Особенности употребления некоторых прилагательных и наречий

1) В английском языке после глаголов-связок употребляются только прилагательные. В качестве глагола-связки могут употребляться следующие глаголы состояния и чувственного восприятия:

to be (am, is, are, was, were и т. д.) – быть to become – становиться to feel – чувствовать себя to get – становиться to look – выглядеть

to seem – казаться to smell – пахнуть to sound – звучать to stay – оставаться to taste – иметь вкус

The weather is fine. – Погода чудесная.

I feel bad. – Я чувствую себя плохо.

It is getting late. – Становится поздно.

His voice sounded strange. – Его голос звучал странно.

Между глаголом-связкой и прилагательным может стоять наречие, которое относится к прилагательному. Сравните:

I feel terrible. – Я чувствую себя ужасно.

I feel terribly tired. – Я чувствую себя ужасно уставшим.

 

2) В английском языке существуют слова, которые по внешним признакам напоминают наречия (заканчиваются на –ly), но при этом являются прилагательными:

costly – дорогостоящий elderly – пожилой friendly – дружелюбный likely – вероятный

lonely – одинокий orderly – упорядоченный silly – глупый timely – своевременный

friendly people – дружелюбные люди

an elderly couple – пожилая пара

Для образования наречий, соответствующих этим прилагательным, используются конструкции со словами way, manner:

in a silly way – глупо

in a timely manner – своевременно

 

3) В английском языке некоторые наречия не отличаются по форме от соответствующих им прилагательных:

daily – ежедневно; ежедневный early – рано; ранний far – далеко; далекий fast – быстро; быстрый left – налево; левый little – мало; маленький

long – долго; долгий monthly – ежемесячно; ежемесячный straight – прямо; прямой weekly – еженедельно; еженедельный well – здоровый; хорошо yearly – ежегодно; ежегодный

I pay my bills monthly. – Я оплачиваю счета ежемесячно. (monthly – наречие)

I receive a monthly salary of $500. – Я получаю ежемесячную зарплату в 500 долларов. (monthly – прилагательное)

 

4) Многие английские наречия имеют две формы: одну, оканчивающуюся на суффикс –ly, и другую, совпадающую с прилагательным (без суффикса –ly). При этом наречие с суффиксом –ly обычно отличается по значению от наречия без суффикса. Сравните:

close – близко closely – внимательно

deep – глубоко (прям.) deeply – сильно, глубоко (перен.)

first – впервые, сначала firstly – во-первых

free – бесплатно freely – свободно

hard – усердно hardly – едва

high – высоко (прям.) highly – весьма, высоко (перен.)

late – поздно lately – недавно

most – очень, весьма mostly – главным образом

near – близко nearly – почти

wide – широко widely – везде, значительно

I could hardly believe my eyes. – Я едва мог поверить своим глазам.

You have been working very hardlately. – Вы работали очень усердно в последнее время.

He got up late and missed his bus. – Он встал поздно и опоздал на автобус.

 

I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. Korea is one of the (fastest / most fast) developing countries in the world.

2. Statistics say that women drive (more carefully / most carefully) than men.

3. A growing proportion of Belarusians are (elder / older) than 60 years of age.

4. We have the second (most large / largest) market share in Europe.

5. The simple ideas are usually the (most cleverest / cleverest).

6. Important tasks are (most easily / easiliest) performed in the morning.

7. Please, send us your (last / latest) catalogue and price list.

8. The new Personnel Director set about creating a (better / more good) atmosphere among the employees.

9. Nothing is (worse / more bad) than missing a flight because of traffic.

10. Belarus is going to play host to the (next / nearest) international forum.

11. As a statesman I often receive threats, but some are (realer / more real) than others.

12. We managed to implement our project without (farther / further) difficulties.

13. The production of hi-tech instruments is one of the (most rapidly / rapidliest) growing industries nowadays.

14. When it comes to energy, they say, efficiency is (cheaper / more cheaper) than fuel.

15. The fact that labour costs are (lower / more low) in other countries puts us at a tremendous disadvantage.

16. Being the chairman, Mr. Wright is the (most powerful / powerfullest) person on the committee.

17. Mr. Monty and Mr. Peterson entered the room; the formerwas the sales representative and the (last / latter) was his assistant.

18. I’m glad that English isn’t my first language because otherwise I would have missed the opportunity to learn the (most fine / finest) language in the world.

19. The Obama Administration is unlikely to close the Guantánamo Bay prison until 2018 at the (earliest / most early).

20. Putting the (most good / best) applicants for the job on a short list enables us to select the (suitablest / most suitable) candidate.

 

II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. Actions speak (louder / loudest) than words.

2. Nowadays e-mail is a lot (more efficient / most efficient) than P-mail.

3. I hope the project continues to run as (more smoothly / smoothly) as it has so far.

4. Don’t drive any (fastest / faster) – there’s a speed limit here.

5. Women have lost as (much as / more than) they have gained by achieving equality.

6. You left work a little bit (more early / earlier) than usual this afternoon.

7. The fall of the Belarusian ruble is getting (more and more / most and most) dramatic.

8. The conference was a little disappointing. It was (less interesting / more interesting) than I expected.

9. A senior officer’s salary is several times (as high / higher than) as that of an average worker.

10. Shopping online is (much more secure / many more secure) than many people think.

11. Food and emergency aid must be provided for the area (as quickly / so quickly) as possible.

12. (The longer / The longest) the strike goes on, (the more / the most) difficult it will be to find a solution.

