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Научного и учебно-методического совета ВГНА

В качестве учебного пособия

(протокол № от)

 

© ВГНА Минфина России, 2006

© С.М. Вишнякова, Н.В. Банина, составление, 2006

 


ВВЕДЕНИЕ

 

Пособие, представляющее собой аутентичные тексты и разнообразные упражнения по основным правовым и государственным системам Великобритании, США и Российской Федерации, предназначено для студентов-юристов.

Пособие построено по тематическому принципу, воссоздаёт историю и функционирование государственных и судебных структур Великобритании, США и России, освещает их современное устройство.

Юридическая лексика закрепляется в многочисленных упражнениях, имеющих целью формирование речевых навыков. Грамматические упражнения направлены на систематизацию накопленных знаний и на усвоение новых конструкций, характерных для юридических текстов.

Исходя из потребностей будущих юристов, пособие ставит своей целью научить студентов общению на профессиональные темы, проводить презентации, участвовать в диспутах и дискуссиях, читать, переводить и анализировать специальную литературу. Для решения этих задач тексты снабжены вопросами для обсуждения и темами для дискуссий.

Пособие соответствует требованиям учебных программ юридических ВУЗов и дает возможность, благодаря разнообразию текстов и заданий разного объёма и степени сложности, последовательно провести студентов по разделам специальной юридической лексики, заложить основы и сформировать навыки работы с литературой по специальности и использовать полученные знания для бесед и дискуссий на пройденные темы.

 

Материалы подготовили:

Главы I, II, V, VI – С.М. Вишнякова

Главы III, IV – Н.В. Банина

 


CHAPTER I LAW

Unit 1 Introduction to Law

Before you read

Discuss these questions.

1 Why is law necessary in communities?

2 What could you do if there were no laws?

3 What does ‘The law of the jungle’ mean? Give your own example.

4 Why do people take the law into their own hand?

5 Which laws are most often broken in Russia?

 

Introduction to Law

In the opinion of many people, the law is a necessary evil that should be used only when everyday informal ways of settling disputes break down. If our neighbour plays loud music late at night, we probably try to discuss the matter with him rather than consulting the police, lawyers or the courts. Only when we are injured in a train accident, or when a neighbour refuses to behave reasonably, do we start thinking about the legal implications of everyday activities.

Even so, some transactions in modern society are so complex that few of us would risk making them without first seeking legal advice; for example, buying or selling a house, setting up a business, or deciding whom to give our property to when we die. In some societies, such as the United States, precise written contracts, lawyers, and courts of law have become a part of daily life, whereas in others, such as Japan, lawyers are few and people tend to rely on informal ways of solving disagreements. It is interesting that two highly industrialized societies should be so different in this respect.

On the whole it seems that people all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other. Multinational companies employ expensive experts to ensure them their contracts are valid wherever they do business. Non-industrialized tribes in South America use lawyers in order to try to stop governments from destroying the rainforests in which they live. In the former Soviet republics where law was long regarded as merely a function of political power, ordinary citizens nowadays challenge the decisions of their governments in courts of law. And at a time when workers, refugees, commodities and environmental pollution are travelling around the world faster than ever before, there are increasing attempts to internationalize legal standards. When it helps ordinary people to reach just agreements across social, economic and international barriers, law seems to be regarded as a good thing. However, when it involves time and money and highlights people`s inability to cooperate informally, law seems to be an evil – but a necessary one that everyone should have a basic knowledge of.


