Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form.

1. We just (paint) the house and it (look) very nice. 2. When you (graduate) from the University? – Last year. 3. The classroom (clean) in five minutes and we (have) a lesson. 4. While I (have) lunch my sister called me. 5. They (get) married next month and they (want) you to come to the wedding. 6. I cannot give you a lift because my car (break) down last week, now it (repair). 7. Which hotel she (stay) in when she (come) to Moscow? 8. When I (see) her tomorrow, I (tell) her this news. 9. The furniture (deliver) next week. 10. We (have) our holidays now. 11. You (talk) to the manager about your promotion yet? – No. I think I (do) it tomorrow. 12. He is quite famous. His articles often (publish) in some national newspapers. 13. I (keep) to this diet for two months. I already (lose) ten kilos. 14. Listen! Somebody (play) the violin. 15. When you (come) to help me? – Maybe next Friday.

MODAL VERBS

Translate the sentences into Russian. Comment on the modal verbs.

Can/could/be able to

1. He can swim really well. 2. I could not come yesterday because I had to look after Margaret. 3. Can/could I keep this book for a week, please? 4. You can’t cross the street here. 5. Maybe one day I will be able to speak Chinese. 6. I learned to swim very early in my life. I could swim when I was three. 7. Could we have our room key, please? -Certainly, sir.

May/might

1. May I ask you a personal question? 2. You may not go out so late. 3. He might have a rest for an hour. 4. You may not smoke in public places. 5. She looks pale. She may be ill. 6. Do you hear the sound? What is it? – I don’t know. It may be a mouse.

Must/have to/be to

1. Don't you know cigarettes are bad for you? You mustn’t smoke. 2. You must do exercise to keep fit. 3. He had to go to hospital to be operated on. 4. We have a lot of work so you will have to work overtime. 5. I'm going to do a parachute jump next week. - But you're seventy-three years old! You must be mad.6. You don’t have to get up early tomorrow. It’s Sunday. 7. The conference is to start working on June, 11. 8. We were to meet at the cinema.

Should/ought to

1. You should take this medicine three times a day. 2. He ought to speak up, granny can’t hear well. 3. Why should we go there? 4. You worry too much. You should not take everything so seriously.

Needn’t/ don’t (doesn’t, didn’t, will not) have to

1. You needn’t worry, I’ll take care of the kids. 2. Must I go there immediately? – No, you needn’t. You may do it tomorrow. 3. You don’t have to buy it if you don’t like it. 4. He didn’t have to go into so many details. We knew the subject well.

Choose the right modal verb.

1. I (сan/could/might) play tennis in my youth, but I (can, could, cannot, couldn’t) play it any more. 2. We (mustn’t, don’t have to, can’t) leave yet. We've got plenty of time. 3. Bill is in the darkroom developing the negatives of the photos he took on his last trip to Peru. You (needn’t, mustn’t) open the door because the light will ruin the pictures. 4. Our luggage is very heavy. We (must, have to, are to) take a porter. 5. I am not usually very good at tennis, but yesterday I (can, could, was able to) beat my brother. 6. The conference (must, has to, is to) open in a few days. 7. I hear Laura has been offered a job at a top computer firm. - That's wonderful. She (may, must) be very pleased. 8. You look very tired. I don't think you (should, are to, can) workso hard. 9. You (needn’t, mustn’t) bring sandwiches. We can stop at a cafe. 10. John (is to, can, ought to)visit his parents more often. They miss him.

Complete the sentences using the correct form of modal verbs.

1. She is in trouble. We... help her. 2. Mrs. Lawrence has to wear glasses. She... see very well. 3. You... tell it to anyone. It's a secret. 4. When I entered the house I... smell something burning in the kitchen. 5. I think Tom … acceptthe job offer. 6. My grandmother liked music. She... play the piano very well. 7. That dress you bought yesterday is very good quality. It... be very expensive. 8. They... announce the winners on April 12^th. It's scheduled. 9. The car broke down so we... walk. 10. Do you know if David is at home? - He... be in his office but I am not sure.

Translate into English.

1. Не могли бы вы помочь мне передвинуть мебель? 2. Он умеет играть в теннис? 3. Можно войти? 4. Вы не должны перебивать (interrupt) учителей, это невежливо. 5. Музей должен открыться в начале мая. 6. Ей следует больше времени проводить с детьми. 7. Передайте мне те книги, пожалуйста. 8. Она могла часами рисовать, когда была подростком. 9. Нам приходится вставать очень рано. 10. Мартин поступил в Оксфорд. Должно быть, он очень умен.

 

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ НА МЕЖСЕССИОННЫЙ ПЕРИОД

ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ

 

THE CASTLE OF GOLSHANY

1. Read the text and translate it into English in a written form.

2. Ask 4-5 questions on the text covering its contents.

 

Golshany is located at the crossroads of routes leading from Novogrudok to Oshmyany and Smorgon. The Golshanski Count Family used to on the place since 13^th till the 16^th century. In 1525 after the marriage of Countess Yelena Golshanskaya to Pavel Sapega the borough of Golshany became property of the Sapega family.

