Самые старые растения и животные

The story of the Bicycle

As people try to use less energy, and find alternatives to cars, more and more people are buying, and riding, bicycles. But where did the bicycle come from? Who invented this "velocipede"?.

You may be surprised to learn that the humble bicycle was invented several years later than the railway locomotive! But the two-wheeler has come a long way since the day it was invented by a Scottish blacksmith, Kirkpatrick MacMillan, back (it is said) in 1839.

MacMillan developed his bike from an older wheeled vehicle, called a "hobby horse". This was a wooden horse with two wheels. The rider sat on the horse, and pushed the vehicle along with his feet. It was not a very fast or safe vehicle, since it had no steering and no brakes.

MacMillan, nicknamed Mad Pate, modified the hobby horse, by adding a system of articulated bars. The rider could push the bars back and forwards with his feet, and make the back wheel go round. He could also steer the bike, as the front wheel could be turned.

To demonstrate his invention, he cycled 60 miles to Glasgow! It must have been a terrible journey, on the roads of the day! Pate's bike did not have rubber tyres or springs.

Mad Pate was not recognised in his time, but other people became interested in bicycles. Twenty-five years later, a Frenchman called Pierre Lallemant designed and patented the first bicycle with rotary pedals; and in 1876, H.J.Lawson added another basic feature, "chain- drive ".

Other features, such as rubber tyres and gears, have appeared since then; but the basic bicycle has not changed.

Since then the bicycle has had a magnificent fortune. Today, it is probably the most common form of transport in the world, especially in the Third World; and non-polluting and easy to ride, it has a big future as the town vehicle of tomorrow. Thanks Pate!

История велосипеда

Как люди пытаются использовать меньше энергии, и найти альтернативы для автомобилей, все больше и больше людей покупают, и езда, велосипеды. Но откуда взялся велосипед пришел? Кто изобрел этот "велосипед"?.

Вы можете быть удивлены, узнав, что скромный велосипед был изобретен несколькими годами позже, чем железная дорога паровоз! Но двухколесных транспортных средств, прошел долгий путь с того дня, как его изобрел шотландский кузнец Киркпатрик Макмиллан, еще (говорят) в 1839 году.

Макмиллан разработал свой велосипед из старой колесное транспортное средство, так называемый "конек". Это была деревянная лошадь с двумя колесами. Всадник сел на лошадь, и толкали корабль с ног. Он не был очень быстрым или безопасным транспортным средством, поскольку у него нет руля и без тормозов.

Макмиллан, по прозвищу безумный паштет, модифицированных хобби лошади, добавив систему articulatedbars. Всадник может подтолкнуть баров взад и вперед со своей ноги, и сделать заднее колесо вращаться. Он также мог рулить велосипеда, а переднее колесо может быть включен.

Чтобы продемонстрировать свое изобретение, он ездил на велосипеде 60 миль в Глазго! Наверное, это было ужасное путешествие, на дорогах день! Велосипед пейт не было резины или пружины.

Безумный паштет не был признан в свое время, но и другие люди стали интересоваться велосипедами. Двадцать пять лет спустя, француз назвал Пьер Lallemant разработан и запатентован первый велосипед с поворотной педали; а в 1876 г., д. г. Лоусон добавил еще одну основную черту, цепь-привод"".

Другие функции, такие как резиновые покрышки и шестеренки, появились с тех пор, но основной велосипед не изменилась.

С тех пор велосипед было прекрасное состояние. Сегодня, это, пожалуй, самый распространенный вид транспорта в мире, особенно в странах третьего мира; и не загрязняет окружающую среду и легко ездить, он имеет большое будущее, так как город автомобиль завтрашнего дня. Спасибо Паштет!

 

 

THE OLDEST PLANTS AND ANIMALS

In 1497 a German fisherman caught a ringed pike dated 1230. This meant that the pike was more than two hundred and sixty-seven years old. But the pike cannot compete with a turtle found in 1737 and brought to the London Zoo. When the turtle was found, scientists studied it and said that it was more than a century old. Two hundred years later, the same turtle was still living in the Zoo. There are also crocodiles that live as long as turtles.

