A Question of Taste. Fashion. — КиберПедия 

Двойное оплодотворение у цветковых растений: Оплодотворение - это процесс слияния мужской и женской половых клеток с образованием зиготы...

Таксономические единицы (категории) растений: Каждая система классификации состоит из определённых соподчиненных друг другу...

A Question of Taste. Fashion.

2018-01-04 206
A Question of Taste. Fashion. 0.00 из 5.00 0 оценок
Заказать работу

UK Newspapers

In Great Britain there is no official control over the newspapers. The government does not exerciseany official control over the newspaper industry and most of the English newspapers are very proudof their peculiarities, their individual styles. And although every newspaper has a definite profile, they can be classified into two main groups: quality and popular newspapers. Quality newspapersare serious, national newspapers. They are “Financial Times”, “The Times”, “The Daily Telegraph”.“The Daily Telegraph” contains reports on national and international news, gives a full covering ofsports and other topics. “Financial Times” is read mainly by professionals and business people as itcontains a comprehensive coverage of industry, commerce and public affairs. “The Times” is themost famous newspaper. It is not actually the oldest newspaper in Britain, but some years ago itcelebrated its two hundredth birthday. “The Times” gives a wide coverage of news events andreports on social life, the arts, education, etc. Popular newspapers are smaller in size and containmany photographs. Unlike quality newspapers popular newspapers are not so serious and theirstories tend to be sensational. Popular newspapers are: “The Daily Express,” “The Daily Mirror,” “The Sun.” “The Sun” has the largest circulation among daily newspapers.

UNESCO

UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It wasfounded on 16 November 1945. Education, Social and Natural Science, Culture andCommunication are the means to a far more ambitious goal: to build peace in the minds of men.

Today, UNESCO functions as a laboratory of ideas and a standard-setter to forge universalagreements on emerging ethical issues. The Organization also serves as a clearinghouse — for thedissemination and sharing of information and knowledge — while helping Member States to buildtheir human and institutional capacities in diverse fields.

In short, UNESCO promotes international co-operation among its 191 Member States and sixAssociate Members in the fields of education, science, culture and communication.

UNESCO is working to create the conditions for genuine dialogue based upon respect for sharedvalues and the dignity of each civilization and culture. This role is critical, particularly in the face ofterrorism, which constitutes an attack against humanity. The world urgently requires global visionsof sustainable development based upon observance of human rights, mutual respect and thealleviation of poverty, all of which lie at the heart of UNESCO’s mission and activities.

Subculture

Today the life of many young people in Russia as well as in other countries of the world isinfluenced by popular culture. The young follow certain stereotypes that are imposed on themthrough TV, movies, and music. In their lifestyle they try to imitate the images of their idols. Otheryoung people are sports and music fans. They frequent stadiums and huge concert halls. Theyfollow their idols in their tours and support them. Unfortunately they are intolerant to those whodon’t share their view. It’s a specific aspect of the youth subculture that can’t be ignored. But manyyoung people have other interests. For some of them getting knowledge is of primary importance.They are fond of reading serious books, listening to serious music. They go to the conservatory andtheatres. They are engaged in Hi-Tech through the Internet. They are fond of stories and novelswritten by Victor Pelevin, Boris Akunin. The novels by Strougutsky’s are best read even today,because it is science fiction, which is very popular among young people.

I think that subculture is the culture of those who are dissatisfied with their place in society. Differentsubcultures have their own beliefs, value systems, fashion, and favourite music. For example thesubculture of Rastafairians was based on nostalgia for a lost world. They idealized Africa.Rastafairians were Afro-Caribbean immigrants in Britain. They began to wear distinctive clothes,camouflage jackets, large hats in the red, gold and green colours of Ethiopia and put their long,uncut hair in dreadlocks. They brought to us such tapes of music as ska, reggae and hip-hop. Manysubcultures developed as a result of music fusion of black and white cultures. For exampleskinheads, which wore heavy boots, jeans and braces and shave their hair or cut it very short.Skinheads dreamed about the revival of the traditional working class culture. Skinheads wereidentified with extreme right wing views. There are many other subcultures such as Hippies, Punks, Mods, Rockers, Ravers and many others. Generally they were young people with low self-respect, who did poorly at school. They opposed the traditional world in which they where settled as fiascoelements.

Subcultures are not that bad as they are thought to be. Teens want to show off. But at the sametime a lot of teens think about changing the world to the best. Subcultures are for teens. Then, I amsure, teenagers become good citizens. Some who were punks became the main editors of famousnewspapers. A subculture is a way of life. It is not a fan club, it is a real life for us.

Leisure Society

Britain has in recent years been described as a «leisure society». This is because there is a greatervariety of leisure pursuits and people have more spare time and money to spend on relaxation.Most spare time after work or at the weekends is spent at home. Older people may go to the pub orto the theatre, or visit friends. In recent years going out for a meal or bringing a take-away mealhome have become popular with all ages.

In Britain people watch TV for many hours every week. Many cities have twenty or more channels, sometimes going for twenty-four hours a day. Many well-off people have a «trailer» which they canuse for weekends away. Some have holiday houses in the country and spend as much time aspossible on outside activities like fishing.

Young people generally go out on Friday or Saturday nights to a disco, to a concert or to the pub. InLondon one or two new nightclubs open every week. Sunday is traditionally a day off and towncenter can be very quiet or even deserted. People read the Sunday newspapers, go for a walk inthe park or countryside or work at home in the garden. A lot of people wash their cars on Sundaysor do jobs around the house. Naturally the leisure industry persuades people to spend a lot ofmoney, especially on new and more expensive interests such as computer games and sportsequipment.

