Wilhelm Roentgen and his Discovery

Вариант 2

Выполните анализ лексического состава текста, переведите следующие слова и выражения

to conduct,

to induce,

to appeal,

 to direct,

protection,

to test,

to generate,

 favourite.

was put into operation,

turned to problems,

at their disposal,

the key to splitting,

put all the efforts,

came to the conclusion,

 

                   Kurchatov - Atomic Scientist and Passionate Fighter for Peace (1903-1960)

1. As far as early thirties atomic research was being successfully conducted in our country. Nuclear physics was in need of powerful source of fast particles capable of inducing a nuclear reaction. A group of young research workers, with I. Kurchatov at the head, began investigating the physics of the nucleus of the atom. Their investigations led to a striking discovery of fission of uranium nucleus.

2. Kurchatov understood that the neutron was the key to splitting the atom and he put all his efforts into neutron research. In 1940 Kurchatov came to the conclusion that slow neutron chain reaction was quite possible. But World War II interrupted his work, and all research programs had to be suspended. Physicists turned to problems of such immediate importance as radar and the protection of ships from mines.

3. But by June 1942 our Government had received information that secret work aimed at creating a new powerful weapon was under way in both Germany and the United States. The Government appealed to Kurchatov and his colleagues to direct the Soviet atom bomb project.

4. The building of the Institute of General Inorganic Chemistry in Moscow was placed at their disposal. The beginning of 1945 marked the completion of a cyclotron, built in a very short period of one year. Soon our scientists were celebrating another victory: industry had begun supplying them with the graphite they badly needed.

5. In July 1945 the world was shocked by the monstrous explosion over Hirosima and Nagasaki. It was now essential to complete the work on the atom bomb as quickly as possible. And our scientists succeeded. On September 23,1949 Kurchatov and his colleagues tested the first atom bomb in our country and USA had lost its atomic monopoly. Our country's security was assured. But it was decided that our scientists would continue their work in the field of atom application for peace.

6. On June 27, 1954, the first atomic power plant in the world was put into operation near Moscow. This power generating installation based on tne uranium - graphite reactor was Kurchatov's favourite creation. Later he was carried away by another reactions and he surely declared that the second half of the 20-th century would be the era of thermonuclear energy.

 

Notes

 

As far as early thirties - еще в начале 30-х годов

work... was under way - работа велась

at their disposal - в их распоряжении

badly needed - крайне нуждались

security was assured - безопасность была обеспечена.

 

Проверьте точность понимания прочитанного. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. What did a group of young scientists investigate in early thirties?

 

 

2. What task did the Government put before Kurchatov in 1942?

 

 

3. What happened in July 1945?

 

 

4. When was our country's security assured?

 

 

5. What was Kurchatov's favourite creation?

 

Вариант 3

 

Переведите текст

 

ATOMS. ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Most people are familiar with the idea that the chemical elements which constitute the matter of the. universe are made up of particles called atoms and that an atom is the smallest recognizable particle of an element. These atoms are far too tiny to be seen under the most powerful microscope.

Most people are familiar with the idea that the chemical elements which constitute the matter of the. universe are made up of particles called atoms and that an atom is the smallest recognizable particle of an element. These atoms are far too tiny to be seen under the most powerful microscope.

The ancient Greeks and Romans had ideas about the existence of atoms, but in more modern times Sir Isaak Newton was one of the first scientists to put forward the theory that all matter was composed of them. At the beginning of the last century John Dalton (1766-1844) showed experimentally how this theory could be tested. He is known as the founder of modem atomic theory. Although the existence of atoms had previously been suggested, it was Dalton who showed how many phenomena could be understood only if their existence were a fact. In his atomic theory he assumed definite properties for the atoms which  heconsidered indivisible and indestructable. Although some of his sta­tements are not now interpreted in the same way as he intended, his theory remains one of the fundamentals of science. We now know that there are still smaller particles inside the atom, but even so it is still true to say that the atom is the smallest part of an element that can take part in a chemical change.

How big is an atom? If a drop of water could be enlarged until it was as big as the Earth, the atoms in it would appear about the size of golf balls. Ten million atoms lying side by side would measure less than one inch.

It is very difficult indeed to realize how small atoms really are, but nevertheless their behaviour can be studied through certain experiments.

Matter is composed of tiny particles called the atoms. The atom is a complex unit of various particles, the most important of which are elec­trons, protons and neutrons.

Scientists have found that the differences between atoms of different elements are due to differences in the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and to differences in the arrangement of the electrons sur­rounding the nucleus. The mass of the atom is concentrated almost entirely in the nucleus.

The chemical properties of different elements can be explained by the structure of the atom. Chemical changes involve a shifting of outer (valence) electrons so that a shell is achieved. The activity of metals and non-metals is related to the size of the atom and to the number of electrons in the external orbit.

