How to read chemical formulas

 

При чтении химических формул буквы латинского алфавита, обозначающие название элементов, читаются согласно английским названиям букв алфавита.

Знак – обозначает одну связь или единицу родства и не читается.

Знак = читается: give, form, produce.

Знак → читается: give, pass over, lead to.

Знак ↔ читается: forms and is formed from.

Цифра (внизу) после названия элемента обозначает число атомов в молекуле.

Цифра перед названием элемента обозначает число молекул.

 

Примеры:

 

H₂O [‘eit∫ 'tu: 'ou];

 

HNO₃ ['eit∫ 'en 'ou 'θri:];

 

AgNO₃ ['ei'dʒi: 'en 'ou 'θri:];

 

C + O₂ → CO₂: C plus O two give CO two or: one atom of carbon reacted with one two-atom molecule of oxygen and produces one molecule of carbon dioxide;

 

2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O: two molecules of H two plus O two give two molecules of H two O ['tu: 'mɔlikju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: pl ʌ s 'ou 'tu: giv 'tu: 'mɔlikju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: 'ou] или: two two-atom molecules of hydrogen react with one two-atom molecule of oxygen and produce two molecules of water;

 

N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃: N two plus three molecules of H two from and are formed from two molecules of NH three ['en 'tu: plлs 'θri: 'mɔlikju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: 'fɔ:m ənd a: 'fɔ:md frəm 'tu: 'mɔlikju:lz əv 'en 'eit∫ 'θri:]

 

Reading of an equation: Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂

The “plus” sign on the left of the arrow means “reacts with”; the arrow means “forming” or “producing”; and the “plus” sign on the right of the arrow means “and”.

So this equation is read: “One atom of zinc reacts with one molecule of sulphuric acid producing one molecule of zinc sulphate and one molecule of hydrogen”.

 

III

HOW TO READ CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

 

CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO + 2H₂O ['si: 'eit∫ 'fɔ: 'plлs 'tu: 'mɔ likju:lz əv 'ou 'tu: 'givz 'si: 'ou 'plлs 'tu: 'mɔ likju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: 'ou].

 

H⁺+ NaHCO₃ → Na⁺ + H₂CO₄ → Na⁺ + H₂O + CO₂ ['haidrədʒən 'aiən 'plлs 'en 'ei 'eit∫ 'si: 'ou'θri: 'givz 'neitriəm 'aiən 'plлs 'eit∫ 'tu: 'si: 'ou 'θri: 'givz 'neitriəm 'aiən 'plлs 'eit∫ 'tu: 'ou 'plлs 'tu:'si: 'tu:].

 

4HCl + O₂ = 2Cl₂ + 2H₂O ['fɔ: 'mɔ likju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'si: 'el 'plлs 'ou 'tu: 'givz 'tu: 'mɔ likju:lz 'si: 'el 'ənd 'tu: 'mɔ likju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: 'ou].

 

AcOH ↔ AcO⁻ + H⁺ ['ei 'si: 'ou 'eit∫ 'fɔ:mz ənd iz 'fɔ:md frəm 'ei 'si: 'ɔ ksidʒən 'aiən 'plлs 'haidrədʒən 'aiən].

 

AcO −− acyloxy ion.

IV

IRREGULAR VERBS

 