Medicines and health

Medicines are not meant to live, an English proverb says. Yes, that’s true and we may add thatgood health is better than the best medicine. If your health is good, you are always in a good mood.You have a sound mind in a solid body, as an old Latin saying goes. The English proverb “Sicknessin the body brings sickness to the mind”, expresses the similar idea, but from the different point ofview. The profession of a doctor is one of the most noble, respected and needed in the world, aswe turn to a doctor for advise at the hardest moments of our life, when we fall ill or suffer from painor some disorder in our body and soul. We complain of low medical treatment, poor equipment ofhospitals, difficulties in getting this or that medicine and so on. What a pity we start to value ourhealth only when it is necessary to take medicine. Taking medicine is an unpleasant thing of course,and if we want to avoid it, we should go in for sport and keeps ourselves fit. Physical exercises tomy mind are necessary. Physically inactive people catch cold more often than those who do plentyof exercises. Physical exercises are good pastime. That is true that good health is better than thebest medicine. If you do early exercises you feel refreshed you have a good posture and thatmakes you felled so pay attention to the way you stand waken sit. Here some rules of good health:

1. Take long walks in the open air as often as you can.

2. Keep your body clean.

3. Keep your teeth clean.

4. Wear clean clothes.

5. Sleep with your window open.

6. When you are reading or writing let the light come from your left shoulder.

7. Have plenty of fruits and vegetables all the year round: «An apple a day keeps the doctoraway.

Of all things people probably have diseases most. There is nothing more unpleasant than beingtaking ill. If you are running a temperature, have a splitting headache feel dizzy or cough you goand see a doctor or send for him at once. She or he will come and feel your pulse, take yourtemperature, listen to your heart, tested your lungs, measure your blood pressure, etc. Certainly, heor she will prescribe some medicine which you can get made up at chemists [drug-store] Atchemist’s shop you can get different kinds of medicines: pulls, tablets, ointments and many otherthings. I remember one of my most serious illnesses. It was four years ago. Illness startedunexpectedly. Early in the morning I woke up and felt dizzy and feverish. I had a splitting headacheand terrible cough. My nose was running, I was sneezing all the time. I could hardly recognize myown voice. Besides I was running a high temperature. The doctor asked me to strip to the waist, then sounded my lungs, felt my pulse, examined the throat. I had phenomena and I was to be takento the hospital. I had to stay for a month there and obliged to get a lot of penicillin injections. In thelong run I recovered of course. But most of all I’m afraid of visiting a dentist. Toothache can’t becompared with anything else. Extracting a tooth or having a tooth filled are quite common things butvery painful.

Role of Women in Society

The ongoing changes in social, political and economic spheres of the country entail not only theraise of women’s role in society, in addition they are accompanied by breaking of stereotypes totreat human beings by sex that had been shaping through decades. Free economic relations anddemocratization of all spheres of life create the basis for eventual equal social rights for any humanbeing regardless of sex, for both men and women.

From a legal point of view, a man and a woman in Russia are equal. However, in practice, there areno real mechanisms of women’s rights fulfillment as well as for their active participation in social life.

Such questions as women and their place in the society, their political and social activity as well asenlightening of those problems in mass media; questions of creation of informational data-base aswell as maternity and childhood cannot be effectively solved by governmental bodies, especially inthe situation of economic crisis.

That is why it is important today to assist the creation of such mechanisms through the activation ofwomen’s public organizations. And non-governmental charity organizations become a single sourcefor support of such projects. Housework, chores and raising children are generally considered tobelong to a woman’s domain. Despite the fact that birthrates in the country have been falling, children are obstacles in the labor market. It is understandable that women decide to defer havingchildren later or do not have children at all. Along with that, there is a lack of knowledge about modern contraception and a correspondingly large number of abortions. The frequency of abortionsin Russia is one of the highest in the world.

Women comprise 54 percent of contemporary Russian society. However, the number of womentaking part in the country’s political, economic and civic life shows that women are restricted in thespheres of politics and government. Women’s salaries are on average lower than men’s, andwomen are likewise far more likely to fall victim to violence and unemployment. According to UnitedNations Gender Organization data, 67 percent of those unemployed in Russia are women. A lack ofstate financing in social programs has caused further tightening in the labor market, particularly forwomen. Female unemployment is rising at a catastrophically high rate. Women have less access toretraining programs than men, while women entrepreneurs are a rarity.

Women’s social status is a serious problem. Few female decision-makers can be found in positionsof social importance. This strengthens the stereotype of «male superiority» and hinders the creationof true partnerships between men and women.

One of the most important reflections of equity is equal rights in the labor market. Analysis ofexisting legislation of Russia confirms its prohibition on gender discrimination. However, legislationitself creates only a certain legal environment, certain conditions for equality, but does not ensuretheir fulfillment.

Thus, the main goals are protection of women’s rights and elimination of discrimination in society;widening women’s participation in policy decision-making processes on the local, regional andnational levels; support for cooperation between women’s organizations on the national andinternational arenas; widening access to international resources and experience of women’sorganizations on an international level.

Demographic Changes

The surge in population is both a cause of the changed relationship and one of the clearestillustrations of how startling the change has been, especially when viewed in a historical context.From the emergence of modern humans 200,000 years ago until Julius Caesar’s time, fewer than250 million people walked on the face of the earth. When Christopher Columbus set sail for theNew World 1,500 years later, there were approximately 500 million people on earth. By the timeThomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the number had doubled again, to I billion. By midway through this century, at the end of World War II, the number had risen to justabove 2 billion people.

In Other words, from the beginning of humanity’s appearance on earth to 1945, it took more thanten thousand generations to reach a world population of 2 billion people. Now, in the course of onehuman lifetime — mine — the world population will increase from 2 to more than 9 billion, and it isalready more than halfway there.

Overpopulation is often defined as the condition of having more people than can live on Earth incomfort, happiness, and health and still leave the planet a fit place for future generations. To mostenvironmentalists, the data suggest that the planet is already overpopulated. Because of differingconcepts of carrying capacity, however, experts differ widely over what level of population isconsidered too high.