Vocabulary

accident n несчастный случай

behave reasonably вести себя разумно

break down v сорвать (переговоры); разорвать (отношения)

challenge the decisions оспаривать решения

commodity, n commodities n pl товар, товары

contract n договор; контракт; valid contract юридически действительный

договор; неоспоримый договор

court n суд; судья; court of law суд, действующий по нормам статутного или

общего права

discuss the matter обсудить вопрос

environmental pollution n загрязнение окружающей среды

implication n 1 условие, предпосылка; 2 вывод; значение; смысл; legal

implication юридический вывод/смысл; юридически подразумеваемое

положение

inability n отсутствие право- и/или дееспособности

injure v причинить вред; получить телесные повреждения

law n 1 право; 2 закон

lawyer n юрист; адвокат; юрисконсульт

legal means n законные средства

police n полиция; полицейские; consult the police обратиться в полицию

political power государственная власть, политическая власть

property n 1 собственность; 2 имущество

reach a just agreement достичь справедливой (законной) договорённости

(соглашения)

refugee n беженец; эмигрант

seek (sought, sought) legal advice просить юридического совета; просить о

юридической консультации

set up (a business) основывать (дело)

settle dispute урегулировать спор

solve disagreement устранять разногласия, разрешать разногласия

transaction n сделка; операция; дело

tribe n племя; род

 

Reading tasks

A Comprehension check.

1 Markthese statements T (true) or F (false) according to the information in the text.

 

a Japanese prefer written agreements to informal ones.

b There are more lawyers in the United States than in Japan.

c Contracts and courts of law are a part of ordinary people`s daily life in all

industrialized countries.

d There are increasing attempts to internationalize legal standards.

2 Give examples of the growing uses of law throughout the world.

 

B Answer these questions.

 

1 What do people think of law?

2 In what circumstances do people think of their everyday activities as legal matters?

3 Are laws for lawyers or for ordinary people?

4 What will you do if your neighbour plays loud music at night? Will you go to the court?

5 How do people solve problems in the United States and in Japan?

6 Why do multinational companies employ expensive experts in law?

7 In your opinion, is law merely a function of political power?

8 Can ordinary citizens challenge the decisions of their governments? How?

9 Why do people increase attempts to internationalize legal standards?

10 When is law regarded as a bad thing?

11 Are there any laws in Russia that you would like to change or introduce?

 

Language focus

Put the verb in brackets into the correct form, present simple, past simple or present perfect.

It is obvious to everyone that, in a community such as the one in which we 1) _______ (live), some kind of law is necessary. When the world was at a very primitive stage, there 2) _____ (be) no such law. But, for a very long time now, members of every community 3) _______ (make) laws for themselves in self-protection.

Every day of our lives we are restrained and guided by law. It 4) _______ (protect) us while it 5) _________ (restrict) us. Sometimes it 6) _______ (punish) us. It 7) _______(determine) the registration of our births and the distribution of our possessions at death. It tells us how fast we 8) _______ (can) drive and how long we 9) ______ (must) attend school.

Every country 10) _______ (try), therefore, to provide laws which will help its people to live safely and as comfortably as possible. This is not at all an easy thing to do, and no country 11) _______ (be) successful in producing laws which are entirely satisfactory. But we are far better off with the imperfect laws which we 12) _______ (have), than if we had none at all.

Vocabulary tasks

A Match the English words and expressions with their Russian equivalents.

 

1 law a суд

2 settle a dispute b обратиться в полицию

3 negotiations broke down c юрист

4 consult the police d несчастный случай

5 lawyer e юридически подразумеваемое положение

6 court f переговоры сорвались

7 accident g закон

8 legal implication h урегулироватьспор

 

B Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and expressions.

 

1 консультация юриста

2 международные компании

3 оспаривать решения

4 суды, действующие по нормам статутного или общего права

5 собственность

6 законные средства

7 беженцы

 

C Completethe text with the words and phrases from the box.

agreements conduct enforcement lawless promoting legislature power personal safety property punishing

 

A law is a norm for 1) ______. Law embodies the 2) _______ that a political society has made about how life in that community is to be lived. Law is a method for 3) _____ whatever values a community wishes to achieve – protection of 4) _______, assurance of 5) _______, clean streets, equal treatment of all races, 6) _______ of contracts. In a 7) _______ community, persons must protect their own lives and property. But law takes over the task of protection by forbidding acts that are socially disapproved, and 8) _______ those acts when they are committed. The first and fundamental positive law of all communities is the establishing of the 9) _______.

D Complete the following text by translating the words and expressions in brackets.

