Taking a Past history and family history

Dr. Have you ever been sick before?

P. Yes, I had pneumonia.

Dr. Have you ever had scarlet, fever, measles, whooping cough, chicken-pox?

P. Yes, I had all the childhood diseases.

Dr. And what about adult illnesses, have you ever had jaundice, heart or kidney trouble?

P. No, I have only had the ones I just Dr. Have you ever had any operations?

Yes, I've had my appendix out. Dr. Did you ever break any bones?

51 Tanya: Let me have a look at your tongue and feel your pulse. Show me your tongue. It is coated, and your pulse is rapid and irregular. Besides, you have a sore throat. Marina: I see, that's why I am feeling unwell. Tanya: I think you have caught a bad flu (influenza). You'd better see a doctor. OFpamume ûHuuuanue Ha cneðyougue cnogoc0 LtemaHug.• as a matter of fact — Ha CaMOM nene to take one's temperature M3MePMTb -reMrrepa•rypy to feel one's pulse — 110Ct-1MTaTb ny;rbc to feel unwell — nnoxo ce651 qyBCTBOBaTb to catch a flu — 3a60neTb rpH111T0M lÞoqumaùme ðuaaoeu, ûb1YLtume, pa3btepaùme no po,MM.

Jaane:

Rrælph:

Ja:nne:

Jamne:

headache.

Tanya: Did you take your temperature?

Marina: I did and I found out that I had a slight temperature.

KXaren:

1

I hear you've been ill.

Well, I had the flu for a couple of weeks, but I'm

fine now.

You're looking well. By the way, did you hear about Mrs. Wilson?

No, what about her?

She has such a bad case of the flu that they had to take her to the hospital.  

Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.

2

What's the matter with you?

Nancy: I must have caught cold. I have a sore throat running nose and I am felling sore all over the body.

Karen: You must stay at home and call a doctor in. Go home as soon as possible.

Nancy: You are right. I'll go home and get into my bed.

Tlpo^ttumaùme ðua.aoe no ponmt,       eeo.

Clark: Hello, Bill. How are you?

Bill:    I'm fine. And you?

Clark: O.K. But my sister is not feeling well.

Bill:    I'm sorry, what's wrong with her.

Clark: She has a cold and a slight fever.

Bill:   That's too bad. I hope she's feeling better soon.

SOME WAYS TO REDUCE STRESS

PICK THE BEST ONES FOR YOU

l. Sing a song.

2. Kiss your loved on.

3. Take three deep breaths.

4. Laugh out loud.

5. Hug a child.

6, Get enough rest.

7. Simplify your life.

8. Buy a flower. symptoms:

9. Stand and stretch, • pain in the right lower quadrant (sporadic and 10. Take a hot bath. colicky in nature) ll. Pat a friendly dog. • began in epigastrium 2 days ago.

54         A.Hr ,užñcR MA        MeAh4H11CKHX KonneA>Keü

• moved to periumbilical region and right lower quadrant.

Other symptoms:

fever, vomits (3), anorexia, constipation for two dc-lys (no bowel movement). No diarrtidp¿«

Past history:     none Family history: none

Toxic habits:     none Nledications: none Physical finding:

patient oriented as to til'kiÇ place and person; — well ncurisihed• extreme tenderness to palpation rnainlv over MC ⁹ 'S point; guarding, muscle rcpidity, rebound tenderness:

difference: axillary — rectai ternperature; bowei sounds: absent. Diagnos{ic procedures:

urinalysis (—) CBC: WBC T sed rate:

Hg and ht: normal Differential diagnosis:

acute pancreatitus, acute cholecystits, myocardial infarction, gastroduodenal Lttser, perforation of an ulcer.

Pasge.A 2. OCHOBHOñ KYPC

APPENDICITIS

Buyquyne c;žoaa, npogumaume filú'h-cm.

n — xnpypr n — cna6HTe3iŽ,uae qcpeACTB0)

I pa:gotiv] n — ogmua10B-1ee, CAa6HTeJ1bHOe

Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, which is small, finger-like appendage on the intestine. The patient has pain in the abdomen, the middle of the abdomen to begin with, which later settles in the lower part on the right side.

There is tenderness in the right lower abdomen. This is usuallv accompanied by fever, and often vomiting.

It is important to consult the surgeon as soon as possible, and till then nothing should be given by mouth — no food, water or medicine, and certainly no laxative or purgative.