Infinitive	Past Simple	Past Participle
arise [ə'raiz]	arose [ə'rəuz]	arisen [ə'riz(ə)n]
awake [ə'weik]	awoke [ə'wəuk]	awoken [ə'wəukən]
be [bi:]	was [wɔz], were [wз:]	been [bi:n]
bear [bɛə]	bore [bɔ:]	born [bɔ:n]
beat [bi:t]	beat [bi:t]	beaten ['bi:tn]
become [bi:kʌm]	became [bi:keim]	become[bi:kʌm]
begin [bi'gin]	began [bi'gæn]	begun [bi'gʌn]
bend [bend]	bent [bent]	bent [bent]
bet [bet]	bet [bet]	bet [bet]
bind [baind]	bound [baund]	bound [baund]
bite [bait]	bit [bit]	bitten ['bitn]
bleed [bli:d]	bled [bled]	bled [bled]
blow [blou]	blew [blu:]	blown [bloun]
break [breik]	broke [brouk]	broken ['brouk(e)n]
breed [bri:d]	bred [bred]	bred [bred]
bring [briŋ]	brought [brɔ:t]	brought [brɔ:t]
broadcast ['brɔ:dka:st]	broadcast ['brɔ:dka:st]	broadcast ['brɔ:dka:st]
browbeat ['braubi:t]	browbeaten ['braubi:tn]	browbeaten ['braubi:tn]
build [bild]	built [bilt]	built [bilt]
burn [bз:n]	burnt [bз:nt]	burnt [bз:nt]
burst [bз:st]	burst [bз:st]	burst [bз:st]
bust [bʌst]	bust [bʌst]	bust [bʌst]
buy [bai]	bought [bɔ:t]	bought [bɔ:t]
catch [kætʃ]	caught [kɔ:t]	caught [kɔ:t]
choose [tʃu:z]	chose [ʃəuz]	chosen [tʃəuz(ə)n]
come [kʌm]	came [keim]	come [kʌm]
cost [cɔst]	cost [cɔst]	cost [cɔst]
creep [kri:p]	crept [krept]	crept [krept]
cut [kʌt]	cut [kʌt]	cut [kʌt]
do [du:]	did [did]	done [dʌn]
draw [drɔ:]	drew [dru:]	drawn [drɔ:n]
dream [dri:m]	dreamt [dremt]	dreamt [dremt]
drink [driŋk]	drank [dræŋk]	drunk [drʌŋk]
drive [draiv]	drove [drouv]	driven ['drivn]
eat [i:t]	ate [et]	eaten ['i:tn]
fall [fɔ:l]	fell [fel]	fallen ['fɔ:lən]
feed [fi:d]	fed [fed]	fed [fed]
feel [fi:l]	felt [felt]	felt [felt]
fight [fait]	fought [fɔ:t]	fought [fɔ:t]
find [faind]	found [faund]	found [faund]
fit [fit]	fit [fit]	fit [fit]
fly [flai]	flew [flu:]	flown [floun]
forget [fə'get]	forgot [fə'gɔt]	forgotten [fə'gɔt(ə)n]
forgive [fo'giv]	forgave [fo'geiv]	forgiven [fo'givn]
freeze [fri:z]	froze [frouz]	frozen ['frouzn]
get [ get ]	got [gɔt]	got [gɔt]
give [giv]	gave [geiv]	given [givn]
go [gou]	went [went]	gone [gɔn]
grow [grou]	grew [gru:]	grown [groun]
hang [hæŋ]	hung [hʌŋ]	hung [hʌŋ]
have [hæv]	had [hæd]	had [hæd]
hear [hiə]	heard [hз:d]	heard [hз:d]
hide [haid]	hid [hid]	hidden ['hidn]
hit [hit]	hit [hit]	hit [hit]
hold [hould]	held [held]	held [held]
hurt [hз:t]	hurt [hз:t]	hurt [hз:t]
keep [ki:p]	kept [kept]	kept [kept]
kneel [ni:l]	knelt [nelt]	knelt [nelt]
know [nou]	knew [nju:]	known [noun]
lay [lei]	laid [leid]	laid [leid]
lead [li:d]	led [led]	led [led]
lean [li:n]	leant [lent]	leant [lent]
learn [lз:n]	learnt [lз:nt]	learnt [lз:nt]
