Task I. Look at these pictures of Celtic and Romanic symbols. Can you name the objects and realia? Work in groups.

Block IV

Borrowed Lexis

No language in the world is static, languages tend to migrate, change and improve. Their lexical and grammatical structure are constantly varying. Different reasons cause the changing in phonetics, morphology and syntax. Some words kept on outdating, so the new ones substitute them: new realities and notions appear, that again cause definite changes. Peoples conquer and are being conquered by other peoples, and by doing this are undergone from outside. The English language is not the exception. English is the most widely spread language in the world. Enormous amount of peoples speak it: Great Britain, America, India, Australia, Canada, New Zealand. It is the language of the greater lights of mankind (Shakespeare, Twain, Wild, Byron, Burns, Christie etc) and their masterpieces (Romeo and Juliet, Ideal husband, Pygmalion, Murder in Orient Express etc.). In lexical structure the borrowings have definite value: English, so to say, “breathes” with foreign routs, suffices and prefixes. So, the subject of borrowings is acute nowadays for those who study any foreign language, and English in particular. It will also be interesting thanks to that great quantity of material on the actual field of its investigating and searching. There will definitely appear a lot more of new themes for discussions and disputes.

The history of the English language counts many centuries and traditionally is divided into three main periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern or New English.

In every of appointed periods it undergone the influence from Germanic languages, Norman languages, Latin etc. some scientists even consider English – the Germanic language with Romanic vocabulary. The ball park figure of original words in the English language range from 20% to 30%. The vast part of lexical structure is composed of Latin, French, Scandinavian and Germanic words. The vast majority of words came from Latin due to this or that European language (the installed pictures introduce the arms of France, Sweden, Germany and Finland respectively).

A Warming Up

1. The United Kingdom of GB and Northern Ireland can be divided into 4 parts. Can you name them?

The UK consists of four parts: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

 

2. What are the geographical features of the British Isles?

The British Isles are separated from Europe by the Strait of Dover and the English Channel. The British Isles are washed by the North Sea in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The British Isles have many rivers but they are not very long. The longest of the English rivers is the Severn. It flows into the Irish Sea. The most important river of Scotland is the Clyde. Glasgow stands on it. Many of the English and Scottish rivers are joined by canals, so that it is possible to travel by water from one end of Great Britain to the other.

 

3. Can you point out on the map the first parts of the Isles that were occupied by the conquerors?

The conquerors settled in Britain in the following way: the Jutes or Frisians settled in Kent and the Isle of Wight; the Saxons occupied territories south of the Thames and some stretches north of it, and depending on location were called South Saxons, West Saxons and East Saxons (late also Mid Saxons). The last people to settle in Britain were the Angles which occupied most of the territory north of the Thames up to the Firth of Forth, namely the districts between the Wash and the Humber, and to the North of Humber.

 

4. Who were the conquerors? Can you name all the tribes that have ever been on the Isles?

 

5. What was the last conquest? Has the country ever been occupied after?

 

6. How many regions are there in the UK?

UK broadly has 4 Regions namely England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland and England in turn has 9 sub regions namely East Midlands, East of England, Greater London, North East England, North West England, South East England, South West England, West Midlands and Yorkshire & The Humber.

 

7. What are the main cities in the UK? Name all the capitals. Look attentively at the names of some cities and towns: can you identify their linguistic origin?

(Base the answers on the information gained during the previous course on Country-Studying)

England - The capital is London.

Scotland - The capital is Edinburgh.

Wales - The capital is Cardiff.

Northern Ireland - The capital is Belfast.

(The capital of the UK is London.)

 

a) Latin borrowings. In 43 A.D. Britain became a Roman colony after systematical attacks of Julius Caesar. Latin was spread basically in the southern, eastern and middle parts of the country. Roman legions as well as ordinary people imposed their particular way of life, traditions and peculiar characteristics of urbanization (running water, public baths, roads, crossroads, central heating, squares, libraries, etc.), as a result, it led to the global penetration of Latin into original Celtic language that was spread in Britain long before the Romanic conquest. Latin words penetrated into the English language via three basic periods: Romanic conquest, Renaissance, Enlightenment. Romanic period was bound by the words with urban, rural, civic meanings, the period of Renaissance was marked by the words denoting art, culture, music, architecture and the period of Enlightenment was basically noticed by the scientific, governmental meanings of words, and the words in the sphere of medicine.

