected, and at the Museum of Fine Arts there are masterpieces by European painters, exhibition halls are situated there.
There are a lot of theatres in Moscow. The best-known of them is the Bolshoi Opera House, the Maly Theatre, the Moscow Art Theatre, the Theatre in Taganka and many others but studios are popular too.
Moscow has a number of sportsgrounds and stadiums built or reconstructed for sport’s event.
Moscow has the oldest Russian university, founded in 1755 by Lomonosov. Its new building was opened in 1953. It is 32 storeys high. There are also a great number of schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges, institutes and universities there.

The Metro, opened in 1935, is being constantly extended. Now it has more than 260 stations. It is among of the tourist attractions of the Russian capital. The number of new streets increases every month. Four airports connect it with other parts of our country and many other countries. There are nine railway stations in Moscow. Plenty of green parks, large squares and wide streets make Moscow very attractive.

Vocabulary:

conquest - завоевание, покорение to design - проектировать to erect - воздвигать, сооружать seat- местонахождение sportsground - спортивная площадка yoke - иго institution - учреждение, заведение

invader- захватчик the Khanate of Kazan - Казанское ханство mansion- особняк masterpiece- шедевр to reconstruct - перестраивать

1. Do the matching:

the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great	Красная площадь
the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed	Царь-Колокол
the Spassky Tower	Исторический музей
the Red Square	Колокольня Ивана Великого
the monument to Minin and Pozharsky	Царь-Пушка
the History Museum	Третьяковская галерея
the Czar-cannon	Музей изобразительных искусств
the Czar-bell	Собор Василия Блаженного
the Tretyakov Gallery	Памятник Минину и Пожарскому
the Museum of Fine Arts	Спасская башня

2 What tourists ' attractions are there?

1 2       3  

4     5       6

 7       8       9

10          11        12

Have I played?

Я сыграл?

I have not (=I haven't) played.

Я не сыграл.

He She It has played =(...'s played) Has he she it played? He She It has not played =(hasn't played) We You They have played =(...'ve played) Have we you they played? We You They have not played =(haven't played)

 

Сокращенные формы: I have = I’ve, she has = she’s, we have = we’ve, they have = they’ve, has not = hasn’t, have not = haven’t

 

Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в настоящем времени (have, has) и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола - Past Participle (III -я форма или ed -форма).

Форма Present Perfect имеет временной акцент "до настоящего момента" и употребляется тогда, когда необходимо подчеркнуть, что результат некоего действия, случившегося в прошлом (не важно, непосредственно перед моментом речи или в более отдаленное время), присутствует в настоящий момент, например: I have lost the key. Я потерял ключ. (значит сейчас я без ключа)

Так как это форма настоящего времени и всегда соотносится с моментом речи, то она не употребляется в тех случаях, когда есть обстоятельства, указывающие на время совершения действия в прошлом.

Present Perfect чаще всего употребляется в начале разговора или сообщения, когда возникает необходимость сообщить о каком-то новом событии. Если после этого разговор продолжается о том же событии с целью выяснения различных обстоятельств и подробностей его осуществления, то действие выражается далее в Past Indefinite:

I have seen the film. I saw it in London. – Did you like the film?	Я видел этот фильм. Я видел его в Лондоне. – Тебе понравился этот фильм?
Well, I have had a word with the boss. He said he would think it over.	Ну так вот, я поговорил с начальником. Он сказал, что подумает.

 

Однако если даже в самом начале разговора речь идет о действиях, уже известных собеседникам, то в этом случае сразу употребляется Past Indefinite (например, выясняются детали известного обоим собеседникам события):

Did you have a good trip?

Как ты съездил? (У тебя была хорошая поездка?)

Поэтому форму Present Perfect нужно использовать только тогда, когда это действительно важно по смыслу (подразумевается какая-то связь между этим действием и настоящим моментом). Там же, где в этом нет необходимости (большинство случаев), следует использовать простые формы прошедшего времени.

 

Нужно запомнить, что have ( has, had ) – это позывные формы Perfect.