We all know that large parrots live long. There is one that lived 140 years. There are other birds that live to be a century old. But elephants do not usually live so long – not more than 50 to 70 years. The life of lions is even shorter – not more than 30 years.

But the animals who live the longest lives cannot compete with members of the plant world. Little blueberry plants can live more than three hundred years. Scientists have shown that Mexican cypress trees can live ten thousand years; but the prize for long life belongs to a tree in Australia that can live fifteen thousand years.

The ghost of Anne Boleyn

 

Can you all hear me? Don't worry, I'm going to speak slowly.

Good.

The Tower we are in now is called the Bloody Tower. Do you know what ‘blood’ is?

Good.

Well, the Tower has a very special connection with Anne Boleyn.

Anne Boleynwas the second wife of Henry VIII - you know, the king who had six wives.

Henry divorced his first wife, Catherine, and he married Anne because hewanted a son.

But Anne couldn't give him a son, only a daughter.

So Henry decided to marry again.

But first Anne Boleyn had to die.

Come with me.

It all happened very quickly.

One day Anne was the Queen of England and the next day, on 2nd May 1536 she was arrested and brought here to the BloodyTower.

She was kept in this room for 18 days.

She slept in that bed there.

Then, on 19th May, she was taken from here and executed.

Her head was cutoff, like this.

But since then, the ghost of Anne Boleyn has been seen andheard many times here in the Tower of London.

Sometimes she sits in a darkcorner of the room, just over there.

She wears a long, grey dress, and a whitehat.

Sometimes she's seen with her head, sometimes without it, andsometimes she's carrying her head under her arm.

Other people have seenthe ghost of Anne Boleyn walking in the Bloody Tower.

And some people haveheard it crying, saying 'I am innocent.

I am innocent.'

Perhaps one of you willsee the ghost of Anne Boleyn today!

 

Про скейтбордистов в ЛА… в аудио файле у них не полностью этот диалог.

Who invented skateboarding?

Monica: Skateboarding began in California in the 1950s, but we don’t know who the first person to go on a skateboard was.

Carl: In the beginning, skateboarding was popular with surfers. They wanted to practise surfing on land when the ocean was calm or the weather was bad.

Is skateboarding dangerous?

Carl: All skateboarders fall off their boards but fortunately most injuries are minor. It’s a good idea to wear a helmet to protect your head.

What’s a long board?

Monica: A long board is skateboard that’s longer and has got bigger wheels. Skateboards are usually 70 to 80 centimetres long, but long boards are 90 to 120 centimetres long. It’s difficult to do jumps on a long board, but you can go fast.

Carl: Listen to this! In 2006, a skateboarder went across Australia on a long board. That’s 5,850 kilometres!

 

 

Про студентов Артура и Миру..

 