Golshany boasts a 17^th century Roman Catholic Church and an 18^th baroque monastery. Among other architectural monument, the tourists will see a 19^th century marketplace with a stone market, and stone houses of local merchants built in the 18-19^th century. However, the major architectural gem of the place is the palace-and-castle ensemble built in the 17^th century as Pavel Stephan Sapega’s residence. The interior of the Castle of Golshany featured numerous frescos, stained-glass windows, moulded fireplaces, floors paved with terracotta ceramic tiles. There was a labyrinth of stone cellars under the castle, which used to be jocularly called a stone flower of mannerism.

The North War and the Swedish troops had no mercy on one of Belarus’ most beautiful castles. However, the devastation was fully accomplished in 1880 when the last owner of the castle would opt to blow up the towers and the walls in order to use the bricks from building a tavern. What have left of the ensemble are two corner towers, the north-east and the north-west parts of the palace.

The history of the old castle keeps Golshany tragic love story. Once upon a time young man Gremislav Valyuzhinich fell in love with Hanna-Gordislavu Golshanskaya. The girl reciprocated, but the princess's father - a proud and vengeful tycoon knew about their secret meetings. A cruel father ordered to immure the boy in one of the five-foot thickness of the walls of the castle. From then until the present day the sad shadow of the Black Monk (so nicknamed him the locals) roams through the galleries and cellars of the castle, bringing terror to the bystanders. According to witnesses the ghost appears regularly in the moonlight near the ruined castle walls, protecting them from intruders.

The place gave the Belarusian literature classic Vladimir Korotkevich the inspiration to write a bestseller book “The Black Castle of Golshany”.

 

KREVO CASTLE RUINS

1. Read the text and translate it into English in a written form.

2. Ask 4-5 questions on the text covering its contents.

Krevo, a small Belarusian village, played an important historical role. On hilly terrain at the point where the river Krevyanka and the river Shlyachtenka join, they built the first all-stone fortress intended to restrain inroads by the knights of the Teutonic Order against the lands of the Great Duchy of Lithuania.

Decorated form the inside with frescos, the stone walls of the castle were 2,5 meters thick and 13 meters high. The central tower of the castle was in fact sitting on a dungeon that served as a prison where Count Keistut, Olgerd’s brother was strangled by his nephew Jagiello. Keistut’s son fled from the castle dressed up as a woman.

In the summer of 1385 the castle saw the singing of the Krevo Treaty – a dynastical union between the Great Dutchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, which resulted in Jagiello marrying Poland throne heiress 14-year-old Jadwiga.

The hard times for the castle began in the early 16^th century when the Tatars and then the troops of Moscow laid siege to the citadel.

By the early 19^th century the castle totally lost its former prominence and stood abandoned. WWI left the citadel lying in ruins. However, the walls surrounding the principle fortress have remained intact, except for the towers.

Today there is a thick air of legends around the castle ruins. The local people would tell tourists about a church that fell through the ground and vanished along with the parish because of the deadly sins they had committed; about an underground passage leading from the castle dungeons straight to Vilnius; a beautiful princess that was bricked up alive in the castle wall. Legend has it that after dusk one can hear the sound of the clatter of horse-shoes, horses neighing and swords clinking.

Besides the ruins, one can observe a pagan temple on St. Yuri’s Hill and an amulet boulder – one of the four that used to lie at the entrance to Krevo un order to protect the town against trouble and disease.

 

 

ФАКУЛЬТЕТ СЛАВЯНСКОЙ ФИЛОЛОГИИ

 

ABOUT THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

 

1. Read the text and translate it into English in a written form.

2. Ask 4-5 questions on the text covering its contents.

English is one of the most important and widely used languages. British colonial expansion in the 17^th, 18^th and 19^th centuries took the English language all over the world. Except Britain it became the official (or the second official) language of the USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa and other countries. Economic, political and cultural influence of these countries in the world contributed to further spread of English in the 20^th century. As a result we have a unique phenomenon in history: about 1 500 million people live in countries where English is used and taught. In fact it has become the language of international communication.

The English we study is known as Standard English. Standard English is the official language used in Great Britain. It is taught at schools and universities. It is used in literature, by the press, the radio and television and spoken by educated people.

Besides Standard English there are very many local dialects in Great Britain. Under the influence of Standard English taught at school and the speech cultivated by the radio, television and the cinema the local dialects are undergoing a change. The old local dialects are mainly preserved in the countryside and for the most part in the speech of elderly people.

A few words should be said about Cockney English. It is known at least by name to a large number of people living outside the English speaking countries. Cockney is a class dialect spoken by about two million working-class Londoners – Cockneys – in the East of London. It differs from Standard English by its peculiar pronunciation.

As a result of geographical separation English spoken outside the British Isles has developed certain differences in vocabulary and pronunciation but less in grammar. Contacts with other languages have also left their mark on English outside Great Britain. Contacts with various native languages, as for example, with Red Indian language in America, the languages of the Australian aborigines and the Maori in New Zealand have introduced new elements into the English vocabulary.