В сознании наших учащихся эти слова сразу же ассоциируются с понятием " имею " (" у меня есть "). В сознании же англоязычного слушателя они ассоциируются прежде всего с Perfect. Это значит, что если я начинаю фразу с I have …, то он ожидает далее услышать нечто вроде: … done я сделал, … met я встретил, … finished я закончил и т.п.

Точно также и в вопросе, начинающемся с Have you …? англоязычный собеседник ждет формы Prefect, например типа: … seen видели ли вы?, … bought купили ли вы?, … visited посетили ли вы? и т.п.

Для выражения понятия " имею " (" у меня есть ") чаще употребляется выражение have got, в разговоре обычно …’ ve got, или в просторечии просто got. А в аналогичном вопросе – Do you have …?

 

 

Present Perfect употребляется для выражения: (основные случаи употребления) 1. Действия или состояния уже завершившегося к моменту речи, если результат свершившегося имеет значение в настоящий момент.

Дополнительные случаи употребления: 2. Вместо Present Perfect Continuous для выражения действия, начавшегося в прошлом и еще продолжающегося в момент речи (с глаголами, не употребляющимися в формах Continuous). 3. В придаточных предложениях времени для выражения будущего завершенного действия.

 

1 Употребляется для выражения действия или состояния, начавшегося в прошлом и уже завершившегося к моменту речи, если необходимо подчеркнуть, что результат свершившегося имеет значение в настоящий момент. В беседе - назвать впервые, ввести в разговор. Время действия и обстоятельства или совсем не указываются, или время обозначается неопределенно – с помощью неопределенных наречий или слов, обозначающих незаконченные периоды времени. На русский язык переводится прошедшим временем.

I have read this book.	Я прочитал эту книгу. (значит сейчас знаю ее содержание или, теперь могу дать тебе)
I have broken my pencil.	Я сломал свой карандаш. (сейчас им нельзя писать)
He has gone.	Он ушел. (сейчас его здесь нет)
The taxi has arriv ed.	Такси прибыло. (сейчас оно у дома)

 

Примеры использования Present Perfect при передаче фактов, сообщений, новостей:

I have seen Tim with a new girlfriend. She is quite pretty.	Я встретил Тима с новой подружкой. Она довольно хорошенькая.
Do you know about Jack? He has mov ed to a new flat?	Ты знаешь про Джека? Он переехал на новую квартиру.
He has been to England twice.	Он дважды был в Англии.

Примеры из повседневной жизни:

I think I’ve seen you somewhere.	Думаю, что я встречал вас где-то.
Is Clare in? – No, she has gone to the theatre.	Клэр дома? – Нет, она пошла в театр.
Don’t buy the tickets. I’ve bought them.	Не покупай билеты. Я уже их купил.

 

В этой форме также дают оценку свершившимся событиям, суммируют на момент речи сделанное ранее, сообщают о полученном опыте, знаниях:

You have done everything for us.	Вы для нас очень много сделали. (оценка)
I have won.	Я выиграл. (итог в результате)
You have spoil ed everything.	Ты все испортил. (все испорчено сейчас)
I’ve been a fool.	Я был глупцом. (вел себя глупо)

Используют в языке средств массовой информации:

There has been an air-crash in Brasilia.	В Бразилии произошла авиакатастрофа.
Prices have gone up.	Цены выросли.

В общих вопросах:

Have you done your homework? Yes, I have. – No, I haven’t.	Ты сделал домашнюю работу? Да. – Нет.
Have you rung him?	Ты позвонил ему?
Has Mother returned?	Мама вернулась?

В специальных вопросах:

What have they done?	Что они сделали?
Why haven’t you put on your coat?	Почему ты не надел пальто?

 

Особенности употребления:

а) Present Perfect может употребляться с обстоятельственными словами, обозначающими период времени, который еще не закончился:

today сегодня this week на этой неделе this month в этом месяце

this year в этом году this morning сегодня утром

Например:

I haven’t seen Peter today.	Я не видел Петра сегодня.
He has miss ed a lot of classes this week. Он пропустил много занятий на этой неделе.