13. The accommodation was far (more expensive / more expensive) than she could afford.

14. The personal pensions market is growing (bigger and bigger / more and more big).

15. The flight to New York was not as (comfortable / more comfortable) as I had expected.

16. The Academy of Public Administration is much (most prestigious / more prestigious) than any other institution training civil servants in Belarus.

17. (The more / The most) responsibilities the lawmakers place on the people, (the less responsible / the least responsible) the people will be.

18. Our chances of recovery from the slowdown are getting (smaller and smaller / smallest and smallest) every day.

19. He earns twice (as much as / more than) me although he’s only half as (well qualified / better qualified).

20. (The bigger / The biggest) the company and (the larger / the largest) its costs, (the greater / the greatest) the opportunity to see tremendous efficiencies.

 

III. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1. The best things in life are (freely / free).

2. I checked the form (careful / carefully) but didn’t notice the mistake.

3. There’s been a lot of talk about European integration (late / lately).

4. The skilled workers in the Production Department are (good / well) paid.

5. Do you feel (awkward / awkwardly) in social situations?

6. Mexico and Europe agreed to work (closer / more closely) together to fight the financial crisis.

7. The position of legal adviser is (currently / current) vacant.

8. We aim to settle all our affairs (timely / in a timely manner).

9. Ms Hugo invested (most / mostly) of her money in commercial shares.

10. The plane arrived (lately / late) so I missed the start of the meeting.

11. You will certainly be promoted; the boss thinks very (high / highly) of you.

12. I was so excited that I (hard / hardly) slept the night before the interview.

13. When running business correspondence, make sure the envelope is (correctly / correct) addressed.

14. It is discouraging to see how (bad / badly) the affairs of our nation are sometimes managed.

15. People who are paid a (month / monthly) salary often pay their bills (in a monthly way / monthly).

16. The rise in the cost of living bears (hard / hardly) on old people living on fixed incomes.

17. Overtime bonus is a payment made to an employee when they work (more longly / longer) than regular working hours.

18. Being (friendly / in a friendly way) to others and smiling often makes you seem (confident / confidently).

19. It is (wide / widely) believed that politicians are people who can’t be (full / fully) trusted.

20. Simon told everyone he would pass the centralised test (easy / easily), so he was (deep / deeply) embarrassed when he came (last / lastly) in the class, with 40 %.

 

IV. Раскройте скобки, употребив прилагательное или наречие в соответствующей степени сравнения:

1. Nowadays prices are rising (fast) than incomes.

2. Even (carefully) prepared plans can go wrong.

3. They say that the (high) you climb, the (far) you fall.

4. Which of these three candidates is (little) likely to win the Presidency?

5. He took this news (quietly) than I expected.

6. In the IT sector people have to work (hard and hard) to get promotion.

7. Tom prefers to be alone. He is (sociable) person in the office.

8. Could you please stay a few minutes (long)?

9. (Fast) we can improve quality, (profitable) we will become.

10. An opportunity as (good) as this arises once in a lifetime.

11. Prices go up and up. Everything gets (expensive and expensive).

12. These days goods and services are not so (low-priced) as they used to be.

13. The first round of negotiations was rather easy. The next will be far (difficult).

14. The optimist sees a glass as half (full). The pessimist sees the same glass as half (empty).

15. This device uses much(little)electric energy than the previous one. It is far (economical).

16. Mr. Derby is 65 and he is (old) of all the staffers. Nevertheless, he is always the first to come and (late) to leave.

17. She is as (contemporary) as the Greenwich Time signal and as (punctual) a tax demand.

18. Our new product is a little (expensive), but the quality is much (good).

19. Nothing makes me (angry) than waiting on the phone and trying to decide whether to wait (long) or hang up.

20. German is quite a useful language if you are in business in Europe but it is not half as (easy) to learn as English and people say it doesn’t sound as (pleasant) as English.

V. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

The ABC of Happiness

A	Aspire to (1) (full / fully) realise your potential.
B	Believe in yourself and you will achieve things you never thought (2) (possible / possibly).
C	Create a family of (3) (real / the realest) friends whom you can share your hopes, sorrows, and happiness with.
D	Dream about what you might (4) (soon / sonly) become.
E	Explore and experiment (5) (free / freely) toward self-discovery.
F	Focus on your abilities, your dreams, and a (6) (more bright / brighter) tomorrow.
G	Glorify the creative spirit.
H	Help others (7) (willingly / in a willing way), whenever they need it.
I	Ignore those who try to discourage you.
J	(8) (Joyful/ Joyfully) live each day.
K	Know that no matter how (9) (bad / badly) things seem, they’ll always get (10) (better / more well).
L	Love one another (11) (sincere / sincerely), (12) (deep / deeply) and with all your heart.
M	Make smiles happen, (13) (in an especial way / especially) with (14) (warm / warmly) greetings and (15) (friend / friendly) laughter.
N	Never lie, cheat, or steal. Be (16) (true / truly) to yourself.
O	Open your eyes (17) (wide / widely) and take in all the beauty around you.
P	Praise performance (18) (goodly / well) done.
Q	Question (19) (most / the most) things.
R	Read, study and learn about something new every day.
S	Share your talent, skills, knowledge, and time with others. Everything that you invest in others will return to you many times over.
T	Try, even when your dreams seem (20) (impossible / impossibly) to reach.
U	Use your genius to (21) (the best / the better) of your ability.
V	Value life (22) (as / like) a precious gift.
W	Work (23) (hardly / hard) every day to be (24) (the best / a better) person you can be.
Z	Xerox your smiling face.
Y	Yearn to improve.
Z	Zap negativity and (25) (zestful / zestfully) pursue happiness.