Model: He is working in the field. (already) – He has already worked in the field.

1. Не (to study) French before he (to enter) the university.

2. Nick (not to know) who (to plough) the field.

3. Suddenly he (to remember) that the chief engineer (not to ring) him up in the morning.

4. By the time he (to reach) the farm, he (to meet) a lot of farm workers.

5. When the mechanic engineer (to leave), the drivers (to hurry) to test the engines.

6. By the time we (to come) to the garage, he already (to repair) the tractor.

(B) Exercise 11. Choose the appropriate adverbial modifier of time. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Belarusian engineers have made great progress in machine-building. (by 2015, by 2001, this year, soon)

2. When I came to their plant, engineers had tested a new model of the sports car. (by 3 o’clock tomorrow, already, today, at present)

3. Scientists have given the greatest importance to the further development of gas equipment. (recently, by the end of the year, in future, last year)

4. They will have finished the process of the technical re-equipment of transport. (at that time, by that time yesterday, since last year, by the time you visit them again)

5. The automobile industry has made progress in all types of transport. (not long ago, for the last 3 years, at that time, next year)

(B) Exercise 12. Identify the meaning of the verb in italics. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Although machine-building has been a branch of human activity for centuries, only in the 20^th century machines have begun to assume such an all-important role.

2. The engineer had visited many plants and designing offices, he had personally examined a great deal of different types of machines and had done a lot of work on his thesis, before performing a large number of experiments.

3. I’d like to know whether the series of experiments I have already performed and the data which I have obtained are enough.

4. These remarkable technological achievements have become possible due to the specially designed mechanisms and machines.

5. Man has obtained ultra-high and ultra-low temperatures, ultra-high vacuums, super-high pressures, ultra-high strength, super-elastic and superconducting materials and has been able to study the interaction of super-high-energy particles.

(B) Exercise 13. Analyze the use of the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) I carry out a number of experiments. I am carrying out a number of experiments now. I have already carried out a number of experiments. I carried out a number of experiments yesterday. I will have carried out a number of experiments by the time you come. I had already carried out a number of experiments when you came.

2) At present the research engineer is establishing the relationship between the time when the pipes were in operation and the breaking force. The research engineer has already established the relationship between the time when the pipes were in operation and the breaking force. Two years ago the research engineer established the relationship between the time when the pipes had been in operation and the breaking force.

3) This plant produces more and more chemicals with every passing year. This plant has produced a great amount of chemicals this month. This plant produced a great amount of chemicals last month. This plant will have produced a great amount of chemicals by the end of the year. This plant had already produced a great amount of chemicals by the time you visited it.

(B) Exercise 14. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Scientists have recently modernized all means of production in this field.

2. Government had put into operation sixteen specialized plants including the first section of a plant in Cheboksary for the manufacture of heavy-duty tractors for melioration and construction work by the end of 1975.

3. A desire to advance man’s potential in all directions has always marked the development in all fields of science and technology.

4. Scientists have paid great attention to materials whose properties can be changed and controlled.

5. Engineers have developed all these components into a complicated mechanism, and they have made detailed drawings of all component parts.

(B) Exercise 15. Fill in the gaps in the sentences using the suitable tense-forms from the box. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. This complex ………….. many new types of vehicles recently.

2. The KAMAZ plant ………………a huge territory of almost 1,000 hectares.

3. After the engineer … finally ……he drawings and found them satisfactory, materials are ordered.

4. The scientists …………….. that materials may exist whose properties are as superior to those of diamond as diamond is superior to carbon.

5. Our specialists and representatives of the Renault Company of France …………………. the technological processes of manufacturing the engines.

(B) Exercise 16. Choose the appropriate adverbial modifier of time.

1. Population will have used cars with less toxic exhaust gases.

2. The government had reorganized the first Russian automobile laboratory into the Automobile Research Institute.

3.The laboratory hasn’t solved this difficult problem.

4. The professor has engaged our students in research under the guidance of instructors.

5. The scientist has discovered super-plasticity of metal alloys.

6. Belarusian and foreign scientists had closely studied this astonishing phenomenon.

7. What new designs will have stylists suggested?