The valence or combining capacity of an atom is determined by the number of electrons it gains, loses or shares in chemical combination with atoms of other elements. Atoms also may be joined to other atoms by sharing pairs of electrons. This process produces covalent compounds. These are generally gases or liquids with low boiling points. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons by the elements. The process is accompanied by the algebraic increase in valence. Reduction, on the other hand, involves a gain of electrons by the substance reduced. This process is accompanied by an algebraic decrease in valence.

 

Notes

are due to - обусловлены algebraic increase - алгебраическое увеличение

on the other hand - с другой стороны

algebraic decrease - алгебраическое уменьшение

 

Проверьте точность понимания прочитанного.  Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What are all the chemical elements made up of?

 

 

2. What is an atom?

 

 

3. Who is known to be the founder of atomic theory?

 

 

4. What is the atom composed of?

 

 

5. What can the chemical properties of different elements be explained by?

 

 

6. What is the activity of metals and non-metals related to?

 

Переведите слова и выражения из текста на русский язык:

chemical elements,

 universe,

atomic structure,

combinations,

valence,

matter,

existence,

 fundamentals,

 invisible,

behaviour,

a liquid, a loss,

substance

recognizable particle,

boiling points,

 through certain experiments.

 

Вариант 4

 

Ознакомьтесь с общим содержанием контрольного текста.

Выполните анализ лексического состава текста, переведите слова и выражения из текста

conception

chemical nature

positive

negative

solar system

 a negative charge of electricity, a positive electrical charge

  elementary particles, the atomic weight

Составьте план  текста

THE ATOM AND ITS NUCLEUS

 

1. For long the atom was considered indivisible, but during the last seventy years it has been shown that this idea is untrue and that the atom is itself a complicated structure of very much smaller constituent particles.

2.These ideas have led to the present conception of the general structure of the atom, that it consists of a kind of solar system in which particles called electrons play the part of planets and move in orbits round a central sun called the nucleus.

3.The electrons are extremely light and each carries a negative charge of electricity. The nucleus on the other hand is very heavy compared with the electrons. The nucleus carries a positive electrical charge which is of greatest importance as it determines the chemical nature of the atom. In a normal atom the total of all the charges of the electrons must be equal to the charge of the nucleus, so that the atom is electrically neutral.

4.The nucleus is itself made up of elementary particles of which there are two principal sorts: protons and neutrons.

5.Proton is the basic particle of all atomic nuclei. It has a single positive encharge equal to that of an electron which is negative. It is a comparatively heavy particle. Neutron is a particle which is present in all nuclei except hydrogen. It has a mass slightly larger than that of a proton, but no charge, either positive or negative, a property which allows it, when free, to penetrate into all nuclei.

6.All substances on the earth as well as out of it are made up of atoms. There are 92 elements found in nature, and the difference between one element and another is in the structure of its atoms.

7.The number of protons in the nucleus of an element determine its atomic number, whereas the total of protons and neutrons determines its atomic weight

 

Notes:

For long - в течение долгого времени

То play the part - играть роль.

 

Выпишите из текста в две колонки существительные в единственном и множественном числе.

 

 

Вариант 5

Вставьте по смыслу текста в пропуски данные ниже слова

Albert Einstein

 

This German physicist is considered one of ………………. in history. Not only did he shape the way people think of time, space, matter, energy, and gravity but he also was a supporter of Zionism and ……………

Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany, and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his family ……………………. He attended schooling in Munich, which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught himself …………….. at the age of 12.Later his family was forced to move to Milan, Italy where he then decided to withdraw from school at the age of 15. Eventually, he realized that he had to finish secondary school. On the other hand, he still often …………… to study physics on his own. At age 22, he became …………. On the other hand, he published five major research papers at the age of 26.The first paper was ……………….. in 1905.The second paper laid the base of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, …………... The paper remade the theory of light. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are …………….     ……………. are practical applications of Einstein's discoveries.The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, contained the «special theory of relativity». He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and the speed of light is constant and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe. ……………. was a mathematical addition to the special theory of relativity. His fifth paper was his ……………….. In 1921, Einstein won ……………… for physics for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity.In 1933, he moved to the USA where he became a citizen in 1940. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey, America on April 18,1955.

 

1. peaceful living.

2. owned a small shop

3. unimaginative and dull

4. Euclidean geometry

5. a Swiss citizen

6. on Brownian motion

7. struck by light

8. televisions

9. the fourth

10. general theory of relativity

11. the Nobel Prize

12. the world's greatest thinkers

13. skipped class to study physics on his own

14. titled quanta or photons

 

 

Вариант 6

Вставьте по смыслу текста в пропуски данные ниже слова

 

Albert Einstein

 

This German ………… is considered one of the world's greatest thinkers ……….. Not only did he shape the way people ……………., and gravity but he also was ………………… and peaceful living.

Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, …………….., and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his family owned a small shop. He attended …………….. in Munich, which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught himself ………… at the age of 12.Later his family was forced to move to ………….., Italy where he then decided to withdraw from school at the age of 15. Eventually, he realized that he had …………….. On the other hand, he still often skipped classto study physics on his own. At age 22, he became ……………. On the other hand, he published five major research papers at the age of 26.The first paper was onBrownian motion in 1905.The second paper laid the base of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, titled quanta or photons. The paper remade the theory of light. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are struck by light. ………… are practical applications of …………... The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, contained the «special theory of relativity». He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and the speed of light is constant and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe. The fourth was …………… to the special theory of relativity. His fifth paper was his general theory of relativity. …………, Einstein won the Nobel Prize for physics for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity.In 1933, he moved to the USA where he became a citizen in 1940. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey, America ………………

 

1. in history

2. think of time, space, matter, energy

3. a supporter of Zionism

4. Euclidean geometry

5. Milan

6. a Swiss citizen

7. Televisions

8. a mathematical addition

9. In 1921

10. on April 18,1955

11. physicist

12. to finish secondary school

13. schooling

14. Germany

15. Einstein's discoveries

 

Вариант 7

Вставьте по смыслу текста в пропуски данные ниже слова

Albert Einstein

 

This German physicist ……….. one of the world's greatest thinkers in history. Not only did he shape the way people think of time, space, matter, energy, and gravity but he also was a supporter of Zionism and peaceful living.

…………. was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany, and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his …………… a small shop. He …………….., which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught himself Euclidean geometry ……………... Later his family was forced to move to Milan, Italy where he then decided to ………... Eventually, he realized that he had to finish secondary school. On the other hand, he still often skipped classto study physics on his own. ………….., he became aSwiss citizen. On the other hand, he published ………………. at the age of 26.The first paper was onBrownian motion in ………... The second paper laid the base of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, titled quanta or photons. The paper remade ……………. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are struck by light. Televisionsare …………… of Einstein's discoveries.The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, contained …………….. He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and the speed of light is constant and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe. The fourth was ………….. to the special theory of relativity. His fifth paper was his general theory of relativity. In 1921, Einstein won …………… for physics for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity. …………, he moved to the USA where he became a citizen in ………. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey, America on April 18,1955.

1. withdraw from school at the age of 15

2. is considered

3. family owned

4. attended schooling in Munich

5. at the age of 12

6. аt age 22

7. Einstein

8. 1940

9. in 1933

10. the Nobel Prize

11. a mathematical addition

12. the «special theory of relativity

13. practical applications

14. the theory of light

15. 1905

16. five major research papers

 

 

Вариант 8

 

Вставьте по смыслу текста в пропуски данные ниже слова

 

Albert Einstein

 

This …………. is considered one of the world's greatest thinkers in history. Not only did he shape the way people think of time, space, matter, energy, and gravity but he also ……………….

Einstein was born on ……………… in Ulm, Germany, and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his family owned a small shop. He attended schooling in Munich, which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught ……….. Later his family was forced to move to Milan, ……………. where he then decided to withdraw from school ……….. Eventually, he realized that he had to finish secondary school. On the other hand, he still often …………………….. At age 22, he became aSwiss citizen. On the other hand, he published ………….. at the age of 26.The first paper was on ………… in 1905.The second paper ……….. of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, titled quanta or photons. The paper remade ………….. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are struck by light. Televisionsare practical applications of Einstein's ………… The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, contained the «special theory of relativity ». He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and ……………… and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe. The fourth was a mathematical addition to the special theory of relativity. His fifth paper was his general theory of relativity. In 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize ………….. for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity. In 1933, he moved to the USA where he …………... Einstein died in Princeton, …………., America on April 18,1955.

 

1. skipped class to study physics on his own

2. the theory of light

3. was a supporter of Zionism and peaceful living

4. at the age of 15.

5. German physicist

6. Italy

7. five major research papers

8. laid the base

9. March 14, 1879

10. himself Euclidean geometry at the age of 12

11. Brownian motion

12. for physics

13. discoveries.

14. five major research papers

15. the speed of light is constant

16. New Jersey

17. became a citizen in 1940

 

Вариант 9

Ознакомьтесь с содержанием текста

Вариант 10

Becquerel and Radioactivity

1. Within four months of the discovery of X-rays, Becquerel (1852-1909) in France thinking that X-rays must have something to do with luminosity, tried to find other bodies - mineralsand salts - showing similar properties. Becquerel's father had a magnificent collection of phosphorescent substances, and here was something like a real accident in the history of science again. He selected uranium salt and he saw that it showed the properties of radioactivity. The new mysterious rays from uranium were also capable to penetrate into matter, and they were produced without any apparatus, spontaneously, from apparently inert and permanent chemicals.

2. This was an ever greater shock to the physical and chemical ideas of the 19-th century. This was a shock to the doctrine of the conservation of energy.Where did the energy which was so apparent in these new radioactive compounds come from? It could only come from the atom itself. A very little amount of radioactive material gave off appreciable amounts of energy. This proved that energy was contained in the atom in the quantities undreamt of by users of the energies.