Some project that if everyone existed at a minimum survival level, the earth could support 20 to 48billion people. This anthill existence would require that everyone exist only on a diet of grain, cultivation all arable land, and mining much of the earth’s crust of a depth of 1.6 kilometers (1 mile).Other analysts believe the earth could support 7 to 12 billion people at a decent standard of livingby distributing the world’s land and food supply more equitably and shifting from less abundantresources (such as lead, tin, uranium, oil, and natural gas) to more abundant resources (such asaluminum, glass, and various forms of solar energy).

Others opposed to population regulation feel that all people should have the freedom to have asmany children as they want. To some, population regulation is a violation of their deep religiousbeliefs. To others, it is an intrusion into their personal privacy and freedom. To minorities, populationregulation is sometimes seen as a form of genocide to keep their numbers and power from rising.

Proponents of population regulation point to the fact that we are not providing adequate basicnecessities for one out of five people on Earth today who don’t have the opportunity to be a neteconomic gain for their country. They see people overpopulation in MDCs (more developedcountries) as threats to Earth’s life support systems for us and other species.

These analysts recognize that population growth is not the only cause or our environmental andresource problems. They believe, however, that adding several hundred million more people inMDCs and several billion more in LDSs (less developed countries) will intensify manyenvironmental and social problems by increasing resource use and waste, environmentaldegradation, rapid climate change, and pollution. To proponents of population regulation, it isunethical for us not to encourage a sharp drop in birth rates and unsustainable forms of resourceuse to prevent a sharp rise in death rates and human misery and a decrease in Earth’s biodiversityin the future. Despite promises about sharing the world’s wealth, the gap between the rich and poorhas been getting larger since 1960. Proponents of population regulation believe this is caused by acombination of population growth and unwillingness of the wealthy to share the world’s wealth andresources more fairly. They call for MDCs to use their economic systems to reward populationregulation and sustainable forms of economic growth instead of continuing their unsustainableforms of economic growth and encouraging LDCs to follow this eventually unsustainable anddisastrous path for the planet.

Recently, the Population Crisis Committee complied a human suffering index for each of 130countries based on ten measures of human welfare. They found a high correlation between thelevel of human suffering and the rate of population increase in countries. The 30 countries falling inthe extreme human-suffering range—all in Africa and Asia—averaged a high annual rate ofpopulation increase of 2.8%. The 44 countries with a high human suffering rate—all in Africa, Asia, and Latin America—also had an average annual population increase of 2.8%.

WMD — Weapons of Mass Destruction — ОМП —

Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) generally include nuclear, biological, chemical weapons. Theterm first arose in 1937 in reference to the mass destruction of Guernica, Spain, by aerialbombardment that was made by the German Luftwaffe during the Spanish Civil War.

Nuclear weapons did not exist at that time, but biological weapons were being researched by Japanand chemical weapons had seen wide use. Following the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagiasaki, andprogressing through the Cold War, the term came to refer more to non-conventional weapons: atomic, biological and chemical weapons.

The phrase entered popular usage in relation to the U.S.-led multinational forces 2003 invasion ofIraq and today the most widely used definition is that of nuclear, biological or chemical weapons.

The development and use of WMD is governed by international conventions and treaties, althoughnot all countries have signed and ratified them. There are 8 countries that are known to possessnuclear weapons and, of course, other WMD, only 5 of which are members of the NPT (NuclearNon-Prolif eration Treaty). All states which possess WMD can be divided into four main groups.

The first one is the group of states which are commonly accepted to possess nuclear weapons:China: France; India; Israel; Pakistan; Russia; the United Kingdom; and the United States ofAmerica.

The second one is the group of states with access to nuclear weapons through nuclear sharingagreements: Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Turkey.

The third is the group of states currently suspected of possessing or developing nuclear weaponcapabilities. They are Iran and North Korea.

And the last group of countries is states that formerly possessed nuclear capabilities: South Africa,as well as Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine following the break-up of the former Soviet Union.

Weapons of mass destruction, especially nuclear weapons are rarely used because their us^isessentially an «invitation» for a WMD retaliation, which in turn could escalate into a war sodestructive it could easily destroy huge segments of the world’s population. During the Cold War,this understanding became known as mutually assured destruction and was largely the reason warnever broke out between the WMD-armed United States and Soviet Union.

But nowadays there is a great concern that the weapon of this kind can be available for terroristorganizations, moreover can be used by these organizations.

Weddings

In the UK people get married either in a church or a registry office (a local government building). Inthe US people often get married in a house, a park, a hotel, or wedding chapel, as well as in achurch. The traditional wedding, called a white wedding as the bride wears a white dress, takesplace in a church.

The Main People at a Wedding

The bride is the woman who is getting married. Traditionally she wears a long white dress and aveil, and carries a bouquet of flowers. She also wears «something old, something new, somethingborrowed, and something blue» to bring her luck. The bridegroom (also called the groom) is theman who is getting married. He wears a suit, or something a tuxedo in the US, or a morning suit inthe UK.

Before the Ceremony

It is considered bad luck if the bridegroom sees the bride on the morning of the wedding. Thebridegroom arrives first at the church and waits at the altar with the best man. The best man isresponsible for bringing the wedding ring, and there are many jokes about him loosing or forgetting it. The bride arrives at the church in a car with her father. There are often jokes about the bridebeing late, and the groom being very nervous as he waits and worries that she may not come.

The Ceremony

It is traditional for the bride’s farther to give her away (to walk to the front of the church with her andformally give permission for her to marry). The bride and her farther walk slowly up to the aisle andthe bridesmaids follow. When the bride and bridegroom are together at the altar, the priest beginsthe wedding service. He or she asks if there is anyone present who knows of any legal reason whythe couple should not get married. Then the bride and groom exchange the traditional vows. It issometimes possible to change the vows or even white your own. «I, Jane Smith, take thee, DavidJones, to be my lawful wedded husband, to have and to hold from this day forth, for better, forworse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish forsaking all others,until death do us part.»