 

Curriculum Vitae

Germanic Gods

Germanic religion, like most ancient religions, was polytheistic. In early times there were two groups of gods—the Aesir and the Vanir. However, after a war between the rival pantheons (which perhaps reflects a war between two rival tribes), the defeated Vanir were absorbed into the Aesir, and the gods of both were worshiped in a single pantheon. This pantheon, which according to some accounts consisted of 12 principal deities, had Woden (Odin) as its chief god. Other important deities were Tiw (Tyr), Thor (Donar), Balder, Frey, Freia, and Frigg. The gods dwelled in Asgard, where each deity had his or her own particular abode. The most beautiful of the palaces was Valhalla; there Woden, attended by the Valkyries, gave banquets to the dead heroes. The ancient Nordic gods, however, unlike the gods of most religions, were not immortal. They continually renewed their youth by eating the apples of Idun, but they were doomed, like mortals, to eventual extinction.

The gods were opposed by the giants and demons, representing the destructive and irrational forces of the universe. It was prophesied that at ragnarock, the doom of the gods, the forces of evil and darkness led by Loki and his brood of monsters, would attack the gods of Asgard. After a ferocious battle, in which most of the gods and giants would be destroyed, the universe would end in a blaze of fire. However, it was also prophesied that from the ashes of the old world a new cosmos would emerge and a new generation of gods and humans would dwell in harmony.

Scandinavian Gods

1 2 3 4 5 6

1. Odin – the Mighty God, patron sacred of secret knowledge and wisdom;

2. Loki – not used to be a God, but was welcomed to; patron of fire;

3. Skadi – a gigantic woman, symbol of wild and unbalanced nature; patron of storm and hard frost;

4. Thor – The God of War; the favorite God of the Vikings;

5. Freiya – The Goddess of Hearth, Fertility and Prosperity;

6. Niyord – The God of Kindness and Wealth.

Task VIII. Read the above information and try to compare the Scandinavian Gods with Greek and Roman ones. Find the equivalents in Greek and Roman mythology. Use Block VII. Mythological Items to fulfill the task properly.

Days of the Week
Certain days of the week are named after early Saxon and Scandinavian Gods.

Monandæg (Moon's day - the day of the moon),
Tiwesdæg (Tiw's-day - the day of the Scandinavian sky god Tiw,Tiu or Tig),
Wodnesdæg (Woden's day - the day of the god Woden (Othin)),
Ðunresdæg (Thor's Day - the day of the god Ðunor or Thunor),
Frigedæg (Freyja's day - the day of the goddess Freyja or Frigg, wife to Woden),
Sæternesdæg (Saturn's day - the day of the Roman god Saturn, whose festival "Saturnalia," with its exchange of gifts, has been incorporated into our celebration of Christmas.),
Sunnandæg (Sun's day - the day of the sun).

Task IX. Above you can see the days of the week origin. Find the definite information about 12 months of the year and share it with your group. Make it as a PR action. Use no more that 25-30 sentences. Try to play with your mates by asking them to settle a puzzle. For example:

“Well, now, to illustrate the next month I would like to introduce some pictures of three famous emperors of the Great Roman Empire: Claudius, August and Caesar. The next month was given its name after one of these outstanding personalities.”

1 2 3

c) Norman borrowings. The Norman period covers the years from 1066 to 1485. William the Conqueror, the Norman duke, brought with his army a huge bulk of lexis, which left a prominent step in the history of etymology of the English language. French words in their vast quality denoted brightly the status, way of life, activities and interests that Norman people possessed: accioun (eng. action), agreeable (eng. agreeable), beautee (eng, beauty), carpentier (eng. carpenter). Simultaneously English absorbed a huge number of French words, which considered to be more delicate and gentle, more polite in comparison with Anglo-Saxon ones. In that very period there appeared a language gap between noble people and peasants who couldn’t speak proper Norman. That is why nowadays we have so called etymological duplets, words that are doubled in the language

Bon voyage Grand prix

Rendezvous Hors d'oeuvre

Chic Carte blanche

Encore Coup Façade

Debut C'est la vie

Gourmet Bloc

Entourage Detente

Avant garde

1. This Cul – de sac is a nice place, but too quite and obscure. It would be so dull, as well as dangerous to live here;

2. I would like to start with a nice strong cup of tea, and to follow some Hors d'oeuvre to make my appetite harder;

3. The whole company decided that I could do everything, so they intrusted all the necessary information and papers to me, as well as gave me Carte blanche in making important decisions. Oh, I am nervous;

4. ABBA won Grand prix in Eurovision song contest once and since than forever;

5. I wish you Bon voyage on that long beautiful ship. Oh, how I envy your trip!

6. She always is very attractive, choosing only expensive clothes, eating in expensive restaurants, communicating with celebrities! Yes, she is Chic!