Arthur: Morning, Myra.
Myra: Oh hi, Arthur! You're taking Ecology Three Eleven, too?
A: Looks like it. It's my only elective this term.
M: Really? What happened?
A: Oh, I just took too many my second year, and now I've got to pick up all the required courses I've been ignoring. University's just too much fun, I guess.
M: Too many parties?
A: No. (laughs) Well, yeh, that too. But you know-- there're just so many interesting things to learn about, and we've only got four years here to explore them. I've been having too good a time at it, that's all. But it has helped me decide my major, finally.
M: And?
A: Bus Ad. I've learned a lot here, and one thing I've learnt is that most fields don't hold out a lot of promise for gainful employment! So I'm playing it safe and going for my BA in business administration.
M: So, why Three Eleven? An ecology course isn't going to help you in your office job at some corporation.
A: Prob'ly not, but... it still seems interesting-- and important. We all need to know about the environment, no matter what we do for a living.
M: Yeah, you're right. And maybe you will be able to use it. Maybe you'll end up working for a green company or something.
A: Could be. There's more and more of those every day.
M: And thank goodness. Poor old Earth!
A: Is that why you're taking this?
M: Well, it's not an elective for me. I need Three Eleven for my BS program. We need several cross-field courses to "broaden our understanding", and this is one of them. Actually, though, I'm looking forward to this course: "Nature's Influence on Man-- Man's Influence on Nature"! Sounds like a really useful topic, doesn't it? And Dr Forsythe is supposed to be a very engaging lecturer.
A: Well, his website is a gas, at least! He's got an hilarious little eco-game on it: shoot the wolves and see how many deer reproduce and eat all the grass!
M: Hmm. I suppose that would teach, uh, fifth graders about the balance of nature.
A: Hey, it was fun! Anyway, he's also got some good information there-- it'll probably come in handy when he gives us homework.
M: Wow, you're right! I better take a look at it myself. Can you give me his URL?
A: It's listed right in the course guide where they describe the course, but if you can't find it, I'll give it to you next time. Or I could email it to you-- what's your address?
M: That would be great, thanks. [email protected]. Here, I'll write it down for you. Did you pick up your textbook yet?
A: No. I've been looking for a secondhand copy before I spring for a new one. It's expensive-- forty-five bucks!
M: (sighs) They all are, aren't they? Why do poor college students have to pay so much for their textbooks? It ain't fair.
A: It's just economics. Nobody reads them except the students that take the courses. The publishers probably didn't print more than a few hundred copies of our text, you know.
M: Still, they could print them in paperback, couldn't they? That would save us some money.
A: And on newsprint-- sure! (laughs) Some students do keep them, though, for reference after they graduate, if they're working in that field. In that case, they need to be durable. My dad's still got his college accounting textbooks-- and he uses them all the time.
M: I suppose you're right. Where you gonna find a used copy? At the bookstore?
A: They don't have any there now-- I checked. I put up some notes on the Science Building bulletin boards yesterday. Maybe someone there's got one they don't want to keep anymore.
M: Well, uh, if you hear about two of them, will you let me know? I'd like to save a little money, too.
A: Sure. If I do, I'll buy it for you and you can pay me back. How much are you willing to pay?
M: Oh, anything under thirty-five dollars'll be fine. A penny saved is a penny earned. But if you haven't found one by next Monday, I'll have to buy a new one then, so email me Sunday night either way, will you?
A: You bet. Oops! Here's Dr Forsythe now.

 

The story of the Bicycle

As people try to use less energy, and find alternatives to cars, more and more people are buying, and riding, bicycles. But where did the bicycle come from? Who invented this "velocipede"?.

You may be surprised to learn that the humble bicycle was invented several years later than the railway locomotive! But the two-wheeler has come a long way since the day it was invented by a Scottish blacksmith, Kirkpatrick MacMillan, back (it is said) in 1839.

MacMillan developed his bike from an older wheeled vehicle, called a "hobby horse". This was a wooden horse with two wheels. The rider sat on the horse, and pushed the vehicle along with his feet. It was not a very fast or safe vehicle, since it had no steering and no brakes.

MacMillan, nicknamed Mad Pate, modified the hobby horse, by adding a system of articulated bars. The rider could push the bars back and forwards with his feet, and make the back wheel go round. He could also steer the bike, as the front wheel could be turned.

To demonstrate his invention, he cycled 60 miles to Glasgow! It must have been a terrible journey, on the roads of the day! Pate's bike did not have rubber tyres or springs.

Mad Pate was not recognised in his time, but other people became interested in bicycles. Twenty-five years later, a Frenchman called Pierre Lallemant designed and patented the first bicycle with rotary pedals; and in 1876, H.J.Lawson added another basic feature, "chain- drive ".

Other features, such as rubber tyres and gears, have appeared since then; but the basic bicycle has not changed.

Since then the bicycle has had a magnificent fortune. Today, it is probably the most common form of transport in the world, especially in the Third World; and non-polluting and easy to ride, it has a big future as the town vehicle of tomorrow. Thanks Pate!

История велосипеда

Как люди пытаются использовать меньше энергии, и найти альтернативы для автомобилей, все больше и больше людей покупают, и езда, велосипеды. Но откуда взялся велосипед пришел? Кто изобрел этот "велосипед"?.