The couple then give each other a gold ring and say, “With this ring I thee wed” (I marry you).

At the end of the ceremony, the priest says, “I pronounce you man and wife,” which means thatthey are officially married. The husband and wife then sign the register (the official record of theirmarriage).

Education in GB and USA — Образование в Великобритании и США

Education is very important for every person. It gives information and opportunities for further life.Every country has its own, unique system of education. We can note examples of many differentsystems, but I think the most developed and popular are: education system in the USA, theeducation system in Great Britain, as the most oldest, and Russian education system, the best insome qualities I think. But as many persons as many opinions, and the best way to provesomething is to compare it, I consider. Education in Great Britain. There are three main systems inBritain: the Comprehensive system, the selective and the private system. The Comprehensivesystem was introduced in Britain in 1960s. More than 90% of children who go to state schools go toschools of comprehensive system. Children go to a primary school at the age of 5. Then they go tothe upper school — usually called comprehensive — at the age of 11. Alternatively they may go tothe middle school for 3 or 4 years before going to the upper school. The selective system, whichstill exists in some areas of Britain, is old. It was introduced in 1944. Children are selectedaccording to their abilities. In Britain children then take an examination called 11-plus and who aresuccessful go to the grammar school and those who fail enter the secondary modern school. Andthe last subsystem that is developed in Great Britain is the private education. In Britain about 7% ofchildren go to private schools. There are three levels of private education: primary schools — agefrom 4 to 8, preparatory school — age from 8 to 13. At the age of 13 children take an examination.If they are successful they go on to public schools where they usually remain until the age of 18.Almost all students in Britain take examinations. The public examinations taken by Britishschoolchildren are called GCSEs (The General Certificate of Secondary Education). Pupils usuallytake their GCSEs at the age of 16. Pupils who have passed their GCSEs may remain at school foranother two years and take their advanced level exams. It’s interesting to mote that any studentwho wants to go to the university needs to pass two or three «A» level exams. Education in theUnited States. Most schools in the United States start at the kindergarten level. In addition tobilingual and bicultural programs many schools have special programs for those with learning andreading difficulties. All the education system of USA have always stressed the importance of«character» or «social skills» through extracurricular activities, including organized sports. There isusually a very broad range of such activities available. They not only give pupils a chance to betogether outside normal classes, but they also help to develop a feeling of «school spirit». And tomy mind it is the one of the most striking differences between the American education system andRussian education system. And I’m sure that it is our great loss. In my opinion the weakness of theUS education system is that students at early age have to choose subjects and they don’t receivethe beginning knowledge of all branches of sciences. The education in the USA is most providedwith new technologies. In every school there are new models of computers and almost every schoolhas a direct connect to the Internet. Internet gives an opportunity for remote education with the helpof e-mail, special forums and teleconferences. Russia is on the first stage of bringing these technologies in education. But I hope we will have them too in our school.

Education in Canada

The school system of Canada is very much like the one in the USA, but there are certaindifferences. Education in Canada is general and compulsory for children from 6 to 16 years old, andin some provinces — to 14. It is within the competence of the local authorities, and therefore it maydiffer from province to province. For example, Newfoundland has an 11-grade system. Some otherprovinces have 12-grade systems, and Ontario has even a 13-grade system. Grades 1—6 areusually elementary schools, and grades 7—12 are secondary schools. In some provinces there is akindergarten year before the first grade. Elementary education is general and basic, but in the juniorhigh school years the students can select some courses themselves. Most secondary schoolsprovide programmes for all types of students. Some of them prepare students for continuing theirstudies at the university. Vocational schools are separate institutions for those who will not continuetheir education after secondary schools. There also exist some commercial high schools. Someprovinces have private kindergartens and nursery schools for children of pre-elementary age. Therealso exist Roman Catholic schools and private schools in some provinces. In most provincesprivate schools receive some form of public support. Admission to the university in Canada is afterhigh school with specific courses. Getting a degree in law, medicine, dentistry or engineeringusually takes 3—4 years of studying. University tuition fees vary among different provinces. Allprovinces also have public non-university institutions. They are regional colleges, institutes oftechnology, institutes of applied arts, colleges of agricultural technology and others. Criteria foradmission to these institutions are less strict.

Getting a job

When Paul left school he applied for (= wrote an official request for) a job in the accountsdepartment of a local engineering company. They gave him a job as a trainee (= a very juniorperson in a company). He didn’t earn very much but they gave him a lot of training (= organisedhelp and advice with learning the job), and sent him on training courses.

Note: Training is an uncountable noun, so you cannot say ‘a training’. You can only talk abouttraining (in general), or a training course (if you want to refer to just one). Here you can use theverbs do or go on: I did/went on several training courses last year.

Moving up

Paul worked hard at the company and his prospects (= future possibilities in the job) looked good.After his first year he got a good pay rise (= more money), and after two years he was promoted (=given a higher position with more money and responsibility). After six years he was in charge of
(= responsible for/the boss of) the accounts department with five other employees (= workers in thecompany) under him (= under his responsibility/ authority).

Leaving the company

By the time Paul was 30, however, he decided he wanted a fresh challenge (= a new excitingsituation). He was keen to work abroad, so he resigned from his company (= officially told thecompany he was leaving his job; you can also say ‘he quit the company’) and started looking for anew job with a bigger company. After a couple of months he managed to find a job with aninternational company which involved (= included) a lot of foreign travel. He was very excited aboutthe new job and at first he really enjoyed the travelling, but…

Hard times

After about six months, Paul started to dislike the constant moving around, and after a year hehated it; he hated living in hotels, and he never really made any friends in the new company.Unfortunately his work was not satisfactory either and finally he was sacked (= told to leave thecompany/ dismissed/given the sack) a year later.