Но если указанный период времени уже закончился, то употребляется форма Past Indefinite, например:

I have written a letter this morning. (форма Present Perfect)	Я написал письмо сегодня утром. (если разговор тоже происходит утром)
I wrote a letter this morning. (форма Past Indefinite)	Я написал письмо сегодня утром. (если разговор происходит, например, днем или вечером)

 

б) Часто употребляется с наречиями неопределенного времени и частотности если в контексте нет никаких указаний на то, что данное действие относится к прошедшему времени. Их место в предложении: наречия never, ever, often, seldom, already, just – обычно перед смысл. глаголом;

наречия lately, recently, by now, up to now, yet – в конце предложения.

never никогда ever когда-либо often часто seldom редко already уже

just только что lately в последнее время, недавно by now уже, к настоящему времени up to now до настоящего момента yet еще (в вопросах и отрицаниях)

Например:

I’m sure we have never met before.	Я уверен, мы никогда раньше не встречались.
Have you ever been to the Hermitage.	Вы когда-нибудь были в Эрмитаже?
She has already seen this film.	Она уже видела этот фильм.
They have arriv ed by now.	Они приехали уже.

Причем с наречиями lately в последнее время, недавно и just только что всегда употребляется Present Perfect, например:

I have seen many pictures lately.	Я посмотрел много картин за последнее время.
He’s (He has) just gone out.	Он только что вышел.

Однако наречие just now только что, не имея смыслового различия с just, традиционно употребляется с прошедшим временем (Past Indefinite), сравните:

I have just seen him.	Я только что видел его.
I saw him just now.	Я только что видел его.

Примечание: В американском английском чаще используется Past Indefinite, даже при наличии наречий, связываемых обычно с Present Perfect:

The train already left.	Поезд уже ушел.
I just arrived.	Я только что пришел.

 

Дополнительные случаи употребления:

2 Вместо Present Perfect Continuous для выражения действия, начавшегося в прошлом и еще продолжающегося в момент речи с глаголами, не употребляющимися в формах Continuous. При этом обязательно указывается либо весь период времени, в течение которого происходило действие, либо начальный момент этого периода. На русский язык обычно переводитсянастоящим временем (в отрицательных предложениях может переводиться прошедшим временем). Например:

I’ve always lik ed him.	Он мне всегда нравился. (раньше и теперь)
I have liv ed here all my life.	Я живу тут всю свою жизнь.

 

Для обозначения всего периода времени обычно используется предлог for в течение - for a few days в течение нескольких дней, for an hour в течение часа и т.п.

I have known her for years.	Я знаю ее много лет.
I’ve been a teacher for 15 years.	Я преподаю в течение 15 лет.

А для обозначения начальной точки отсчета с которой длится данный период употребляется предлог since - с, например:

I haven’t been here since 1990.

Я не был здесь с 1990 года.

В этом же значении употребляется союз since с тех пор как. При этом в главном предложении употребляется Present Perfect, а в придаточном предложении – Past Indefinite:

We have known each other since we were children.

Мы знаем друг друга с тех пор, как мы были детьми.

В вопросах о продолжительности периода действия обычно употребляются фразы how long сколько времени и since when с каких пор:

How long have you known him?	Сколько времени ты знаешь его?
Since when have you liv ed in London?	С какого времени вы живете в Лондоне?

 

3 Для выражения будущего завершенного действия в придаточных предложениях времени. Употребляется вместо Future Perfect для выражения действия, которое закончится в будущем до того, как произойдет действие главного предложения. Придаточные предложения вводятся союзами времени: after после того как, as soon as как только, before прежде чем, until (till) до тех пор пока… не, while в то время как, пока, when когда и т.п. На русский язык переводитсябудущим временем совершенного вида:

I’ll give you the book after I have read it.	Я дам вам эту книгу, после того как я прочту ее.
Wait till I have finish ed my work.	Подожди, пока я закончу работу.
When we have had tea I’ll show you my collection.	Когда мы попьем чаю, я покажу тебе свою коллекцию.

 

 

1. Поставьте глаголы из скобок в форму Present Perfect. Предложения могут быть утвердительные, отрицательные и вопросительные.

Н-р: I never … (be) to Australia. – I have never been to Australia.

He … (pass) the exam? – Has he passed the exam?