3.Once radioactivity was discovered scientific progress was fast - much faster, indeed than in any earlier period in the history of science.

Notes:

have something to do - имеют что-то общее

undreamt of - невообразимый.

 

Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

• What did Becquerel try to do?

• What was a shock to the doctrine of the conservation of energy?

• How did the discovery of radioactivity influence the scientific progress.

 

Albert Einstein

This German physicist is considered one of the world's greatest thinkers in history. Not only did he shape the way people think of time, space, matter, energy, and gravity but he also was a supporter of Zionism and peaceful living.

Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany, and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his family owned a small shop. He attended schooling in Munich, which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught himself Euclidean geometry at the age of 12.

Later his family was forced to move to Milan, Italy where he then decided to withdraw from school at the age of 15. Eventually, he realized that he had to finish secondary school. On the other hand, he still often skipped class to study physics on his own.

At age 22, he became a Swiss citizen.

On the other hand, he published five major research papers at the age of 26.

The first paper was on Brownian motion in 1905.

The second paper laid the base of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, titled quanta or photons. The paper remade the theory of light. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are struck by light. Televisions are practical applications of Einstein's discoveries.

The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, contained the «special theory of relativity». He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and the speed of light is constant and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe.

The fourth was a mathematical addition to the special theory of relativity. His fifth paper was his general theory of relativity.

In 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize for physics for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity.

In 1933, he moved to the USA where he became a citizen in 1940. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey, America on April 18,1955.

 

 

1. What is Albert Einstein famous for?

2. Why did Albert usually skip classes usually?

3. Why did Albert Einstein get doctorate in 1905?

4. Why was Einstein's second paper important?

5. What did the third paper contain?

 

5. What was presented in the fourth paper?

7. What theory did Einstein propose in his fifth paper?

 

8. What did Albert Einstein win the Nobel Prize for?

 

 

Вариант 12

 

Crimean Legend

 

Long-long ago in the Crimean village there were problems with water. So, the men dug seven wells that started to give some water to the local people.
Once, a German man was chosen as the head of the village. He was a wise man and he offered the people to take water free. So everybody was happy to get as much water as they needed.
That man had seven sons. The youngest, whose name was Fritz was the healthiest and strongest in the family. In his childhood he noticed that when some water was taken from the wells, it splashed on the ground. So he didn’t like that and once said to his father, “When I grow up, I’ll ask the village dwellers to pay for the water from the wells. They splash too much water on the ground”. “On, no!” said his father, “water is the most precious thing in this land. It should be free.”
A few years passed. The old German died. Then his six sons died of some disease one by one, and Fritz was made head of the village. He immediately made his wish come true. He said to the villagers that from that day they should pay for the water from the wells. All the wells were locked and Fritz kept the keys to the wells.
One day the village dwellers decided to rebel against Fritz because he told them they wouldn’t have any water for one day.
An old soldier came to the village. He was tired and thirsty and asked for some pure water. Fritz didn’t let him drink because the soldier had no money to pay for it. The soldier begged Fritz to help him. But it was all in vain. When the soldier was dying, he cursed Fritz.
After his death one of the wells was open but the water disappeared from it. When Fritz’s servant opened the other six wells and found no water there, he told it to his master. Fritz was furious. Thus he was punished for his cruelty.

EXERCISES:

1. Find in the text the English equivalents:

выкопали семь колодезей, глава деревни, проливалась на землю, самая драгоценная вещь на земле, он тотчас же осуществил своё желание, не позволил ему попить, умолял, всё это было напрасно, вода исчезла из колодца

2. Answer the questions:

1) Why did the men dig seven wells?
2) Who was chosen the head of the village?
3) How many sons did the German have?
4) What did Fritz dislike in childhood?
5) When did Fritz make his wish come true?
6) What did Fritz do with the wells?
7) Why couldn’t the old soldier drink any water from the well?
8) What happened to the wells after the soldier’s death?

 

 

Вариант 13

Text 1

Toscanini was a great musician. He lived in America. One day he came to a very little town. He was walking along the street when he saw a piece of paper in one of the windows. He read:

MRS.SMITH.MUSIC LESSONS.

TWO DOLLARS A LESSON.

Then Toscanini heard the music. Somebody was playing Tchaikovsky.

“Mrs. Smith is playing,” he thought, “she isn’t a very good musician. She doesn’t play Tchaikovsky well. I must show her how to play it.”

He went up to the door of the house and rang. The music stopped and soon a woman opened the door.

“Are you Mrs. Smith?” asked Toscanini. “My name is Toscanini and I want to show you how to play Tchaikovsky.”

Mrs. Smith was very glad to meet the great musician. She asked him to come in. Toscanini played Tchaikovsky for her and went away.

A year later Toscanini visited the same town again. When he went up to the house where he had played Tchaikovsky the year before he again saw a piece of paper. Now it read.

MRS.SMITH. (TOSCANINI’S PUPIL)

MUSIC LESSONS.

FOUR DOLLARS A LESSON.