Вы можете быть удивлены, узнав, что скромный велосипед был изобретен несколькими годами позже, чем железная дорога паровоз! Но двухколесных транспортных средств, прошел долгий путь с того дня, как его изобрел шотландский кузнец Киркпатрик Макмиллан, еще (говорят) в 1839 году.

Макмиллан разработал свой велосипед из старой колесное транспортное средство, так называемый "конек". Это была деревянная лошадь с двумя колесами. Всадник сел на лошадь, и толкали корабль с ног. Он не был очень быстрым или безопасным транспортным средством, поскольку у него нет руля и без тормозов.

Макмиллан, по прозвищу безумный паштет, модифицированных хобби лошади, добавив систему articulatedbars. Всадник может подтолкнуть баров взад и вперед со своей ноги, и сделать заднее колесо вращаться. Он также мог рулить велосипеда, а переднее колесо может быть включен.

Чтобы продемонстрировать свое изобретение, он ездил на велосипеде 60 миль в Глазго! Наверное, это было ужасное путешествие, на дорогах день! Велосипед пейт не было резины или пружины.

Безумный паштет не был признан в свое время, но и другие люди стали интересоваться велосипедами. Двадцать пять лет спустя, француз назвал Пьер Lallemant разработан и запатентован первый велосипед с поворотной педали; а в 1876 г., д. г. Лоусон добавил еще одну основную черту, цепь-привод"".

Другие функции, такие как резиновые покрышки и шестеренки, появились с тех пор, но основной велосипед не изменилась.

С тех пор велосипед было прекрасное состояние. Сегодня, это, пожалуй, самый распространенный вид транспорта в мире, особенно в странах третьего мира; и не загрязняет окружающую среду и легко ездить, он имеет большое будущее, так как город автомобиль завтрашнего дня. Спасибо Паштет!

 

 

THE OLDEST PLANTS AND ANIMALS

In 1497 a German fisherman caught a ringed pike dated 1230. This meant that the pike was more than two hundred and sixty-seven years old. But the pike cannot compete with a turtle found in 1737 and brought to the London Zoo. When the turtle was found, scientists studied it and said that it was more than a century old. Two hundred years later, the same turtle was still living in the Zoo. There are also crocodiles that live as long as turtles.

We all know that large parrots live long. There is one that lived 140 years. There are other birds that live to be a century old. But elephants do not usually live so long – not more than 50 to 70 years. The life of lions is even shorter – not more than 30 years.

But the animals who live the longest lives cannot compete with members of the plant world. Little blueberry plants can live more than three hundred years. Scientists have shown that Mexican cypress trees can live ten thousand years; but the prize for long life belongs to a tree in Australia that can live fifteen thousand years.

Самые старые растения и животные

В 1497 году в Германии рыбак поймал окольцованную щуку; на кольце стояла дата – 1230 год. Это означало что щуке более чем 267 лет. Но даже щука не может соревноваться с черепахой, пойманной в 1737 году привезенной в лондонский зоопарк. Ученые изучили её и выяснили, что ей более, чем 100 лет. 200 лет спустя, эта черепаха все еще жила в зоопарке. Так же существуют виды крокодилов, которые могут прожить столько же сколько черепахи.

Мы все знаем, что большие попугаи живут долго. Был один попугай, который дожил до 140 лет. Так же есть птицы, которые живут почти 100 лет. А вот слоны, как правило, не живут долго – от 50 до 70 лет. Продолжительность жизни львов еще короче – не больше 30 лет.

Но даже животные, живущие так долго, не могут соревноваться с растениями. Маленькое растение голубика живет более чем 300 лет. Ученые выяснили, что мексиканские кипарисы могут прожить 10 тысяч лет. Но первое место принадлежит дереву, растущему в Австралии, которому около 15 тысяч лет.

 

 

ROAMERS

In 1989 a young Australian was travelling around Europe and found himself at his British hotel after closing time — at 10 in the morning. While most of us might take this as an opportunity to find a cosy bed and breakfast or at least a dry bench in a railway station, Matt Lassiter spotted a business opportunity. Knowing that he was not alone and that thousands of backpacking youngsters were wandering the world with heavy bags and fat wallets, Lassiter came up with a plan to start his own hostels that made young visitors feel at home whenever they arrived. "I realised there was not so much a gap in the backpackers market, but
rather a canyon!"