After that, Paul found things much more difficult. He was unemployed (= out of work/without a job) for over a year. He had to sell his car and move out of his new house. Things were looking bad andin the end Paul had to accept a part-time job (= working only some or the day or some of the week) on a fruit and vegetable stall in a market.

Happier times

To his surprise, Paul loved the market. He made lots of friends and enjoyed working out in the openair. After two years, he took over (= took control of) the stall. Two years later he opened a secondstall, and after ten years he had fifteen stalls. Last year Paul retired (= stopped working completely) at the age of 55, a very rich man.

Карьерная лестница

Получение работы

После окончания школы Пол написал заявление о приеме на работу (applied for) в отдел бухгалтерии местной инженерной компании. Они взяли его на обычную должность с целью обучения. Он зарабатывал немного, но получал очень хорошее обучение, и его направили на специальные курсы.

Примечание: Training (обучение), является неисчисляемым существительным, так что вы нельзя сказать ‘a training’. Вы можете говорить об этом только в общем или же можно сказать ‘a training course’, если вы имеете в виду что-то конкретное. Здесь можно использовать глагоы do или go on: I did/went on several training courses last year — в прошлом году я посещал несколько разных курсов.

Повышение

Пол усердно работал в компании и у него были хорошие перспективы. Через год работы его зарплату значительно повысили, а через два года его повысили в должности. Через шесть месяцев его назначили начальником бухгалтерии, с шестью работниками под его руководством.

Увольнение

Когда Полу было 30, ему нужно было новое испытание. Ему очень хотелось работать за границей, и он уволился из своей компании. Он стал искать себе новую работу в более крупной компании. Через пару месяцев ему удалось найти работу в международной компании, занимающейся путешествиями. Он был очень захвачен новой работой, он в первый раз по-настоящему получил удовольствие от путешествия, но…

Тяжелые времена

Примерно через шесть месяцев Полу стали надоедать постоянные поездки, через год он уже просто ненавидел их. Он ненавидел проживание в гостиницах, в новой компании у него никогда не было настоящих друзей. К сожалению, его работа также не удовлетворяла компанию, так что через год его уволили.

После этого Полу было очень трудно. Он был безработным более года. Ему пришлось продать машину и переехать из своего нового дома. Дела шли плохо, и в конце концов Полу пришлось согласиться работать неполный рабочий день в фруктово-овощном ларьке на рынке.

Хорошие времена

К своему удивлению, Полу понравилась работа на рынке. У него появилось много друзей, и ему нравилась работа на открытом воздухе. Через два года, он взял под контроль работу ларька. Еще через два года он открыл второй ларек, а через десять лет их у него было уже пятнадцать. В прошлом году Пол вышел на пенсию в возрасте 55 лет очень богатым человеком.

Questions: 1. What does your job involve?
2. Are you responsible for anything or anyone?
3. Have you had much training from the company?
4. Have the company sent you on any training courses?
5. Have you been promoted since you starred in the company?
6. Do you normally get a good pay rise at the end of each year?
7. How do you feel about your future prospects in the company?
8. Are you happy in the job or do you feel it is time for a fresh challenge in another company?

Vocabulary: apply for a job — подавать заявление о приеме на работу
trainee — практикант, стажер
to earn — зарабатывать, получать доход
prospects — перен., часто мн. перспектива; виды, планы на будущее
pay rise — повышение заработной платы
to promote — выдвигать; продвигать; повышать в чине/звани

 

Business Trips

Never before in the history of the world have businessmen traveled as much as they do today. It isnot surprising because we are living in a world of growing international trade and expandingeconomic and technical cooperation. Though it is fascinating for tourist travelling, it has become themost tiring of all occupations for many businessmen and experts. Therefore, choosing acomfortable hotel to stay at is a matter of big importance. There are plenty of good hotels, motelsand guest houses in the world, which are conviently located in major business centers.

Many developing countries, such as India, Egypt, Nigeria, Lybia, etc have excellent hotels. Theirnumerous facilities include both large and small cocktail bars, barber’s shops and conference hallsequipped with simultaneous, multilingual translation systems. There are parking areas which canaccomodate a lot of cars. It might be useful for travelling businessmen and tourists to know thattailor shops, shoe repair shops, laundry and dry cleaning services are available for guests. Peoplein the office help guests to book train or steamer tickets and rent a car. They are also ready to giveall necessary information. Nowadays people who go on business mostly travel by air as it is thefastest means of travelling. Passengers are requested to arrive at the airport 2 hours before thedeparture time on international flights and an hour on domestic flights, as there must be enoughtime to complete the necessary airport formalities.Passengers must register their tickets, weigh andregister the luggage.

Most airlines have at least 2 classes of travel: first class and economy class which is cheaper. Eachpassenger of more than 2 years of age has a free luggage allowance. Generally this limit is 20kg foreconomic class passenger and 30kg for first class passenger. Excess luggage must be paid forexcept for some articles that can be carried free of charge. Each passenger is given a boardingcard to show at geparture gate and again to the stewardess when boarding the plane. Watch theelectric sign flashes when you are on board, when the «Fasten Seat Belts» sign goes on do itpromptly and also obey the «No Smoking» signal. Do not forget your personal effects when leavingthe plane.