1. Put “+” if the sentence is right and “-“if it is wrong.

1. Toscanini came to a very little town.
2. He liked how Mrs. Smith was playing.
3. He wanted to play the piano for her.
4. Tchaikovsky visited Mrs. Smith one day.
5. Mrs. Smith was a teacher of music.

Answer the questions.

1. Where did Toscanini live?
2. Toscanini was a great musician, wasn’t he?
3. Did he want to show Mrs. Smith how to play?
4. What did he see in one of the window?
5. Did he think that Mrs. Smith was playing well?

Вариант 14

In 1608 an Englishman whose name was Thomas Coryate visited Italy. He liked the country and noted down every interesting thing he found. But there was one thing which he found more interesting than the others. In his diary Thomas wrote, “When the Italians eat meat, they use small forks. They don’t eat with hands because, as they say, do not always have clean hands”. Before leaving for England, Thomas Coryate bought a few forks. At home Thomas gave a dinner party to show the invention to his friends. When the servant brought the steak, he took out a fork and began to eat like they did in Italy. Everybody looked at him in surprise. When he told his friends what it was, they all wanted to take a good look at the strange thing. All his friends said that the Italians were very strange people because the fork was very inconvenient. Thomas Coryate tried to prove the opposite. He said it was not nice to eat with one’s fingers because they were not always clean. Everybody got angry at that. Did Mr. Coryate think that people inEngland always had dirty hands? And weren’t the ten fingers they had enough for them? Thomas Coryate wanted to show that it was very easy to use the fork. But the first piece of meat he took with the fork fell to the floor. His friends began to laugh and he had to take the fork away. Only fifty years later people in England began to use forks.

1. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. In 1608 an Englishman whose name was Thomas Coryate visited Italy.

 

1. But there was one thing which he found more interesting than the others.

 

1. He said it was not nice to eat with one’s fingers because they were not always clean.

 

1. But the first piece of meat he took with the fork fell to the floor.

2. Answer the questions:

1. Why did the Italians eat with the forks?

 

2. What did he give at home to show the invention of the Italians?

 

 

1. Why did his friends begin to laugh?

 

1. When did people in England begin to use forks?

3. Correct according to the contents of the text:

1. They eat with the hands because, as they say, do not always have clean hands.
2. Everybody got happy at that.
3. Only seventy years later people in England began to use forks.
4. When the servant brought the steak, he took out a knife and began to eat like they did in Italy.

4. Put 5 questions to the text.

Вариант 15

London

London is the capital of Great Britain. London is a very old town. London is two thousand years old. Many years ago London was a small town on the Thames. There were a lot of villages round it. After many years London and three hundred villages grew into a very large city. Some of the names of those villages are the names of the streets in modern London-Kensington, Westminster.

Now London is a beautiful city with large squares and parks. The city of London is the business centre. East End includes the poor districts. West of London is the West End where rich people live. Trafalgar Square is in the centre of the West End of London. In the centre of Trafalgar Square there is the column made of granite. On the top of the column there is a 17-feet-tall statue of Admiral Nelson who defeated the French at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1809. The total high of the monument is 184 feet (44 meters).On the pedestal is a bronze relief cast from a captured French cannon, representing Nelson’s victory. On the North side of Trafalgar Square is the National Gallery. The National Gallery has one of the finest collections of pictures in the world.

Trafalgar Square is one of the busiest place in London, where people go to and from the work, it is hard to cross the street.

1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. What is the capital of Great Britain?

 

1. How many years is London?

 

1. What includes the poor districts?

 

1. Where do rich people live?

 

1. Where is the Admiral Nelson column?

Продолжите предложение.

1. On the top of the column …
2. London is two…
3. On the north side…
4. The total high…
5. There were…

3. Какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста “+”, а какие не соответствуют “-”

1. London is a new town.
2. London is on the Thames.
3. The West End of London is a place where rich people live.
4. In London there aren’t a lot of squares and parks.

Вариант 16

The Christmas Tree

No one _1_ for sure who decorated the first Christmas tree. The_2_ of bringing an evergreen tree indoors and _3_ it at Christmas started in Germany. One _4_ says that Martin Luther started the practice. Luther was an important Christian_5_. According to the story, he noticed the starlit sky as he walked home one Christmas Eve about the year 1513.He thought the stars looked as if they were shining on the branches. When he arrived home, Martin Luther placed a small fir tree _6_ his house. He decorated it with lighted candles.

Decorating Christmas trees became _7_ in Germany. Prince Albert of Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, the German husband of Queen Victoria, took the tradition to England. Both German and English people brought it to America. And now nearly every family in Great Britain and the USA has a _8_ tree.

The biggest Christmas tree in Britain is put up in Trafalgar Square in _9_.

The people of Norway still give this tree every year to the _10_ to thank them for helping Norway against Hitler in the second World War.