Ynpa>K11eHHe 1. Oca.ycume no-aHenuücKu:

Bocna-ne.HMe anneHÄHKca, KHU1eqHHK, 60J1b B 6P101MHOM nonocTH, COHPOBoxaaeTCS1 JluxopaAK0M, xnpypr, KaK MOXHO 6bLTpee,.neKapcTB0.

Ynpa*HeHMe 2. Ilœoeume OCH08Hbte anneHðuguma,

ynpa.)KHeHHe 1. CKaoæume no-aHaquÜCKu:

BblY^Ltume cnoea K maccmy.

1. contagious [kan'te1d0asl⁷ 3apa3Hb1ÿt

2. to effect [1'fektJ nopaxaTb 3, whitish [waitrf] 6eJIOBaTb1ü

4. patch fpætJ] HayreT

5. to spread [spredl pacrrpocTpaH5åTb, paccTMJfflTbcq

6. windpipe [wtndpalp] AblXaTeJ1bHOe romo

7. complication [komp11'ke1Jn] OCJIOXHe1-1He

8. emergency [I'mo:c13ans11 HeOTï10XHaS1 110M0111b

9. convalescence [konva/lesns] Bb13AOPOBJ-reHVže

10. to proceed [pra'sr:dl HPOÃOu1XaTb

Diphtheria is a highly contagious disease which mainly effects the throat. The symptoms are sore throat, fever, headache. There is difficulty in swallowing. There is a whitish patch in the throat and if it spreads to the windpipe, there is difficulty in breathing. The child looks ill and toxic. The disease can lead to many complications of nerves, heart and kidneys, and sometimes an emergency operation (trecheostomy) may have to be done if the windpipe gets blocked with the membrane and the child has difficulty in breathing. The child will have to be hospitalized in an infectious diseases hospital for 3-4 weeks, and then convalescense proceeds at home for

6eJIOBaTb1V1 HanT, 3apa3Hoe 3a60j1eBamte, TPYAHOCTH  AblXaHHH, BblrnqneTb 60J1bHb1M, 11b1XaTeflbHOe ropno, 3a60neBaHMe MOXHO npeÅynpeÅHTbt ynpa>KneHue 2. Hooeume cwunm0Mb1 ðu(þmepuu no-aneIUÜCKU.

HEPATITIS BblY'tume cnoea K meKcmy:

l, jaundice [d30•.nd1s) xerryxa

2. to cut down [knt dounl MCKÄ}OYUTb

3. sewege          CTOHHb1e BOAb1

4. resistant [rt'mstant] CTOViKHH

This is quite a common disease and every now and then one hears of someone who has jaundice. The disease is acquired by drinking, or eating anything contaminated by the hepatitis virus, which is passed in the infected person's stool.

The presence of hepatitis is a pointer to the inadequate arrangements of safe water supply and sewage disposal in a locality. The virus is very resistant and even boiling does not destroy it.

There is fever, loss of appetite, vomiting and pain in the upper abdomen. Loss of appetite and a feeling of being ill is

  58                 AHrÄHñCKHÜ £3bäK          MeA11t!HHCK1iX Konnenxeil

mav make the person sick. In 4-5 days the urine becomes dark in COIour, and later the eyes and skin become yellow. Gradually, the appetite returns and the fever comes down.

The child should remain in bed as long as he has fever and feels ill. Once his appetite returns he can play about in the house, but should not go to nursery school till jaundice has

In the acute stage, the child should be encouraged to drink sweet drinks such as orange juice. Sugarcane juice is excellent. Sugar is good for recovery of the liver.

As the appetite returns, ordinary household food can be given, but you should cut down on butter, oil, fried food.

Ynpa>KHeHMe 1. C^rcaoæume no-aHaauùacu:

H0TepS1 anneTitTa, 60J1b B xeJIYÄKe, 3anax BHA Moqa CT,QHOBHTCA TeMHOñ, KOXa xerree^rr, neqeHb.

Ynpa)KHeHue 2. Hagogume cujgnmo,lfbl eenamuma no-aHenuùcwu.

