MUST NOT versus DO/ DOES NOT HAVE TO

DO/ DOES NOT HAVE TO shows that s omething is not necessary or not an obligation (lack of necessity or obligation). Make sure the verb agrees with the subject.

In Canada, children do not have to go to school on Saturdays, but many adults have to work. Common Question: Do children have to go to school on Saturdays? No, they don't.

Maggie doesn't have to study tonight because she studied all day. Common Question: Does Maggie have to study tonight? No, she doesn't.

 

To put the modal in past tense, simply use the phrase DID not have to.

For homework last night, we had to read Chapters 4 and 6, but we didn't have to read Chapter 5. Question: Did we have to read Chapter 5 last night? No, we didn’t.

Note:

1) NEEDN’T indicates lack of obligation and necessity, like DON’T HAVE TO.

You needn’t bring anything to the party.

2) NEED TO is not a modal, but it is used in affirmative sentences, like have to, to express obligation and necessity.

I need to cook dinner tonight.

 

MUST NOT shows that something is prohibited or not allowed (prohibition)

 

Students must not copy their work from the Internet. It's illegal! Children, you must not go in a stranger's car. It's dangerous!

 

There is no question form or past tense form. It is useful when people in authority are giving instructions or explaining to people what they must not do in a formal way. It is more common in writing than in speaking.

 

Drivers must not drive on the left side of the road in North America. You mustn't drink alcohol before you drive. You could cause an accident.

Expressing Advice

SHOULD/ OUGHT TO/ HAD BETTER

The modal verbs SHOULD, OUGHT TO and HAD BETTER are used by English speakers to show that they think something is a good (or a bad) idea. ‘Should’ is the most common way to give advice.

Affirmative	Negative	Question
A: I failed my test. B: Really? You should study harder.	Young children shouldn't watch violent TV shows.	I have a problem. Should I call my parents or my friend?
A: It's really cold outside. B: You ought to wear a warm jacket.	(is not used in the negative form)	(is not common in questions)
You had better slow down. You are driving too fast!	You had better not forget to pay your tuition. If you do, the university will kick you out!	(is not common in questions)

Had better is a bit stronger than should and ought to. It includes the idea of a warning: something bad will happen if you do not follow my advice. You had better... can be contracted to You'd better.

 

WH - (information) questions can also be formed by putting the WH- question word immediately before the modal.

 

What should I do about my problem? Where should we have dinner tonight? Why should you believe them? When should they call their boss?

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Каспин, И.В Говорим по-американски. Учебное пособие по английскому языку. / И.В. Каспин. Ленинград, 1990.

Hornby AS Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English / AS Hornby. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982.

Virginia Evans Round-Up’ English Grammar Book / Virginia Evans. Pearson Education Limited, 2003.

Хорень, Р.В. Английский язык. Лексико-грамматические тесты. / Р.В. Хорень Минск, Вышейшая школа, 2004.

Мальцева, В.А. Exercises in Nominal Patterns. / В.А. Мальцева Минск. Народная асвета, 1978.

Карневская, Е.Б. Английский язык. На пути к успеху. / Е.Б. Карневская. Минск, Аверсэв, 2005.

Нижнева, Н.Н. Английский язык: Сложные задания и типичные ошибки на тестировании и экзамене. / Н.Н. Нижнева. Минск, ТетраСистемс, 2005.

Слепович, В. С. Translation Course / В.С. Слепович Минск, ТетраСистемс, 2003.

 

 

CONTENTS (Содержание)

PREFACE (Предисловие)..................................................................... 3

CONVERSATIONAL TOPICS............................................................. 6

2^nd Year 3^rd Term.................................................................................... 6

Unit1 The Republic of Belarus......................................................... 6

Unit2 Minsk – the Сapital of Belarus............................................... 13

Unit3 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.. 20

Unit4 London – the capital of Great Britainthе UK......................... 29

2^nd Year 4^th Term.................................................................................... 37

Unit5 Legal Profession in Great Britain and the United States......... 37

Unit6 Law Careers in Belarus........................................................... 45

Unit7 Job Hunting and Applying for a Job...................................... 52

TESTS..................................................................................................... 65

2^nd Year 3^rd Term.................................................................................... 65

Test3 Variant 1................................................................................ 65

Test3 Variant 2................................................................................ 72

2^nd Year 4^th Term.................................................................................... 79

Test4 Variant 1................................................................................ 79

Test4 Variant 2................................................................................ 87

GRAMMAR REFERENCE................................................................... 97

BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................... 118

 

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