7. He offered a nice evening Tệte–ậ-tệte to discuss our future plans and I couldn’t help but coming up there;

8. I am awfully Blasé about all that mass that circulates around him after he won that completions! There are always too many reporters and journalists around our family. I am tired;

9. This restaurant is a favorite Rendezvous for writers and artists.

10. Molly Brown was the only woman on Titanic she was Nouveau riche (a person with money, but without status). People didn’t love her;

11. If we take Thomas out to dinner, we must choose a restaurant. He is a Gourmet

12. It is a successful Debut! Bravo! Now the price is our!

13. Film stars don’t usually travel alone. They are normally surrounded by a large Entourage of agents, secretaries and the other helpers

14. The audience liked her songs so much that at the end they shouted, “ Encore”, and she obliged by singing one more song

15. When she got married with a simple guy her family was furious, and only her granny calmed everybody down by saying: “ C'est la vie ”

16. The term “Easter… countries” referred to the Soviet Union and the other socialist states of Eastern Europe

17. His pictures are so Avant garde that it is very difficult to find a proper customer. Sometimes he sits without money for weeks;

18. She made her Coup Façade as an actress in a film at the age of 8

19. The Bloc of that old building remained the same, while interior was renovated and remodeled brand new;

20. At the moment there is a Detente between the two countries. Relations are much easier.

 

Some more French words that were borrowed and assimilated in English:

Французское заимствование	Перевод
reign	царствовать
government	правительство
crown	корона
state	государство
duke	герцог
peer	пэр
prince	князь
marquis	маркиз
viscount	виконт
baron	барон
army	армия
peace	мир
battle	битва
soldier	солдат
general	генерал
captain	капитан
lieutenant	лейтенант
sergeant	сержант
bullet	пуля
bayonet	штык
march	марш
enemy	неприятель
county	графство
city	крупный город
village	деревня
palace	дворец
mansion	имение
residence	резиденция
domicile	постоянное местожительство
fatigue	усталый
retinue	сдержанный
miserable	несчастный
tender	нежный
humble	скромный, смиренный
judge	судья
justice	правосудие, справедливость
court	суд
crime	преступление
service	служба (церковная)
parish	приход
lesson	урок
library	библиотека
dinner	обед
supper	ужин
table	стол
chair	стул
plate	тарелка
napkin	салфетка
saucer	блюдце
machine	машина
engine	мотор
fair	ярмарка
market	рынок
coquette	кокетка
party	партия
apartment	квартира
décolleté	декольтированный
costume	костюм
gourmet	гурман
billet-doux	любовное письмо
protégé	протеже
misalliance	неравный брак, мезальянс
roulette	рулетка, ролик, колёсико
femme	женщина

 

Task XIV.

· Watch the movie “Brave Heart” (the USA, 1995);

· Watch the movie “The First Knight” (the USA, 1995);

· Watch the movie “The Vikings” (the USA, 1958);

· Watch the movie “Rome” (the USA, 1962).

Task XV. You are to manage a Round Table Talk on watching one of the films mentioned above. Down page you will see the list of cards for discussion according to “Brave Heart” film. The rest may be organized in the same way.

Card 1.

Your task: The advantages and disadvantages of the script (is it true to real facts, whether there are too many battle scenes, too much blood or v.v. too much love etc.)

Card 2.

Your task: The cast (if you were a director, whom would you invite?)

Card 3.

Your task: Sophie Marceau (was she worth inviting)

Card 4.

Your task: Mel Gibson as an actor. Is he OK in directing?)

Card 5.

Your task: The triangle of Long Shanks – the king of England, his son and the princess (who was the winner at last, who fell, who was cheated?)

Card 6.

Your task: The Scotch. Their appearance, behavior, life conditions, customs etc. Are they coincide you imagine them to be?

Card 7.

Your task: The Camera Work. Was it worth Oscar?

Card 8.

Your task: The first and the second love of William Wallase

Card 9.

Your task: If the movie ended happily, your attitude would change?

Card 10.

Your task: The final episode. The injustice or reality? Describe your feelings.

Card 11.

Your task: Personal sacrifice in the name of love or in the name of country.

Card 12.

Your task: The “first night” restrictions. The scene of Wallace′ s friend wedding. Describe the faces.

Card 13.

Your task: The “first battle” episode. Did it come up to your expectations?

Card 14.

Your task: The “Killing the murder of Wallace′ s first wife” episode. What was the purpose: the revenge or war beginning?

Card 15.