leave [li:v]	left [left]	left [left]
lend [lend]	lent [lent]	lent [lent]
let [let]	let [let]	let [let]
lie [lai]	lay [lei]	lain [lein]
light [lait]	lit [lit]	lit [lit]
lose [lu:z]	lost [lɔst]	lost [lɔst]
make [meik]	made [meid]	made [meid]
mean [mi:n]	meant [ment]	meant [ment]
meet [mi:t]	met [met]	met [met]
mistake [mis'teik]	mistook [mis'tuk]	mistaken [mis'teik(e)n]
pay [pei]	paid [peid]	paid [peid]
prove [pru:v]	proved [pru:vd]	proven [pru:vn]
put [put]	put [put]	put [put]
quit [kwit]	quit [kwit]	quit [kwit]
read [ri:d]	read [red]	read [red]
ride [raid]	rode [roud]	ridden ['ridn]
ring [riŋ]	rang [ræŋ]	rung [rʌŋ]
rise [raiz]	rose [rouz]	risen ['rizn]
run [rʌŋ]	ran [ræŋ]	run [rʌŋ]
say [sei]	said [sed]	said [sed]
see [si:]	saw [sɔ:]	seen [si:n]
seek [si:k]	sought [sɔ:t]	sought [sɔ:t]
sell [sel]	sold [sould]	sold [sould]
send [send]	sent [sent]	sent [sent]
set [set]	set [set]	set [set]
sew [sou]	sewed [soud]	sewn [soun]
shake [ʃeik]	shook [ʃuk]	shaken ['ʃeik(ə)n]
show [ʃəu]	showed [ʃəud]	shown [ʃəun]
shrink [ʃriŋk]	shrank [ʃræŋk]	shrunk [ʃrʌŋk]
shut [ʃʌt]	shut [ʃʌt]	shut [ʃʌt]
sing [siŋ]	sang [sæŋ]	sung [sʌŋ]
sink [siŋk]	sank [sæŋk], sunk [sʌŋk]	sunk [sʌŋk]
sit [sit]	sat [sæt]	sat [sæt]
sleep [sli:p]	slept [slept]	slept [slept]
slide [slaid]	slid [slid]	slid [slid]
sow [sou]	sowed [soud]	sown [soun]
speak [spi:k]	spoke [spouk]	spoken ['spouk(e)n]
spell [spel]	spelt [spelt]	spelt [spelt]
spend [spend]	spent [spent]	spent [spent]
spill [spil]	spilt [spilt]	spilt [spilt]
spoil [spɔil]	spoilt [spɔilt]	spoilt [spɔilt]
spread [spred]	spread [spred]	spread [spred]
spring [spriŋ]	sprang [spræŋ]	sprung [sprʌŋ]
stand [stænd]	stood [stu:d]	stood [stu:d]
steal [sti:l]	stole [stoul]	stolen ['stəulən]
stick [stik]	stuck [stʌk]	stuck [stʌk]
sting [stiŋ]	stung [stʌŋ]	stung [stʌŋ]
sweep [swi:p]	swept [swept]	swept [swept]
swell [swel]	swelled [sweld]	swollen ['swoul(e)n]
swim [swim]	swam [swem]	swum [swʌm]
swing [swiŋ]	swung [swʌŋ]	swung [swʌŋ]
take [teik]	took [tuk]	taken ['teik(ə)n]
teach [ti:tʃ]	taught [tɔ:t]	taught [tɔ:t]
tear [tɛə]	tore [tɔ:]	torn [tɔ:n]
tell [tel]	told [tould]	told [tould]
think [θiŋk]	thought [θɔ:t]	thought [θɔ:t]
throw [θrəu]	threw [θru:]	thrown [θrəun]
understand [ʌndə'stænd]	understood [ʌndə'stud]	understood [ʌndə'stud]
wake [weik]	woke [wouk]	woken ['wouk(e)n]
wear [wɛə]	wore [wɔ:]	worn [wɔ:n]
weep [wi:p]	wept [wept]	wept [wept]
wet [wet]	wet [wet]	wet [wet]
win [win]	won [wʌn]	won [wʌn]
wind [waind]	wound [waund]	wound [waund]
write [rait]	wrote [rout]	written ['ritn]

 

V