A couple of years later, Lassiter formed his own company which he called Roamers. His intention was to focus on creating hostels which would provide accommodation for the dynamic youth tourism market. "The average backpacker, around 18—21, is likely to be highly educated, often taking time off between school and university and usually has quite a lot of money to spend and these are the people Roamers sets out to attract," says Lassiter.

Today, Roamers operates in more than 20 countries, has 70 hostels and provides 1.5 million bed nights each year. Lassiter says that each hostel is like a kindly aunt or uncle looking after young people.

Backpackers like that and their parents like it even more, not because Roamers is a fun environment, but because Roamers offers a safe and secure form of accommodation.

A typical hostel has showers and toilets on each floor, a "chill out" room with television, food, bar and drinks facilities, a laundry room and internet access with free e-mail usage. Lassiter was very aware that his young, bright customers would all be familiar with the Internet and that it would play an important part in marketing his company.

Part of Lassiter's success is knowing that backpackers want to feel like explorers. "We have to be very careful how we market our products — it must be their decision and not seen as a package holiday — we make them think they are independent." The Roamers technique is to offer pre-booked two or four-day tours, a couple of nights recovering from jet-lag, a welcome pack, clean sheets — no sleeping bags — and a free call home. The formula is certainly working, which just goes to show that Lassiter's instincts are exactly right for this growing holiday market.

 

 

Скиталец (Roamers переводится как скиталец)

Конец формы

 

В 1989 году молодой Австралийский путешествовал по Европе и нашли сам на свой британский отель после закрытия время — в 10 утра. Хотя большинство из нас могут воспринять это как возможность найти уютные кровати и завтрак или, по крайней мере, сухой скамейке на вокзале, Мэтт Ласситер увидел бизнес-возможность. Зная, что он не один и что

тысячи альпинизмом малолеток было скитание по миру с тяжелые сумки и толстые кошельки, Ласситер придумали план, чтобы начать свой собственный общежитиях, которые сделали юные посетители чувствовали себя как дома, когда они приехали. "Я понял, что был не столько разрыв в туристическом рынке, но а каньон!"

И пару лет спустя Ласситер основал собственную компанию, которую он называемых Бродников. Его намерение состояло в том, чтобы сосредоточиться на создании общежитий бы предоставить жилье для динамичного рынка молодежного туризма. "Среднестатистический турист, вокруг 18-21, скорее всего, будет весьма образованный, часто перерыв между школой и вузом и, как правило, имеет довольно много денег, чтобы тратить и это те люди, Бродников устанавливает привлечь", - говорит Лассетер.

Сегодня, Бродников работает более чем в 20 странах, имеет 70 общежитиях и дает ежегодно 1,5 миллиона ночей. Ласситер говорит, что каждый хостел-это как добрая тетя или дядя, глядя вслед молодым людям. Таких бродяг, как и их родители любят его даже больше, не потому что Бродников является веселой обстановке, а потому, что Бродников предлагает безопасный и безопасная форма размещения.

В типичном хостеле есть душевые и туалеты на каждом этаже, "чилаут" номер с телевизором, еда, бар и напитки в зал, прачечная и доступ в Интернет с бесплатным использование электронной почты. Ласситер был очень осознает, что его молодой, яркий клиентов все знакомы с Интернетом и что он будет играть важную роль в маркетинге своей компании.

Часть успеха Ласситера зная, что туристы хотят чувствовать себя как исследователи. "Мы должны быть очень осторожны, как мы продаем нашу продукцию — это должно быть их решение и не видел, как путевка — мы делаем они думают, что они независимы". Техника Бродников предложить заранее забронировали два или четыре однодневные экскурсии, пару ночей оправившись от Джет-ЛАГ, приветственный набор, постельное белье — без спальных мешков и бесплатный звонок дома. Формула конечно работает, который просто идет, чтобы показать, что Инстинкты ласситера именно на этом растущем рынке праздник.