Your task: You are the Round Table Speaker. Think of no less than 20 notions to the audience. Be ready to lead the table. Be ready to fulfill the pauses. Be ready to prepare the introductory and final short speeches. Your work would be given a definite plus, if you succeed (A certain advice for you: try not to utter your replicas by heart. Prepare the folder with all the necessary words in written form. It will be easier for you to lead the round table and the form of your conference will be better)

Card 16.

Your task: William′ s childhood. What are your ideas of children casting in the film?

Card 17.

Your task: Was it worth attacking England knowing beforehand that the victory is a myth?

Card 18.

Your task: Patrick McGoohan as “Red”, William′ s best friend. Do you think him to be a real Scotch? His appearance! Ignorance, naivety, devotedness, sincerity, power – these qualities correspond the hero?

Card 19.

Your task: You are a journalist. Be ready to ask at least 15 “puzzled” questions (one for each of the reporters) to the auditory. You have to compound a statistics of people who adore the movies and of those who dislike it. You are not to show your personal attitude. You are to find out the people opinion only. (Be ready to produce your article with a title.) Your work would be given a definite plus, if you succeed

Card 20.

Your task: You are a counter. You have to write a praise or a prosecution article. You have to decide who won in today′ s Round Table. Be ready to name at least 5 candidates who prepared the best “opinion report”. You are to decide who will have a credit plus. (Take sheets of paper in order to fix down everything you guess worth fixing. Be ready to produce your article with the title) Your work would be given a definite plus, if you succeed

Internet sites to the subject:

1. www.wikipedia.com

2. www.etymonline.com

3. www.allwords.com

4. http://garshin.ru/linguistics/words/English/English_international_words.html

5. http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/80/1008047/1008047a4.htm

6. http://webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=chateau

7. http://www.geocities.com/gene_moutoux/latinderivatives.htm

8. http://english.glendale.cc.ca.us/roots.dict.html

9.http://www.uk.ru/history/language.html

Task XVI. Write a culture-oriented linguistic article. For detailed information on structure and visual design see Attachment I. Here are the possible themes:

ü The ancient towns and cities of Europe;

ü The symbols of the lost civilizations;

ü The Norman Empire;

ü The Roman Empire;

ü The Celtic Empire;

ü Stonehenge – the symbol of Druids;

ü Greater lighters of the past: Pluto, Socrates, Aristotle, Julius Caesar, Mark Anthony, etc

A Follow Up

ü Bedlam

A place where madness and chaos reign. Bedlam was a hospital established in 1247 and properly called St Mary of Bethlehem. It was originally on the site of whet is now Liverpool Street in London. Over the centuries the hospital dealt exclusively with insane, and the name Bethlehem became truncated to Bedlam. In the 1700s it was opened to the public;

ü Bethlehem

The Hebrew beth lehem means “house of bread”. It is also the birthplace of Jesus Christ, who emphasized the ritual breaking of bread as the focus of the Christian communion. Given the nature of God and His mysterious workings, this is unlikely to be a simple coincidence;

ü Cardiff

Cardiff is an Anglicization of its Welsh name, Caerdydd. It is not entirely certain how the name came into being. Caer is a fort or castle in Welsh, but the “dydd” part of the name doesn’t seem to make sense. It could be a corruption of “taff” – the river Taff runs through the city, and the letter d in Welsh is often translated as t in English;

ü Dublin

Dublin was officially founded by the Vikings, although there is evidence that the site was occupied in one form o another as far back as the Mesolitic Age. when the Vikings moved in, the town became known as Dyfflin or Bubh Linn, meaning “black pool”. this was because, at the place where the river Poddle joined the Liffey, a deep, dark pool was formed in which it was easier to land ships;

ü Edinburgh

A fort and a small settlement was established during the Bronze Age by the Picts. Around the time of the Roman occupation, the Gododdin tribe are thought to have named the place Dun Eidyn, meaning simple “hill fort”. The town was never captured by the Romans, and it is one of the sites in Europe that has undergone the longest continual occupation. After it was attacked by the Angles, and its name was changed to Edinburh – burh meaning town;

ü London

The name of the modern London was derived from the old Roman name Londinium. There is no common idea in the etymology of the given name, though there are more or less stabled hypnotizes. Some scholars believe that the name came from the Roman proper name that can be translated as “mad” or “flammable”. Others think that the name was derived from the Roman word Lond, meaning “wild”, “bushy” and “uninhabited”. Still others presuppose that the name London consists of two words: Llyn – lake and Don – fortification. But there is a rather stable theory that the name of the city came from the old European word Plowonida, meaning “outflow river”;

ü Manchester

What is Manchester today began life as a Roman fort on the plateau of one of the hills. The Romans called the hill Mamucian (breast shaped), and the fort and civilian settlement existed until the Romans left. In the 17^th century the Saxons created a new settlement there. They called any former Roman town caster and the new town became know as Mamm caster. Later the spelling was modernized to Manchester;

! For more information on Borrowed Lexis see Attachment, Section 3!

