Определите функцию выделенного слова.

1. It is interesting to read English books in the original form

2. I have a house. It is very nice and comfortable.

3. My mother doesn’t actually know that man, standing over there.

4. One can hardly imagine our city without “Plotinka”.

5. Can I have one green tea, please?

6. Which shoes would you like to try on? The black ones.

7. That is a wonderful story about a small girl.

8. The population of Russia is smaller than that of the USA.

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Text № 1

Greenwich and Windsor

Greenwich is a very beautiful parkland and picturesque spot in the outskirts of London, on the bank of the river Themes. The Thames, a major waterway of England, flows from Cotswolds to the North Sea and is about 210 miles long. It flows via Oxford, Reading and London.

Greenwich is famous for Greenwich Mean Time, the Royal Observatory and the National Maritime Museum.

The National Maritime Museum tells the story of Britain and the sea. The star attraction of the Museum is the Neptune Hall, which explains the development of boats from prehistoric times to the present day. In the Nelson’s galleries you can see the uniform jacket with a bullet hole in the left shoulder, which Nelson was wearing when he was fatally wounded at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

The old Observatory is part of the Maritime Museum and consists of a few historic buildings, high on the Hill above the Thames. Early telescopes and time-measuring instruments are displayed in Flamsteed House where John Flamsteed, the first Astronomer Royal, lived. The large Gate Clock measures Greenwich Mean Time, the standard by which time is set all round the world. And you can stand astride the Greenwich Meridian, marked by a brass strip crossing the Observatory courtyard.

Tourists enjoy visiting Greenwich. They can get there by train or by boat and it’s not far from the centre of London. There is a special tunnel beneath the Thames to Greenwich. It is called the Greenwich Foot Tunnel. There are two elevators on both banks of the river.

Londoners and tourists enjoy expeditions by steamer down the Thames from Westminster to Greenwich. They pass under the bridges, and see the grim walls of the Tower of London. It was a fortress and a prison for hundreds of years. When a ship moves under Tower Bridge, a bell rings

Windsor lies 34 km west of London and is famous, first and foremost for Windsor Castle, the residence of the royal family. Many parts of this historic castle are open to the public while some other parts are always closed and some are closed when the royal family is in residence.

The site of Windsor Castle was first defended by William the Conqueror in 1070, and for the next 900 years the building was continually enlarged, growing from a medieval castle to a vast and complex royal palace.

The most impressive of all the castle buildings is St. George’s Chapel, a masterpiece of perpendicular Gothic architecture. The State Apartments, which are closed to the public, comprise 16 rooms, and each is a treasure house of superb furniture, porcelain, and armour. The rooms are decorated with carvings by Grinling, Gibbons, ceilings by Verrio and works from the royal collections. They include Van Dyck’s paintings.

Part of Windsor Central Railway Station has now been converted to a waxworks museum run by Madame Tussaud’s, recreating the scene in 1879 when a special train arrived here to celebrate Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee. Queen Victoria, the longest running monarch in Britain, who lived in 1837–1901. It symbolizes the unity of the nation, the British Empire and the progress of the nation in the 19^th century.

Техt № 2

Styles of Management

In the past two centuries managers of industry have taken, in general, two broadly different positions regarding management's social responsibilities. They are: «the 1aissez-faire» and the «paternal». The laissez-faire style of management is characterized by a devotion to the rigorous of the free market. Such managers feel no obligation to their employees outside the workplace, since the primary aim of a firm has been the maximization of profit. The paternal style of management, however, assumes that the firm has obligations to its workers outside the workplace and to the larger community.

The laissez-faire style of management represents a sort of combination of laissez-faire economic theory and the Protestant ethic. In this view the owner or manager has no responsibility for the welfare of the workers outside the immediate working situation and a person's situation in life is a reflection of his intrinsic merit in the eyes of God. The wages and other labour costs incurred by the firm are the result of competitive market conditions. In this view, then, the manager's responsibility to his employees begins and ends with operating the firm in such an efficient manner that it is able to meet competition in the market place.

If all business managers similarly followed a policy of intelligent self-interest, the broad social interests of society would be better served than by any other policy. Paternalism begins with the assumption that management has a social responsibility to the communities in which its plants has been located. It means social responsibility management should take. In the early part of the 19th century the industrialist and social reformer Robert Owen was the first manufacturer to back up words about management's social responsibilities with a program of action.

Owen was concerned with the social and economic conditions of workers and believed that the economic success of an enterprise did not have to depend upon exploitation of labour. In the mill town of New Lanark, Scot., Owen built workers' housing, schools, and a store that had been far superior to contemporary standards for workers' communities. The philosophy Robert Owen developed had been influential in the development of the cooperative movement in England.

When Henry Ford started the industrial world with his announcement of the $5-a-day wage in 1914, he followed it with steps designed to help workers make good use of their increasing affluence. The company already had a small legal department set up to help workers with the complicated problem of home buying, and then Ford established what he called a sociology department. It was staffed with social workers who made home visits to workers' families to provide advice and help on family problems.

The rise of unions in the mass production industries of the United States in the 1930s helped to persuade executives that a paternalistic approach to labour and community relations was no longer feasible one. Extensions of management's social responsibilities were now achieved through collective bargaining. Still, these broader benefits, such as pensions and health insurance, were limited to the workers and their immediate families. There was a tendency to assume that any responsibility for the welfare of the community as a whole should be assumed by government.

 

Техt № 3