GERMAN MEASLES (RUBELLA)

Bbtyqume cnoea K meyccmy:

l. pregnancy ['pregnonsl] 6ePeMeHHOCTb

2. permissible Ipa'mlsobll AortycTHM0

3. congenital [kon/d3en1tl] BPOXAeHHb1e

                                                                                         Puge.n 2. OCHOBHOM Kypc                          59

This is a mild disease with low-grade fever, some pain behind ears due to enlargement of glands, and a mild pinkish rash, which only lasts for a day or two. The whole illness lasts days and needs no treatment at all. If, however, a pregnant mother gets German measles during the first 3 months ofher pregnancv, there is great danger of the baby being born with some congenital malformation. Under doctor's advise it is permissible to have an abortion induced for such an eventuality. Fortunately, most mother would have already had the infection in their childhood.

One attack of German measles usually gives a lifelong immunity, although, rarely, a second attack may occur. A vaccine has now been developed to prevent German measles.

Vnpa}Knef1He 1. Gcaowume no-a,yenuùœcu.'

605b 3'a YL11aMH, KpacH0BaTaH Cblflb, 6epe.MeH11a$1 YCHLIHHa, BPOXaeHHß1e yponcTBa, B aeTCTBe, 6ePeMeHHOCTb.

VnpŽùKHeHHe 2. Hooeume cuMž1Ì7!0Mbt KpacHyxu (pyóeœlbl)

MUMPS

Bbtygume caoga K meccmy:

l. mumps [mnmps] CBHHKa, emuueMHqecKuìi napaTMT

2. attack ta ^t tækl nopaxaTb

3. parotid [paeratld] OKOJIOY1.11HOñ

4. gland tglænd] xe:roa

5. angle [æogl] yr0J1

60                      AHI'ÅHÜCKHÜ g3baK         MeÅH11HBCKHX xonneA)Keñ n

6. jaw [d30:l qeJ1fOCTb

7. to occur [a'ka:] HMeTb MCCTO,

8. acquiring [a'kwmanngl npM06peTeHVte

9. moderate [modarlt] YMepeHHb1ü, cpeAHHVf 10. gap [gæp] HHTePBU1, npoMexyroK l l. testicle [testikll SIUHKO (aHaT.)

12. ovaries [ouvcns] SlWIHHK(aHaT.)

13. puberty [pju:botll 110510Bafl 3PeJIOCTb.

Mumps is a communicable virus disease, that usually attacks one or both parotid glands located near the angle of the jaw. It commonly occurs between 5 and 15 years of age, The incubation period, i. e,, the period between acquiring the infection and the first symptoms, is usually three weeks. One attack gives immunity

There is pain on opening the mouth or chewing, a moderate degree of fever, loss of appetite, headache and body pain. Both sides of the face may swell at the same time or there may be a gap of a few days between one side and the other. The swelling lasts about 6—7 days.

Mumps may affect testicles in boys and ovaries in girls, resulting in sterility. This is rare before puberty, and so it is best if children acquire the disease at a younger age. Treatment consists of bed-rest during fever, mouth-washes to keep the mouth clean and aspirin for fever and pain. Mumps can be prevented by immunizing the child with mumps vaccine.

                                                       Pa3ge-Ä 2. OCHOBHO\i Kypc              61

ynpa)KHeHHe l. Cicaotcume no-anenuùcKu:

nopaxaTb OKOJIOY11.1Hbre)Kene3bf, nepBb1e CllMflTOMb1, yMepeHHaA cTeneHb JIHxopa,AKH, 11011013M 3pe.nocTb, npoMexyTOK HCCKOÄbKO AHeií, onyxonb A111dTCH, MOXCT TiopaXaTb, neqeHue COCT0HT H3 MOXeT lipHBCCTH K 6ecVIJ10-

YupažKHeHHe 2. Ilooeume cuunmo,ltbt napomuma no-aHaauùcKu.

WHOOPING COUGH

Bblyqume c.aoga K meKcmy:

1. cough [kon Kau.1eJ1b

2. to prolong [pra'10Ù] rlPOAJICBaTb

3. complication [komp11^f ke1Jn] OCJIOXHeHHe.

A newborn baby has no immunity to this disease at all, and so he must be kept protected from children who have any kind of couch. Whooping cough seems like an ordinary cough for the first few days, but gradually the bouts become more and more prolonged and the child coughs continuously. His face becomes red and he very often vomits, At the end of the bout of cough, when he takes a deep breath, a croaky sound is heard which is called the whoop and which gives the disease its name. The disease is a prolonged one and the cough may last 2—3 months. It can lead to lung complications also.