1. Chose the right answer:

1. a) knows	2. b) begins	3. c) decides	4. d) is
5. a) tree	6. b) legend	7. c) story	8. d) custom
9. a) showing	10. b) giving	11. c) putting	12. d) decorating
13. a) story	14. b) legend	15. c)fairy	16. d) novel
17. a) man	18. b) saint	19. c) leader	20. d) woman
21. a) inside	22. b) outside	23. c) upside	24. d) offside
25. a) comfortable	26. b) beautiful	27. c) public	28. d) popular
29. a) Christmas	30. b) fir	31. c) pine	32. d) birch
33. a) London	34. b) Paris	35. c) Moscow	36. d) Madrid
37. a) French people	38. b) British people	39. c) Irish people	40. d) Russian people

2. Answer the questions:

1. Where was started the tradition of decorating Christmas tree?

 

1. Who started this tradition?

 

1. Who brought it to Britain?

 

1. Why do people of Norway still present a tree to Britain?

Вариант 17

THE STORY OF MY TROUBLES

From my childhood I was an easily taught and obedient boy. My kindness was so noticeable that my friends made fun of me. I was especially fond of animals and had a great number of pets. With these I spent most of my time, and never was so happy as when feeding and playing with them. My character did not change much when I grew up. I married early, and was happy to find in my wife a character very much like my own. Seeing my love for pets she never lost a chance of getting the most pleasant animals. We had birds, gold-fish, a fine dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat. This cat was a remarkably large and beautiful animal, quite black and surprisingly clever. In speaking of his cleverness, my wife, who was a superstitious woman, often mentioned the old popular belief, which considered all black cats to be in disguise. Pluto- this was the cat’s name-was my favourite pet and playmate. I alone fed him, and he followed me everywhere about the house. It was even with difficulty that I could prevent him following me through the streets. Our friendship lasted for several years, during which my character (I blush to confess it) had changed for the worse. I became day by day more moody and irritable. It often happened that I hurt the feelings of others; I suffered myself as I was rude to my wife. At last I even hit her. My pets, of course, could feel the change in my character. In fact, I began to treat them cruelly. As for Pluto, I held back from cruelty as I did treat cruelly the rabbits, the monkey, or even the dog when they came in my way. But my illness took hold of me- for what other illness is like alcohol!- and at last even Pluto,who was now becoming old, even Pluto began to feel the effects of my temper.

1. Answer the questions:

1. What kind of pets do they have?

 

1. What was the cat’s name?

 

1. Was he a kind man?

 

1. How long did their friendship last?

3. Name antonyms:

Happy

beautiful

kind

black

 begin

 

 

 

Вариант 2

Выполните анализ лексического состава текста, переведите следующие слова и выражения

to conduct,

to induce,

to appeal,

 to direct,

protection,

to test,

to generate,

 favourite.

was put into operation,

turned to problems,

at their disposal,

the key to splitting,

put all the efforts,

came to the conclusion,

 

                   Kurchatov - Atomic Scientist and Passionate Fighter for Peace (1903-1960)

1. As far as early thirties atomic research was being successfully conducted in our country. Nuclear physics was in need of powerful source of fast particles capable of inducing a nuclear reaction. A group of young research workers, with I. Kurchatov at the head, began investigating the physics of the nucleus of the atom. Their investigations led to a striking discovery of fission of uranium nucleus.

2. Kurchatov understood that the neutron was the key to splitting the atom and he put all his efforts into neutron research. In 1940 Kurchatov came to the conclusion that slow neutron chain reaction was quite possible. But World War II interrupted his work, and all research programs had to be suspended. Physicists turned to problems of such immediate importance as radar and the protection of ships from mines.

3. But by June 1942 our Government had received information that secret work aimed at creating a new powerful weapon was under way in both Germany and the United States. The Government appealed to Kurchatov and his colleagues to direct the Soviet atom bomb project.

4. The building of the Institute of General Inorganic Chemistry in Moscow was placed at their disposal. The beginning of 1945 marked the completion of a cyclotron, built in a very short period of one year. Soon our scientists were celebrating another victory: industry had begun supplying them with the graphite they badly needed.

5. In July 1945 the world was shocked by the monstrous explosion over Hirosima and Nagasaki. It was now essential to complete the work on the atom bomb as quickly as possible. And our scientists succeeded. On September 23,1949 Kurchatov and his colleagues tested the first atom bomb in our country and USA had lost its atomic monopoly. Our country's security was assured. But it was decided that our scientists would continue their work in the field of atom application for peace.

6. On June 27, 1954, the first atomic power plant in the world was put into operation near Moscow. This power generating installation based on tne uranium - graphite reactor was Kurchatov's favourite creation. Later he was carried away by another reactions and he surely declared that the second half of the 20-th century would be the era of thermonuclear energy.

 

Notes

 

As far as early thirties - еще в начале 30-х годов

work... was under way - работа велась

at their disposal - в их распоряжении

badly needed - крайне нуждались

security was assured - безопасность была обеспечена.

 

Проверьте точность понимания прочитанного. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. What did a group of young scientists investigate in early thirties?