Use the correct form of the appropriate words and phrases from the box.

flourish sanction live securely libel enforce threaten murder forbid European Union income tax protect make wills international bodies impose restrictions enforce laws disobey the rules pay compensation broken settle disputes govern

The Aims of Law

 

Law has several aims. They are all concerned with making society more stable and enabling people to (1 – процветать). The law forbids certain ways of behaving like (2 – убийство, 3 – письменная клевета),and requires others,like paying (4 – подоходный налог). If people (5 – не подчиняться правилам) the law threatens them with something unpleasant (often called a (6 – санкция)), like being punished or having to (7 – выплачивать компенсацию). The idea is that within this framework of do’s and dont’s people can (8 – жить в безопасности). If they are more secure they will treat one another better.

A second aim is the following. Laws guarantee to people who buy and sell goods, (9 – составлять завещания), form companies and so on that the state will if necessary (10 – обеспечивать соблюдение) these arrangements.

A third aim is to (11 – разрешать споры) about what the law is and whether it (12 – нарушен). Taking these three aims together, we see that law not only (13 – угрожать) those who do what it (14 – запрещать) but promises to (15 – защищать) people’s interests. It (16 – накладывать ограничения) on them but also gives them certain guarantees.

Lastly, a very important aim of law is to settle what the system of government is to be. Today and for the last few hundred years we have been mainly (17 – управлять) by sovereign states. That is changing. We are now increasingly governed, indirectly or directly, by (18 – международные организации), for example the (19 – Европейский Союз). But the state still occupies centre stage, especially when it comes to (20 – обеспечить соблюдение законов).

E Collocations

1 Look at the expressions in the box below.

Which means…

a suspected of having committed a crime?

b she doesn’t follow rules?

c we are all equal in the eyes of the law?

d take revenge without using the legal system?

e bossing people about?

f what I say must be respected?

g illegal?

h obeying and respecting the law?

i legally?

 

a law unto herself laying down the law against the law take the law into my own hands no one is above the law by law in trouble with the law law-abiding my word is law


 

2 Complete these sentences with the expressions in 1.

a After years as a ________ citizen, John decided to rob a bank and flee the country.

b Policeman: You were doing 160 kilometres per hour.

Prince: Yes, but do you know who I am?

Policeman: Yes, but ________.

c There was a constable here earlier. I think Mark’s ________ again!

d I was tempted to ________ and wring his neck.

e ‘Do this! Do that! Be back by 10!’ My father was always ________.

f You can never tell what Ruth’s going to do. She’s ________.

g I’m the boss and ________.

h Most Europeans are required ________ to carry ID cards.

i In some countries it’s ________ to chew gum.

Discussion

 

Look at the proposals for laws below. Discuss with your group which would affect you personally. Which of these laws would make the world a better place?

 

a No one should work more than a 32-hour week.

b Shops should all be open 24 hours a day.

c Cars should be banned from city centres.

d The dropping of chewing gum should be forbidden.

e Mobile phones should not be used in public areas.

 

Over to you

“Society can do without lawyers.”

Write a paragraph containing two arguments for and two against this statement. Then discuss your answer with other students.


Unit 2 What Law Is

Before you read

Discuss these questions.

1 What is your understanding of law?

2 What categories of law are known to you?

3 Are laws always sufficient? Give your own examples of perfect and imperfect laws.

4 In your opinion, are laws always fair?

 

Definitions

Study the dictionary definitions of LAW. Translate them into Russian. Which of them do you consider the most suitable?

 

1 All the rules established by authority or custom for regulating the behaviour of members of a community or country.

 

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English

2 The whole system of rules that citizens of a country or place must obey.

 

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

Longman Business English Dictionary

3 The regime that orders human activities and relations through systematic application of the force of politically organized society, or through social pressure, backed by force, in such a society; the legal system.

 

Black’s Law Dictionary

What Is Law?

The English word “law” refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour.

Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is the rather consistent law of gravity; another is the less consistent laws of economics. Other laws are prescriptive – they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits imposed upon drivers are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive. They rarely describe how fast we actually do drive, of course.

 


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