 

Block IV

Borrowed Lexis

No language in the world is static, languages tend to migrate, change and improve. Their lexical and grammatical structure are constantly varying. Different reasons cause the changing in phonetics, morphology and syntax. Some words kept on outdating, so the new ones substitute them: new realities and notions appear, that again cause definite changes. Peoples conquer and are being conquered by other peoples, and by doing this are undergone from outside. The English language is not the exception. English is the most widely spread language in the world. Enormous amount of peoples speak it: Great Britain, America, India, Australia, Canada, New Zealand. It is the language of the greater lights of mankind (Shakespeare, Twain, Wild, Byron, Burns, Christie etc) and their masterpieces (Romeo and Juliet, Ideal husband, Pygmalion, Murder in Orient Express etc.). In lexical structure the borrowings have definite value: English, so to say, “breathes” with foreign routs, suffices and prefixes. So, the subject of borrowings is acute nowadays for those who study any foreign language, and English in particular. It will also be interesting thanks to that great quantity of material on the actual field of its investigating and searching. There will definitely appear a lot more of new themes for discussions and disputes.

The history of the English language counts many centuries and traditionally is divided into three main periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern or New English.

In every of appointed periods it undergone the influence from Germanic languages, Norman languages, Latin etc. some scientists even consider English – the Germanic language with Romanic vocabulary. The ball park figure of original words in the English language range from 20% to 30%. The vast part of lexical structure is composed of Latin, French, Scandinavian and Germanic words. The vast majority of words came from Latin due to this or that European language (the installed pictures introduce the arms of France, Sweden, Germany and Finland respectively).

A Warming Up

1. The United Kingdom of GB and Northern Ireland can be divided into 4 parts. Can you name them?

The UK consists of four parts: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

 

2. What are the geographical features of the British Isles?

The British Isles are separated from Europe by the Strait of Dover and the English Channel. The British Isles are washed by the North Sea in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The British Isles have many rivers but they are not very long. The longest of the English rivers is the Severn. It flows into the Irish Sea. The most important river of Scotland is the Clyde. Glasgow stands on it. Many of the English and Scottish rivers are joined by canals, so that it is possible to travel by water from one end of Great Britain to the other.

 

3. Can you point out on the map the first parts of the Isles that were occupied by the conquerors?

The conquerors settled in Britain in the following way: the Jutes or Frisians settled in Kent and the Isle of Wight; the Saxons occupied territories south of the Thames and some stretches north of it, and depending on location were called South Saxons, West Saxons and East Saxons (late also Mid Saxons). The last people to settle in Britain were the Angles which occupied most of the territory north of the Thames up to the Firth of Forth, namely the districts between the Wash and the Humber, and to the North of Humber.

 

4. Who were the conquerors? Can you name all the tribes that have ever been on the Isles?

 

5. What was the last conquest? Has the country ever been occupied after?

 

6. How many regions are there in the UK?

UK broadly has 4 Regions namely England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland and England in turn has 9 sub regions namely East Midlands, East of England, Greater London, North East England, North West England, South East England, South West England, West Midlands and Yorkshire & The Humber.

 

7. What are the main cities in the UK? Name all the capitals. Look attentively at the names of some cities and towns: can you identify their linguistic origin?

(Base the answers on the information gained during the previous course on Country-Studying)

England - The capital is London.

Scotland - The capital is Edinburgh.

Wales - The capital is Cardiff.

Northern Ireland - The capital is Belfast.

(The capital of the UK is London.)

 

a) Latin borrowings. In 43 A.D. Britain became a Roman colony after systematical attacks of Julius Caesar. Latin was spread basically in the southern, eastern and middle parts of the country. Roman legions as well as ordinary people imposed their particular way of life, traditions and peculiar characteristics of urbanization (running water, public baths, roads, crossroads, central heating, squares, libraries, etc.), as a result, it led to the global penetration of Latin into original Celtic language that was spread in Britain long before the Romanic conquest. Latin words penetrated into the English language via three basic periods: Romanic conquest, Renaissance, Enlightenment. Romanic period was bound by the words with urban, rural, civic meanings, the period of Renaissance was marked by the words denoting art, culture, music, architecture and the period of Enlightenment was basically noticed by the scientific, governmental meanings of words, and the words in the sphere of medicine.

 

Task I. Look at these pictures of Celtic and Romanic symbols. Can you name the objects and realia? Work in groups.