World of Jobs

We spend great part of our lives at our jobs, so choosing a right career is one of the most importantdecisions you will make in your life. Many students finish high school and begin college without aclear idea of what they want to do in future. Part of the problem is the size of the job market itself.With so many kinds of jobs (2000) how can you tell which will interest you? Some of occupationsare already overcrowded. In old industries there may be little need for new workers, while new andgrowing industries will offer jobs now and in the future. Therefor, it is extremely important to exploreyour choice of occupations from every angle, collect as much information as you can. But above allyou must evaluate yourself. Find out where your interests and talents lie. Postponing a decision isan error people make. «I’ll get started tomorrow or next week, or next year,» — many people think.These people refuse to face the problem, hoping it will go away. But if you don’t take the first stepnow, how can you plan for the future, how can you take the right way? Such people miss manyopportunities. First start with yourself, make a list of your interests, talents and abilities. Most peoplehave a lot of these, but at the beginning they are undeveloped and may not seem outstanding. Byconcentrating on a few, or on one you may surprise yourself at how good you can get. The interestinventory that follows covers the major fields in which most people find careers: science, art, socialservice, business, sales and so on. Sometimes we say that someone we know is ‘a square peg in around hole’. This means that person we are talking about is not suited for the job he is doing.Unfortunately, many people in the world are ‘square pegs’. But to be a ‘square peg’ is not a realproblem, a real problem for millions of people is to be unemployed. Unemployment especially hitspoor and working class families the hardest, not because this people are more likely to beunemployed, but because they don’t have financial resource to fall back on. Unemployment existsprimarily for two reasons: first — the existence of millions of unemployed people tends to presentmost of those working from asking for higher wages since they can be replaced easily, second — intheir search for profits, corporations are interested in finding the cheapest labor. As for our countrymore than 10% of our people are unemployed. There is no lack of work force in Russia, but at theresent moment the need for professional workers is increasing. Old industries are overcrowded andit is hard to get new education for people whose age is 35-40 years. The problem of unemploymentis also connected with the economic crisis in our country. And I think when this crisis comes to anend the problem of unemployment will not be so urgent.

Art and culture

The Oxford Advancer Learner`s Dictionary of Current English by Hornby givesus the following definition of the notion «art». «»Art» is the creation orexpression of what is beautiful, especially in visual form. Drawing, painting,sculpture, architecture, literature, music, ballet belong to the fine art».

Art, Museums and Galleries

People reflect their lives in art. Real, live art appeals to the heart and mind of every person, to their feelings and ideals, it proclaims life. Art is truthful only when it serves life, only when the artist hopes to arouse a warm response in the heart of a person. That was the case in the days of Giottoand Raphael, that was the case in the subsequent stages of the world’s artistic development, andthat was the truthful relationship of art and life in the days of Renato Guttuso and Rockwell Kent. Artbelongs to people.

The history of art from the Renaissance to our days confirms this. It is close contact with the life ofthe nation that gives artists’ work its power.

One can see masterpieces of old and modern art in various picture galleries and museums. Thereis nearly a thousand museums in Russia, many of them are world famous. The largest collection ofRussian art is the Tretyakov Art Gallery in Moscow. It is a real treasury of canvases by prominentRussian painters. It contains priceless collections of icons, 17—20th century paintings andsculptures and contemporary Russian paintings and sculpture.

One of the largest and most remarkable museums of the world is the Hermitage, more than threehundred halls housing its exhibitions of articles of the greatest artistic value. The museum’scollections now comprise works of various periods in the development of art, from ancient times upto the present day. Famous painters from different countries are represented there.

The Russian Museum in St. Petersburg is another picture gallery which contains the richestcollection of Russian paintings of 18-19th centuries and the best collection of Russian sculpture.

In the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow the art of the Ancient East and Western Europe isrepresented. This museum possesses a unique collection of copies of the finest sculptures of theold time. It is in this museum that many famous foreign expositions of fine art are displayed almostevery year.

Oscar

It is well-known that Oscars are awarded by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It isa professional honorary organization composed of over 6,000 motion picture artists and craftsmenand women. The Academy was organized in May, 1927, as a nonprofit corporation chartered underthe laws of California.

A popular story has been that an Academy librarian and eventual executive director, MargaretHerrick, thought the statuette resembled her Uncle Oscar and said so, and that as a result theAcademy staff began referring to it as Oscar. No hard evidence exists to support that tale, but inany case, by the sixth Awards Presentation in 1934, Hollywood columnist Sidney Skolsky used thename in his column in reference to Katharine Hepburn’s first Best Actress win. The Academy itselfdidn’t use the nickname officially until 1939.

The Oscar is a tin and copper statuette of a naked man holding a sword and standing on a reel offilm. The award weighs 8 1/2 pounds and is plated with gold. Since the list of winners is kept secretuntil the telecast, the awards handed out on television are blanks. The Academy reclaims thestatuettes the morning after the telecast and has them engraved before they are shipped back tothe anxious recipients. The personalized engraving is on a small plaque attached to the pedestal onwhich Oscar stands. The engraving includes the year, the award category and the name of therecipient. Each statuette is also engraved with a serial number on the back of its base.

Since its conception, the Oscar statuette has met exacting uniform standards — with a few notableexceptions. In the 1930s, juvenile players received miniature replicas of the statuette; ventriloquistEdgar Bergen was presented with a wooden statuette with a moveable mouth; and Walt Disneywas honored with one full-size and seven miniature statuettes on behalf of his animated featureSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Between 1942 and 1944, in support of the war effort, Oscarswere made of plaster. After the War, winners turned in the temporary awards for golden Oscarstatuettes.

Альберт Эйнштейн

Этого немецкого физика считают одним из самых великих мыслителей в истории. Мало того что он сформулировал человеческое представление о времени» пространстве, энергии и гравитации, но он также был сторонником сионизма и мира.

Эйнштейн родился в Ульме, Германия, 14 марта 1879 года и большую часть своей молодости провел в Мюнхене, где его семье принадлежал небольшой магазинчик. В Мюнхене он ходил в школу, которую он считал невыносимо скучной. К тому же он в возрасте 12 лет сам выучил евклидову геометрию.

Позже его семья была вынуждена переехать в Милан, Италия, где он позже, в возрасте 15 лет, решил уйти из школы. Возможно он и понимал, что ему необходимо закончить общеобразовательную школу. С другой стороны, он все также продолжал пропускать уроки, чтобы самостоятельно учить физику.