The child loses weight because of repeated vomiting. Fortunately, it can be prevented by immunizing the child with triple antigen (DPT) injections.

62      AHI'ÄHùCKMi A3h1K MeAHqHHCKHX KonneA)KeÜ H

A child with whooping cough should be kept separate from other children for the first 3—4 weeks. The disease is more severe in babies under I year of age, and every effort must be made to isolate them, at least.

YrrpaŽKHeH11e 1. Gcaycume no-anenuüacu:

HOBOPOyueHHb1Ï1 pe6eHOK, 06bAHb1ii KaweJ1b, 60Y1ee nPOAOJIXHTeflbHb1F1 Kawejlb, pe6eH0K TepqeT Bec, rny60KHií BAOX, 110BTOPfflOL.U2flCH PBOTa, OC110XHeHHH Ha Jlençue.

Ynpa>KHeHMe 2. Ha308ume cu,unmontbl KOKJ1/OU1a no-atteJIUÙCKU.

CHICKENPOX

Bblyqume cnoea me,^tccmy:

l. slight [slalt] CJ1a6b1V1

2. listlessness [hstlrsnas] BWIOCTb

3. blisters [/bhstes] 11Y3b1PbKH

4. to scratch [skrætj] uapanaTb.

 The illness begins with fever, slight headache and listlessness. With in a day or two spots appear on the chest or back, which soon look like small blisters. Such new "crops" keep appearing for 2—3 days and older ones get scabbed over. There is a lot of itching and the child may scratch some of the blisters. Chickenpox is usually a mild disease and there is no particular treatment, except to keep the skin clean and use some soothening lotion for itching. The itching can also be relived by bathing the child with a small quantity of soda

                                                     Pasgen 2 OCHOBHOÜ Kypc      63

2--3 times a day. Antihistamine syrup to relieve itching should only be given under medical advice.

As in the case of measles, there is no point keeping the other children in the family away, as they have been exposed to the disease already and it is just as well for them to get it over with.

1. CKaocupne ti0-ŒenuùcŒcu:

c^žJŒa6a51 rOJIOBHíiR 601b, 60ne3k1b cpeAHeÏE TAXCCTH, qnCTafl KOXa, Cblfïb 110flBngeTCH na KO)Ke, 06AerH1-1Tb 3YÃ, MOxeT pacuapanaTb.

2. Ilooeume    eempmoù ocnb{ noaw¿auùacu.

What should you know about communicable diseases?

POLIOMYELITIS

The main symptoms of the disease are: slight fever, general discomfort, headache, stiff neck, stiff back. It may result in paralysis of any part of body. The cause of poliomyelitis is a virus. The incubation period of the disease is 7—21 days. The most susceptible patients are the children from 9 months to 5 years, The child should be isolated from onset of the disease till fever subsides. We can prevent poliomyelitis with oral polio vaccine.

Notes

1) stiff OKOCTeHeB111Viìâ

2) general discomfort — 06LUCe HeÅOMOraHHe

                                AfirAHücKHñ                       MeAfiUHHCKhX                           H

3) susceptible BOCrTPHHMqHBb1i^Wf

  4) onset — HaqaJ10

5) to subside [sob'sard] CTMXaTb, yÕb1BaTb, cnaaaTb.

T»HOID

The main symptoms of the disease are fever, headache malaise. The cause of typhoid is a bacillus. The incubation period is 7—21 days. The most susceptible patients are children and young adults. To treat the disease you should follow proper disposal of stools and urine and to give chloramphenicol or substitute for 3—4 weeks. We can prevent typhoid with typhoid vaccine

Notes

l) malaise [mo'lerz] HeA0MoraH1te, llHCKOMd)OPT 2) disposal [dls'pouzol] yaa-rreHHe, ycTpaHeHne

3) to substitute ['snbstltju:t] 3aMeHHTb, 3aMeLuaTb, 3aMeHHTeJ1b, 3,QMeCTHTeJ1b.

TONSILLITIS

The main symptoms of tonsillitis arc fever, cough, sore throat. The cause of the disease is a streptococcus. The incubation period is 2—5 days. The patients of all ages are susceptible to the disease. To treat the patient with tonsillitis we should give penicillin or substitute injections for 10 days, There are no any ways of prevention of tonsillitis.

