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| Future Simple | 1. A predictedfuture action seen as inevitable and out of anybody’s control with the words tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in a week (month, year, etc.), next year, in 2015 etc. Next year I’ll be 20. Spring will come soon. Reference to the future can also be clear from the situation. Spring has come and the birds will come back home. 2. An action decided on spontaneously. It looks like rain. I’ll take my umbrella. What would you like to drink? – I’ll have a coke, please. 3. An action which will happen with a certain degree of probability. I’m sure he’ll get better. I don’t think I’ll go out tonight. No doubt you’ll enjoy the performance. I’ll probably bea bit late this evening. 4.In the mainclause of complex sentences of time and real condition. I’ll phone you as soon as I arrive. I’ll be worried if you are late again. But: the subordinate clause takes Simple Present or Present Perfect. I’ll phone you as soon as I arrive. I’ll be worried if you are late again. |
| Present Progressive | 1.A near future action arising out of arrangement or plan. I’m leaving tomorrow. She saysshe’s baby-sittingtonight. Note: the verbs ‘see, hear’ are used in the Progressive forms in the meaning of ‘meet’ and ‘learn’. |
| be going + Infinitive | 1.Aplanor personal intention. Roger is going to sell his car. 2. A predictedfuture event based on evidence. Look at the clouds! Isn’tit going to rain? |
| Simple Present | 1.Adefinite future arrangementin a moreformallanguage than the action expressed by the Present Progressive. The train leaves at 6 a.m. tomorrow. The conference begins on Monday. |
| Future Progressive | 1.An action whichwill be going onat a definite momentor during a certain periodof timein the future. The moment is indicated either by an adverbial or by another future action. I’ll be driving to work at 9 tomorrow. This time next week we’ll be crossing the border. The granny will be knitting when I come back from work. You’ll recognize her easily when you see her. She’ll be wearing a yellow hat. From 8 till 12 I’ll be at university. I’ll be having classes at this time. |
| Future Perfect | 1. An action completedbefore a definite future moment. The moment is indicated by an adverbial with the preposition ‘by’ or by another future action. I think she’ll have finished the essay by Monday. By the time you get back Mike will have left. 2.A future actioncoveringa certain period of time up toorincludingthe given moment(with verbs not used in Progressive tenses). He’ll have been in this business for five years by next summer. |
| Future Perfect Progressive | 1.An actionlastingfor a period of timeup toor includinga certain future moment. By five o’clock I’ll have been doing thiscrosswordfor an hour. By the time hearrivesin London Maxwill have been driving for nearly five hours. |
Note: In Reported Speech when the verb in the principal clause is in the Past tense-form ‘will’ is replaced by ‘would’ and the words ‘tomorrow, next day, etc.’ are replaced by ‘the next day, the next week, etc.’.
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2nd Year 4th Term
PREPOSITIONS
Предлоги
WITH AN OBJECT AFTER
‘PREPOSITIONAL’ VERBS
| He was accused of damaging the car. But: He was charged with damaging the car. Never ask for money you haven’t earned. We should apologize to them for waking them up. I don’t approve of your behavior. Who does this house belong to? Mike borrowed $15 from me. But: Mike lent $15 to me. She cares for him deeply. I don’t care about your smoking here. I’ll take care of the flowers while you are away. She complained to the manager about the poor working conditions. She complained to me of a headache. The report consisted of two parts. The unemployed depend on state support. It’s not easy to get rid of bad habits. Have you heard aboutPeter? He’s got married. Have you ever heard ofStrove Geodetic Arc? I haven’t heard fromhim for a month. She insisted on our staying to lunch. They invited us to the party. Everyone laughed at his joke. I usually listen to the news when driving the car. | They lived on bread and butter for weeks. Look at the rainbow. Isn’t it beautiful? I have looked formy watch everywhere but I can’t find it. Don’t worry. I’ll look afterthe children. I’mlooking forward toseeing you in September. Ilooked throughthe newspaper while Iwaited foryou. Punishment mustpreventpeoplefromcommitting crimes. In such a situation one mustrely onone’s common sense. Jane remindsmeofmy former wife. Pleaseremindheraboutthe meeting. Has anyone sent for a doctor? Can I speak tothe manager, please? I talked toher half an hour ago. We are thinking of going out tonight. (=have an idea) What do you think of this plan? (= have an opinion) Before giving a final answer, think carefully about what I said. (=consider, concentrate the mind on) Don’t worry about the lunch. It’ll be ready in a moment. |
PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal verbs are idiomatic expressions, combining verbs and prepositions to make new verbs whose meaning is often not obvious from the dictionary definitions of the individual words. They are widely used in both written and spoken English, and new ones are formed all the time as they are a flexible way of creating new terms.
Below are some of the widely used phrasal verbs.
| When did the first world war break down? She was brought up in the country. Have you called on Ms Price? (=Have you visited Ms Price?) Margaret came across this ad in yesterday newspaper. You’ll have to carry out the court’s order. The rain stopped and the sky cleared up. In the end we found out the truth. How does she get on with her brother? We’ll have to get up early tomorrow. You should give up smoking. Go (keep) on writing. There were a few words I didn’t know, so I looked them up in the dictionary. It was very dark. We couldn’t make out anything. | The meeting wasput offuntil the following week. She only puts on a hat when she goes to the wedding. Ann ran into her former boy-friend last week. We’ve run outof bread. I can’t join you tonight. I’m seeing off my Mum. Speak up! I can’t hear you. People say I take after my father. It’s getting dark. Turn on the light. It’s still dark in the room. Don’t turn off the light. It’s warm hear. Take off your coat. I’ll think your proposals over and let you know. She had tried on about ten pairs of shoes before she made her final choice. When she woke up it was still dark. He asked me to write (put) down my address. |
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