В возрасте 22 лет он стал гражданином Швейцарии, а в 1903 году женился на Милеве Марек. В скором времени у него рождается два сына, но в 1919 году он разводится, чтобы женится на своей двоюродной сестре.

В возрасте 26 лет он публикует пять главных исследовательских работ.

Первая его работа была посвящена броуновскому движению, она и принесет ему докторскую степень в 1905 году.

Вторая работа легла в основу фотона, или квантовой теории света. Считается, что свет состоит из отдельных частичек энергий, названных квантами, или фотонами. Работа Эйнштейна переосмысливает теорию света. В ней он также объясняет испускание электронов некоторыми твердыми телами, когда эти электроны выбиваются светом. Телевидение — это практическое применение открытий Эйнштейна.

Третья работа, которая была начата им как эссе в возрасте 16 лет, содержала «специальную теорию относительности». Он показал, что время и движение относительны для наблюдателя, если время — это константа, законы мироздания одинаковы во всей Вселенной.

Четвертая работа — математическое дополнение к специальной теории относительности. Именно здесь он представил свою знаменитую формулу E = mc2, также известную как эквивалентность массы и энергии.

Пятой работой была общая теория относительности, в которой он сделал предположение, что гравитация — это не сила, как было принято в предыдущих теориях, это искривленное поле в пространственно-временном континууме, которое образуется вблизи массивных объектов.

В 1921 году Эйнштейн выиграл Нобелевскую премию по физике за свою работу по общей теории относительности, хотя другие работы оспаривают это.

В1933 году он переехал в США, где получил гражданство в 1940 году. Эйнштейн умер в Принстоне, штат Нью-Джерси, 18 апреля 1955 года.

Questions:

1. What is Albert Einstein famous for?
2. Why did Albert usually skip classes usually?
3. Why did Albert Einstein get doctorate in 1905?
4. Why was Einstein’s second paper important?
5. What did the third paper contain?
6. What was presented in the fourth paper?
7. What theory did Einstein propose in his fifth paper?
8. What did Albert Einstein win the Nobel Prize for?

Vocabulary:

to consider — считать
gravity — гравитация
supporter — сторонник
dull — скучный, занудный
Euclidean geometry — евклидова геометрия
to move to — переехать куда-либо
to withdraw (past withdrew, p.p. withdrawn) — уходить
to skip — пропускать (уроки)
photon — фотон
quantu
m theory of light — квантовоя теория света
emissions of electrons — испускание электронов
solid objects — твердые тела
theory of relativity — теория относительности
motion — движение
observer — наблюдатель
natural laws — законы природы
universe — Вселенная
energy mass equivalence — эквивалентность массы и энергии
curved field — искривленное поле
confirmation — подтверждение
controversial — спорный

 

David Duchovny

David Duchovny was born in New York City on the 7th of August, 1960.

His father is a writer and his mother is a housewife. Before David was bom his parents had beenEnglish teachers. When his parents divorced, David was raised by his mother, along with his sisterLaurie and his brother Daniel.

David went to a prestigious private school in Manhattan. «He was a very bright kid with a brilliantsense of humour,» his father remembers. «At school he was always top of the class.» After schoolhe entered Princeton University. Then he studied English Literature at Yale University and workedas a teaching assistant.

David was working at his PhD thesis at Yale when one of his friends suggested that he should tryacting classes.

Duchovny’s PhD thesis, Magic and Technology in Contemporary Fiction and Poetry was neverfinished. He moved to Hollywood. His mother was angry when he had given up studying. Even now, when she speaks to him on the phone, she always asks him: «When are you going to finish yourthesis?» He laughs and says: «Later, later.»

David’s first year in Hollywood was very hard. He was unemployed and could hardly make bothends meet. Luckily, he was invited to play in a commercial and later in a feature film. «Acting gaveme a sense of team and I liked this very much,» David says.

Very soon Duchovny appeared in such feature films as Chaplin, Beethoven and California. His workin the movies attracted the attention of Chris Carter, the famous creator of The X-Files. A TV seriesweren’t in Duchovny’s plans but he was impressed by the script for The X-Files. So he becameagent Fox Mulder.

David is very surprised not only by the success of The X-Files but by his own personal popularity.

Actors who have worked with him describe him as modest, professional and hard-working. David isfond of sports. He played basketball and baseball at school and university. He keeps in shape withjogging and yoga exercises. He writes poetry, but, as he says, he does not read it in public anymore.

Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Thatcher was the longest Prime Minister of the 20th century. Her style and her viewsappealed to many British people who had lost confidence in the welfare state and in the directionthe nation had taken. In some ways she was the first genuine leader the nation had since the timeof Churchill. Margaret Thatcher began her career in politics, when she became a ConservativeMember of Parliament. in 1979 she was elected as Britain’s first woman Prime Minister.

From the start, her autocratic style earned her the nickname of «The Iron Lady». Her abrasivemanner has attracted some criticism. During the Falklands War of 1982, however, MargaretThatcher’s militant patriotism found her many supporters, and she became something of a popularhero-figure, much as Winston Churchill had been in the Second World War.

Margaret Thatcher was re-elected Prime Minister in the general elections of 1983 and 1987.

Thomas Alva Edison

Most people know that Thomas Edison invented the first working light bulb, but they don’t knowanything else about him. Edison had almost no formal schooling, yet he invented over 1000different things. Among Edison’s inventions are: the phonograph (record player), the movie cameraand the movie projector.

Thomas Edison invented his electric light bulb in 1879, but there was still much work to do. No oneknew how to use electricity outside of laboratory before Thomas Edison. He and his workers had tocreate a safe electric system. First they had to build a factory. Then they had to build the dynamosto make the electricity. Next they had to build electric lines.

To show people that he was serious, Edison began his project in New York City. By 1887, most partof New York City was electrified. Edison founded the Edison Electric Light Company and continuedto supply electricity to New York and other places.