                                                                                      Pa3ge-A 2. OCHOBHGÜ KYPC                  65

TETANUS

The main symptoms of tetanus are stiffness ofjaw, spasms and convulsions, difficulty in swallowing. The cause of the disease is a bacillus. The incubation period is from 5 days to 2 weeks. The disease is not communicable from person to person. The patients of all the ages are susceptible to the disease, The patient with tetanus should be hospitalized and the wound should be cleaned immediately. A doctor must use tetanus toxoid separate or in DPT to treat the patient.

Notes

l) tetanus ['tetanos] CTOJ16HSIK 2) separate ['separltl OTAeJ1bHO

Omeembme Ha eonpocbl.

l) What is the difference between the symptoms of poliomyelitis and typhoid?

2) Are there any similar symptoms between poliomyelitis and tetanus?

3) What are the causes of all these diseases?

4) What can you say about the treatment of poliomyelitis, typhoid, tonsillitis and tetanus?

5) Are there any ways of prevention of the diseases?

Ha ocH0ßanuu caeðyougeù KapmuHb1 onpeðenume, gem õo,qe.Q naguewn.

The boy complained of a bad headache, vomiting and a sore throat. His pulse was rapid. The inflammation of the throat was associated with the enlargement of the glands of

3. 3aK. 693

66                  AHFAMücKHh fl3b1K A.\H MeAHUHHCKHX                           H

the neck. The patient was noted to have loss of appetite gastrointestinal disturbances and small amount of urine of dark colour. His hands, legs and body were covered with a fine red rash, it being most clearly marked on his abdomen

Omeemwne Ha eonpocbl K mexcmy.

l) What infectious disease is represented in the text?

2) What is the period of invasion in scarlet fever characterized by?

3) What are the typical symptoms of the disease?

4) What is the most characteristic complication after scarlet fever?

OCHOBHb1e neKaPCTBeHHb1e

l) arrrexa — pharmacy, chemist's (shop)

2) OTAeJ1 py^t-1H0ií nponaxva — chemist's department

3) npomnop, cþap.MaueBT — pharmacist

4) peuer1T — prescription

5) peueï1TypHbtii 0Ti1ea1 -- prescription department

6) JležQPCTBO — to dispense drugs (medicines) 7) n060qHoe IleiicTBHe yreKapcTBeHHoro cpeacTBa — adverse effect of a drug

8) •repaneßTH^t1ecKoe AeÏfCTB1te JleKaPCTBeHHOTO cpeaCTBa — therapeutic action of a drug

9) cpeACTB•o BHYTpeHHero (HapyxHoro) 11PHMeHe11itq drug for internal (external) use

Pogen 2. OCHOBHOïi Kypc

10) npnHHMaTb neKaPCTBO — to take a drug KaXAb1iÍ ^tiac— every hour

HaTOU1aK — on an empty stomach nepeÄ eaoï•f — before meals nocne enbl — after meals no OAH0iá CT0ï10B0ii JlO)KKe 2 pa3a B ÃeHb a tablespoonful twice a day

Il) Karu1H — drops

HaKanaTb CeMb KarreJ1b — to drop seven drops

12) Ma3b — ointment

Hawa3aTb Ma3b to put the ointment on

13) MHKcTy^rpa mixture

BCTP5XHYTb 6YTb1JIKY C MllKCTyP0ñ nepen ytc110J1b30B',1Hqetv1 to shake the bottle with the mixture before use

14) HacTOñKa — tincture npMHflTb 10 KaryeJ1b HaCTOVIKU to take ten drops of the tincture

15) OTBap —- decoction

— to give llaBaTb OTBap 3 pa3a B AeHb nocne enbl decoction three times a day after meal

16) — pill

         06e360JIHBaE01ua91                    — pain-relieving pii

17) nop01110K — powder

CñOXHb1V5 nop01110K compound powder

18) npucb1TIKa — dust, powder

19) pacTBop — solution

instruction

2CD cneqa — suppository

                        CBeHH to use suppositories

21) •ra6JCTKa — tablet

a half tablet

ITPHHMMdTb^t Ta6neTKM 3 pa3a B nelfb    to take tablets three times a day

TaõneTKa, r10Kpb1Tag 060JIO ^t1KOLi -— coated tablet

22) paCT1tpaTb neKapCTBo B HOPOIIJOK — to powder drug.