 

 

2. What task did the Government put before Kurchatov in 1942?

 

 

3. What happened in July 1945?

 

 

4. When was our country's security assured?

 

 

5. What was Kurchatov's favourite creation?

 

Вариант 3

 

Переведите текст

 

ATOMS. ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Most people are familiar with the idea that the chemical elements which constitute the matter of the. universe are made up of particles called atoms and that an atom is the smallest recognizable particle of an element. These atoms are far too tiny to be seen under the most powerful microscope.

Most people are familiar with the idea that the chemical elements which constitute the matter of the. universe are made up of particles called atoms and that an atom is the smallest recognizable particle of an element. These atoms are far too tiny to be seen under the most powerful microscope.

The ancient Greeks and Romans had ideas about the existence of atoms, but in more modern times Sir Isaak Newton was one of the first scientists to put forward the theory that all matter was composed of them. At the beginning of the last century John Dalton (1766-1844) showed experimentally how this theory could be tested. He is known as the founder of modem atomic theory. Although the existence of atoms had previously been suggested, it was Dalton who showed how many phenomena could be understood only if their existence were a fact. In his atomic theory he assumed definite properties for the atoms which  heconsidered indivisible and indestructable. Although some of his sta­tements are not now interpreted in the same way as he intended, his theory remains one of the fundamentals of science. We now know that there are still smaller particles inside the atom, but even so it is still true to say that the atom is the smallest part of an element that can take part in a chemical change.

How big is an atom? If a drop of water could be enlarged until it was as big as the Earth, the atoms in it would appear about the size of golf balls. Ten million atoms lying side by side would measure less than one inch.

It is very difficult indeed to realize how small atoms really are, but nevertheless their behaviour can be studied through certain experiments.

Matter is composed of tiny particles called the atoms. The atom is a complex unit of various particles, the most important of which are elec­trons, protons and neutrons.

Scientists have found that the differences between atoms of different elements are due to differences in the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and to differences in the arrangement of the electrons sur­rounding the nucleus. The mass of the atom is concentrated almost entirely in the nucleus.

The chemical properties of different elements can be explained by the structure of the atom. Chemical changes involve a shifting of outer (valence) electrons so that a shell is achieved. The activity of metals and non-metals is related to the size of the atom and to the number of electrons in the external orbit.

The valence or combining capacity of an atom is determined by the number of electrons it gains, loses or shares in chemical combination with atoms of other elements. Atoms also may be joined to other atoms by sharing pairs of electrons. This process produces covalent compounds. These are generally gases or liquids with low boiling points. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons by the elements. The process is accompanied by the algebraic increase in valence. Reduction, on the other hand, involves a gain of electrons by the substance reduced. This process is accompanied by an algebraic decrease in valence.

 

Notes

are due to - обусловлены algebraic increase - алгебраическое увеличение

on the other hand - с другой стороны

algebraic decrease - алгебраическое уменьшение

 

Проверьте точность понимания прочитанного.  Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What are all the chemical elements made up of?

 

 

2. What is an atom?

 

 

3. Who is known to be the founder of atomic theory?

 

 

4. What is the atom composed of?

 

 

5. What can the chemical properties of different elements be explained by?

 

 

6. What is the activity of metals and non-metals related to?

 

Переведите слова и выражения из текста на русский язык:

chemical elements,

 universe,

atomic structure,

combinations,

valence,

matter,

existence,

 fundamentals,

 invisible,

behaviour,

a liquid, a loss,

substance

recognizable particle,

boiling points,

 through certain experiments.

 

Вариант 4

 

Ознакомьтесь с общим содержанием контрольного текста.

Выполните анализ лексического состава текста, переведите слова и выражения из текста

conception

chemical nature

positive

negative

solar system

 a negative charge of electricity, a positive electrical charge

  elementary particles, the atomic weight

Составьте план  текста

THE ATOM AND ITS NUCLEUS

 

1. For long the atom was considered indivisible, but during the last seventy years it has been shown that this idea is untrue and that the atom is itself a complicated structure of very much smaller constituent particles.

2.These ideas have led to the present conception of the general structure of the atom, that it consists of a kind of solar system in which particles called electrons play the part of planets and move in orbits round a central sun called the nucleus.

3.The electrons are extremely light and each carries a negative charge of electricity. The nucleus on the other hand is very heavy compared with the electrons. The nucleus carries a positive electrical charge which is of greatest importance as it determines the chemical nature of the atom. In a normal atom the total of all the charges of the electrons must be equal to the charge of the nucleus, so that the atom is electrically neutral.

4.The nucleus is itself made up of elementary particles of which there are two principal sorts: protons and neutrons.

5.Proton is the basic particle of all atomic nuclei. It has a single positive encharge equal to that of an electron which is negative. It is a comparatively heavy particle. Neutron is a particle which is present in all nuclei except hydrogen. It has a mass slightly larger than that of a proton, but no charge, either positive or negative, a property which allows it, when free, to penetrate into all nuclei.