Thomas Edison lived until 1931. He continued to invent all his life. After the War, he tried to invent asubstitute for rubber because of the shortage that the war caused.

Thomas Edison was a true genius, but he never went to a college or university. The only timeEdison attended school was when he was 7 years old. He stayed for 3 months and never returned.Thomas Edison was a school dropout, yet he became one of America’s most famous and mosthonoured people.

Leonardo da Vinci — Леонардо да Винчи

Everyone agrees that Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was one of the greatest of all painters. Hispainting «The Last Supper» is probably the. most famous painting in the world. But Leonardo wouldbe famous if he had never painted a stroke. For he was also a great inventor. He invented thewheelbarrow, the military tank, and roller bearings. He made plans for dozens of weapons andmachines. He even experimented with airplane and submarine modes.

Besides, Leonardo was great as a scientist and engineer. He was also a poet, a musician, and asculptor. Perhaps no other person in history has ever learned so much in a lifetime. Certainly noone ever deserved more to be called a genius.

Leonardo was born in the village of Vinci in Italy. As a small boy he lived most of the time with hisfathers parents. Leonardo was a beautiful boy, with curly hair and bright blue eyes.

When his father found out that the boy was interested in painting, he sent him to an excellentpainter and teacher. One day Leonardo painted a beautiful angel in one of his teacher’s pictures.«You are a greater painter than Г, said the teacher, «I will paint no more»

In a few years Leonardo’s father decided that he would pay no more to the teacher. His son, hethought, was spending too much time studying rocks and plants, watching birds to find out how theirbodies work, and building models of machines. But Leonardo stayed on as his teachers helper. Hestayed till he was nearly 25. Then he set out to paint for himself, first in Florence, then in Milan andVenice, and at the end of his life in France.

Leonardo had ideas that other painters liked to copy. «Let them» he said, «I will originate. They cancopy».

Thus great painter left behind only a few paintings, he had many ideas for pictures and made manywonderful pen and ink sketches. But he had so many other interests that he found it hard to sit andpaint for hours at a time.

Some of his paintings have been lost because he liked to experiment. He used colours mixed withwax to paint a wonderful mural of a cavalry battle, but the wax melted and the picture was ruined.

«The Last Supper» is on the wall of a chapel in Milan. This picture was famous long before it wasfinished.

There is such beauty in Leonardo’s paintings that they are as hard to describe as beautiful music.The faces of his people are full of expression. He used light and shade in a new way to makepeople look very lifelike.

One of Leonardo’s paintings is called «Mona Liza». It is the picture of a woman with a faint smile onher face. The painting was ordered by the woman’s husband. But Leonardo liked it so much that hekept it for himself. He took it to France with him when he went to spend the last years of his life as acourt painter to the king of France. Now it is one of the greatest treasures of the Louvre in Paris.

Леонардо да Винчи

Никто не станет спорить, что Леонардо да Винчи (1452-1519) — один из величайших художников. Его «Тайная вечеря» — одна из самых известных картин в мире. Но Леонардо стал бы знаменитым, даже если бы ничего не нарисовал. Ведь он был и великим изобретателем. Он изобрел ручную тележку, военный танк и роликовые подшипники. Он спроектировал многие виды оружия и механизмов. Он также проводил эксперименты с моделями аэропланов и подводных лодок.

Кроме того, Леонардо был великим ученым и конструктором. А еще он был поэтом, музыкантом и скульптором. Наверно, больше никому в истории человечества не удавалось научиться стольким вещам за свою жизнь. Конечно же, Леонардо да Винчи можно по праву назвать гением.

Леонардо родился в селении Винчи в Италии. Большую часть своего детства он провел с родителями отца. Леонардо был красивым мальчиком с кудрявыми волосами и голубыми глазами.

Когда его отец заметил, что мальчик интересуется рисованием, он отправил его к замечательному художнику и учителю. Однажды Леонардо нарисовал прекрасного ангела на картине своего учителя. «Ты — более великий художник, чем я, — сказал учитель, — я не буду больше рисовать».

Спустя какое-то время отец Леонардо решил, что не будет больше платить учителю. Он считал, что его сын проводит слишком много времени, изучая камни и растения, наблюдая за птицами, пытаясь выяснить, как устроено их тело, и создавая модели механизмов. Но Леонардо остался у учителя в качестве помощника. Он оставался с ними почти до 25 лет. Потом он начал рисовать самостоятельно, сначала во Флоренции, потом в Милане и Венеции, а в конце своей жизни — во Франции.

Идеи Леонардо многие художники переносили на свои полотна. «Пусть, — говорил он, — я буду создавать. А они пусть копируют».

Итак, великий художник оставил после себя немного картин, у него было много идей, и он создал множество замечательных эскизов карандашом и чернилами. Но у Леонардо было так много разных интересов, что он не мог себе позволить часами сидеть над одной картиной.

Некоторые его картины утеряны из-за любви художника к экспериментам. Он смешивал краски с воском, работая над замечательной фреской, изображающей конный бой, но воск растаял, и изображение исчезло.

«Тайная вечеря» находится на стене часовни в Милане. Эта картина стала известной задолго до того, как была завершена.

Картины Леонардо т<


Поделиться с друзьями:

Типы сооружений для обработки осадков: Септиками называются сооружения, в которых одновременно происходят осветление сточной жидкости...

Архитектура электронного правительства: Единая архитектура – это методологический подход при создании системы управления государства, который строится...

Индивидуальные и групповые автопоилки: для животных. Схемы и конструкции...

Наброски и зарисовки растений, плодов, цветов: Освоить конструктивное построение структуры дерева через зарисовки отдельных деревьев, группы деревьев...



© cyberpedia.su 2017-2024 - Не является автором материалов. Исключительное право сохранено за автором текста.
Если вы не хотите, чтобы данный материал был у нас на сайте, перейдите по ссылке: Нарушение авторских прав. Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!

0.218 с.