Ocaoçcume no-ane-?uÈIŒu:

l) He flPHH11MañTe:reKap-	l) Don't take drugs with-
CTBa 6e3 Ha3HaqeHH51 BPa-	out a doctor's advice.
2) Bbl xopomo nepeHocÞITe	2) Are you sensitive to No-
HOBOkaHH?	vecain?
3) OTY Ma3b B arr-	3) Order this ointment in
TeKe.	the chemist's.
4) B3ÕŽUITbžBafiTe 3TY MHK-	4) Shake this mixture be-
cTypy nepeA Y110Tpe6J1e-	fore use.
5) TIPMHHMahTe 3Ty Ha-	5) Take this tincture a ta-
CTOÏfKy no CTOJIOBOìí	blespoonful twice a day
JlOXKe ABa pa3a B aeHb ao eAb1.	before meah

6) TlpHHHMafiTe 9TH -ra6- 6) Take this tablet one evjžeTKÞ1 110 OAHOM KUKAbže ery four hours.

qeTb1pe ^llaca.

7) XpaHHTe CBet1M B npo-       7) Keep the suppositories

            X.F1aAHOM MecTe.                                                           in a cool place,

8) 3a111fBañTe 3TY rllfllto.no 8) Take this pill with milk.

MOJIOKOM.

9) He npHHHMaüTe 9TH 9) Don't take these drops KallJIU HaTOUlaK. on an empty stomach.

10) Bb11%11LIHTe neKapcTB0 10) Prescribe medicine for 0T 60'Teï1 B cepaue. heartache.

11) Bce JleKaPCTBCHHbre cpe.A- I l) All the drugs are for inCTBa pa3Ãenqžorcfl Ha ne- ternal and external use.

KaPCTBeHHb1e cpeacTBa

Tlpoqmume u nepegeðume mezcnt. AT A CHEMIST'S On receiving a prescription from a doctor or on following a home treatment all of us need medicines, which are ordered or bought at a chemist's. There are usually two departments in a large chemist's at the chemist's department one can have the medicine immediately, other drugs have to be ordered at the prescription department. At any chemist's all the drugs are kept in drug cabinets. Each medicine has a label on it. White labels indicate drugs

pyxHoro npHMeHeHHR.

   70                 A-urÄHkicKHñ                       iMeAhUHHCKHX xo..neA>Keñ

for internal use, yellow — for external use and blue — for iniections. The doze to be taken and the directions for the administration are also indicated on a label. It is very important for chemists, nurses, doctors and patients themselves. It prevents confusing (to confuse — nyraTb) different remedies some of which are poisonous. Their over dosage may cause unfavourable reactions and even death.

At the chemist's one can buy different drugs for intramusculary and intravenous injections, for oral administration and for external use.

Notes

l) a chemist's (stop) — arneKa

2) a chemist's department OTAeJ1 pyHHoì'1 r-rpoaa}k'll

3) a prescription department — peuerrrypHb1fi O^praejl

4) for internal use —          BHY1peHHero UC110Äb30BaHHH, yr10TpeõJ1eH1,fÃ

5) for external use —- BHe1LIHerO Hcrronb30BaHvra

(AJIÃ HapyxHoro ynorpe6Y1eHM¶)

6) intramuscular -- BHYTPMMb1me(1HblÏd 7) intravenous — BHYTPHBeHHb1ñ

Onuumme ðea OCH0611b1X omðe.qa g anmŒe.

17poqumaùme caeðyougue cumyaguu u omeemwne Ha eon-

POCb1.•

Yesterday my sister went to the chemist's and bought a box of medicine with a white label on it.

Yesterday my friend was at the chemist's and ordered the medicine at the prescription department. In an hour he re-

                                                                                         Pa.3ge.A 2, OCHOBHOñ KYPC                 71

ceived a small bottle with a yellow label on it. Which of them had the medicine for internal use?

TJpogumaume u nepeeeðume mezcm.

PHARMACY

Pharmacy is the science which treats of medicinal substances. It deals not only with medicines and the art of compounding and dispensing them, but with their combination, analysis and standardization.

The word "pharmacy" is also used to define the place where medicines are compounded, dispensed and sold, The title "pharmacist" is conferred upon a person who demonstrates that he is scientifically and professionally capable to engage in the practice of pharmacy. The compounding of medicines which requires the scientific combination of two or more ingredients and their dispensing demand special, knowledge, experience and high professional standards. To become a pharmacist one should achieve knowledge of different subjects, such as physics, chemistry, botany, etc.