6.All substances on the earth as well as out of it are made up of atoms. There are 92 elements found in nature, and the difference between one element and another is in the structure of its atoms.

7.The number of protons in the nucleus of an element determine its atomic number, whereas the total of protons and neutrons determines its atomic weight

 

Notes:

For long - в течение долгого времени

То play the part - играть роль.

 

Выпишите из текста в две колонки существительные в единственном и множественном числе.

 

 

Вариант 5

Вставьте по смыслу текста в пропуски данные ниже слова

Albert Einstein

 

This German physicist is considered one of ………………. in history. Not only did he shape the way people think of time, space, matter, energy, and gravity but he also was a supporter of Zionism and ……………

Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany, and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his family ……………………. He attended schooling in Munich, which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught himself …………….. at the age of 12.Later his family was forced to move to Milan, Italy where he then decided to withdraw from school at the age of 15. Eventually, he realized that he had to finish secondary school. On the other hand, he still often …………… to study physics on his own. At age 22, he became …………. On the other hand, he published five major research papers at the age of 26.The first paper was ……………….. in 1905.The second paper laid the base of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, …………... The paper remade the theory of light. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are …………….     ……………. are practical applications of Einstein's discoveries.The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, contained the «special theory of relativity». He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and the speed of light is constant and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe. ……………. was a mathematical addition to the special theory of relativity. His fifth paper was his ……………….. In 1921, Einstein won ……………… for physics for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity.In 1933, he moved to the USA where he became a citizen in 1940. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey, America on April 18,1955.

 

1. peaceful living.

2. owned a small shop

3. unimaginative and dull

4. Euclidean geometry

5. a Swiss citizen

6. on Brownian motion

7. struck by light

8. televisions

9. the fourth

10. general theory of relativity

11. the Nobel Prize

12. the world's greatest thinkers

13. skipped class to study physics on his own

14. titled quanta or photons

 

 

Вариант 6

Вставьте по смыслу текста в пропуски данные ниже слова

 

Albert Einstein

 

This German ………… is considered one of the world's greatest thinkers ……….. Not only did he shape the way people ……………., and gravity but he also was ………………… and peaceful living.

Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, …………….., and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his family owned a small shop. He attended …………….. in Munich, which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught himself ………… at the age of 12.Later his family was forced to move to ………….., Italy where he then decided to withdraw from school at the age of 15. Eventually, he realized that he had …………….. On the other hand, he still often skipped classto study physics on his own. At age 22, he became ……………. On the other hand, he published five major research papers at the age of 26.The first paper was onBrownian motion in 1905.The second paper laid the base of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, titled quanta or photons. The paper remade the theory of light. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are struck by light. ………… are practical applications of …………... The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, contained the «special theory of relativity». He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and the speed of light is constant and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe. The fourth was …………… to the special theory of relativity. His fifth paper was his general theory of relativity. …………, Einstein won the Nobel Prize for physics for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity.In 1933, he moved to the USA where he became a citizen in 1940. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey, America ………………

 

1. in history

2. think of time, space, matter, energy

3. a supporter of Zionism

4. Euclidean geometry

5. Milan

6. a Swiss citizen

7. Televisions

8. a mathematical addition

9. In 1921

10. on April 18,1955

11. physicist

12. to finish secondary school

13. schooling

14. Germany

15. Einstein's discoveries

 

Вариант 7

Вставьте по смыслу текста в пропуски данные ниже слова

Albert Einstein

 

This German physicist ……….. one of the world's greatest thinkers in history. Not only did he shape the way people think of time, space, matter, energy, and gravity but he also was a supporter of Zionism and peaceful living.

…………. was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany, and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his …………… a small shop. He …………….., which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught himself Euclidean geometry ……………... Later his family was forced to move to Milan, Italy where he then decided to ………... Eventually, he realized that he had to finish secondary school. On the other hand, he still often skipped classto study physics on his own. ………….., he became aSwiss citizen. On the other hand, he published ………………. at the age of 26.The first paper was onBrownian motion in ………... The second paper laid the base of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, titled quanta or photons. The paper remade ……………. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are struck by light. Televisionsare …………… of Einstein's discoveries.The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, contained …………….. He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and the speed of light is constant and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe. The fourth was ………….. to the special theory of relativity. His fifth paper was his general theory of relativity. In 1921, Einstein won …………… for physics for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity. …………, he moved to the USA where he became a citizen in ………. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey, America on April 18,1955.

1. withdraw from school at the age of 15

2. is considered

3. family owned

4. attended schooling in Munich

5. at the age of 12

6. аt age 22

7. Einstein

8. 1940

9. in 1933

10. the Nobel Prize

11. a mathematical addition

12. the «special theory of relativity

13. practical applications

14. the theory of light

15. 1905

16. five major research papers

 

 

Вариант 8

 

Вставьте по смыслу текста в пропуски данные ниже слова

 

Albert Einstein

 

This …………. is considered one of the world's greatest think