1. We just … (meet) an American actor.
2. Your husband … (sell) the house?
3. I … (not start) my new job yet.
4. You … (be) to New York before?
5. Ann … (not choose) the dessert yet.
6. They … (do) the shopping today.
7. Tom … ever (visit) Disneyland?
8. I just … (see) a horror film.
9. She … (not find) her coat.
10. The cat already … (eat up) the fish.

2. Посмотрите на план подготовки к свадьбе. Напишите о том, что уже сделано, а что - еще нет. Используйте глаголы в Present Perfect и наречия already (уже) и yet (еще не).

Н-р: We haven’t talked to the priest yet.

We have already booked the restaurant.

1. talk to the priest (-)
2. book the restaurant (+)
3. send the invitations (+)
4. buy the rings (-)
5. choose the food (+)
6. confirm the hotel (-)
7. book the wedding procession (+)
8. find the photographer (-)

3. Расставьте слова по порядку. Переведите получившиеся предложения.

1. have – Britain – several – I – to – times – been
2. Spain – since – she – lived – in – 1994 – has
3. five – married – have – they – years – been – for
4. I – coffee – made – already – for – have – you
5. never – Bob – a bike – has – had

4. Поставьте наречия из скобок в нужное место.

1. Have you washed your hands? (already)

2. We have phoned the doctor. (just)

3. Has she ridden a horse? (ever)

4. I have danced the tango. (never)

5. The train hasn’t arrived. (yet)

5. Составьте предложения в Present Perfect, используя for (в течение) или since (с тех пор как).

Н-р: I – not – meet – George – last month. – I haven’t met George since last month.

1. We – know – him – six months.
2. Jack – not – play – hockey – last winter.
3. Mary – be – a real friend – our childhood.
4. They – live – in Tokyo – a long time.
5. My Dad – work – as a builder – three years.

6.

The Past Perfect
Утвердительная форма		Вопросительная форма			Отрицательная форма
... + had + III		Had... + III?			... had not + III
I had (=I'd) played. Я сыграл. (уже, до того как...)		Had I played? Я сыграл?			I had not (=I hadn't) played. Я не сыграл.
He She It We You They	had played =(...'d played)	Had	he she it we you they	played?	He She It We You They	had not played =(hadn't played)

Сокращенные формы: I had = I’d, she had = she’d, had not = hadn’t

Past Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме прошедшего времени (had) и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола - Past Participle (III -я форма или ed -форма).

Past Perfect употребляется для выражения: (основные случаи употребления) 1. Прошедшего действия, совершившегося до определенного момента в прошлом, который определяется: а) обстоятельствами времени; б) другим, более поздним, прошедшим действием; в) ситуацией или контекстом.

Дополнительные случаи употребления: 2. Вместо Past Perfect Continuous для выражения действия, начавшегося ранее в прошлом и еще продолжавшегося в определенный момент в прошлом (с глаголами, не употребляющимися в формах Continuous). 3. В придаточных предложениях времени для выражения будущего завершенного действия по отношению к прошлым событиям.

Past Perfect употребляется для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом. По смыслу эта форма представляет собой "предпрошедшее" время, так как она описывает уже совершенное прошедшее действие по отношению к моменту, также являющемуся прошедшим.

В диалогах эта форма малоупотребительно, чаще встречается в повествованиях, особенно в сложных предложениях. Эта форма используется тогда, когда важно установить последовательность событий в прошлом, тогда более ранние события выражаются формой Past Perfect. На русский язык переводится глаголами прошедшего времени совершенного вида (по желанию можно добавлять слова уже, еще), а иногда и несовершенного в зависимости от смысла предложения.

1 Past Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, состоявшегося до определенного момента в прошлом, который определяется:

а) Обстоятельствами времени более или менее точно указывающими время, к которому действие закончилось:

by two o’clock к двум часам by noon к полудню by Saturday к субботе by the 15th of September к 15 сентября

by then к этому/тому времени by that time к тому времени by the end of the week к концу недели by the end of the year к концу года

Например:

By six o'clock on Sunday I had already learn ed all the words.	К шести часам в воскресенье я уже выучил все слова.
She had left by the 1st of June.	Она уехала (еще) до первого июня.