Physics is the science, which deals with matter in general, especially its relation to energy.

It generally deals with constitution and properties of matter, mechanics, sound and light, heat, optics, electricity and magnetism.

Chemistry is the science, which explains the composition of matter and the transformations, which it undergoes. It has many divisions such as General Chemistry, Organic Chem-

                                                               53b1K    MeA1114RHCKHX KOAAeA>KeÈi

istrv Qualitative Analysis, Quantitative Analysis, Physical Chemistry, Biochemistry and many other fields.

Botany is the science that deals with the structure, functions and classification of plants.

Pharmacognozy is the science, dealing with the history, source, cultivation, collection, preparation, distribution composition, purity and preservation of drugs of vegetable and animal origin.

Pharmacology is the science of drugs.

A Pharmacopoeia is a book containing a list of medicinal substances with formulas for their preparation.

The Pharmacopoeia describes also the proper method of packaging and storing the dru ^cx

Notes

l) medicinal substances — JteKaPCTBeHHb1e BežuecTBa

"zy dispensing — pacdncoBKa

3) constitution — COCTaB

4) property — CBOñCTBO, KaqeCTBO

5) composition — cTpyKTypa, coc^rraB

Ilpownume u nepeeeðume cneðyougue cnoea, ucn0J1b3Ya

3Hauue namunct^tcoeo 513b1Ka.

pharmacy, medicine, drug, compound, dispense, pharmacist, medicinal, prescribe, prescription.

J(aume onpeðeneH11£ cneðy;ouquM mepM11H(1M:

pharmacy, pharmacist, physics, chemistry, botany, pharmacognozy, pharmacology, Pharmacopoeia,

                                                                                          Pa.3gen 2. OCHOBHOÏI KYPC                         73

Haùðume e mencme 3Ð^tceucaaeH/11b1 c:zeòyougux c:10ß.•

.rœK?tPCTBeHHble BeueCTBa, MCKYCCTBO COCTaBJRHHS1 H pac(þac0BK11 neKapcTB, 11PHCBa1fBŽITb, Tpe6yer cneLlHa.^ï1bHb1x 3Y,1Hf^s1H, OTIb1Ta, MNfeeT aeïlO C COCTav,1M CBOñCTBa.MM BemeCTBa, d)OPMYJ1b1 npur0T0PAeH1ifl neKaPCTBeHHb1X

BelLCCTB, MeTOA ynaKOBKH xpaHeHV1fi wneKapcrB.

[Ipoqumaùme u nepeeeòume meyccm.

WATER

About three quarters of the earth's surface is covered with liquid water. In vapour form water is also an important constituent of the earth's atmosphere. In combined form water occurs in minerals (for example in gypsum). More over, water occurs in animals and vegetable tissues. It constitutes about 70 percent of the human body and over 90 percent of some vegetables,

Naturally occurring waters frequently contain dissolved mineral substances. We have mineral waters in which the total mineral content is significantly above the average,

Potable water is water which is fit to drink. Since water dissolves a part of evepything with which it comes in contact, absolutely pure water does not occur in nature.

The water for drinking and domestic purposes is generally supplied by rivers, lakes, wells and springs. Such waters usually contain salts of calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium, organic matters and traces of different gases from the atmosphere. There is also a variety of suspended matter in natural water.

74

Me,VIUHHCKHX KOhÄeAxeh

Good drinking water must be free from toxic salts, disease producing organisms and from harmful contamination.

Notes

l) vapour — nap

2) tissue TKaHb

3) potable water — 111dTb,eBafl Boaa

4) to dissolve — PaCTBOPfiTb

5) contamination — 3,qrpfl3HeHVfe, 3apaxeHHe

3aK0Hqume npeðnowceHun e coomeemcmeuu c meyccmoM.

l) About three quarters of the earth's surface is covered with

2) In combined form water occurs in.

3) Naturally occurring waters frequently contain

4) Potable water is water, which

5) The water for drinking and domestic purposes is generally supplied by

6) Good drinking water must be free from

Ilpoqumaùme u nepeeeðume merctm

TABLETS

The tablet is the most common form for the administration of a drug in a dry state.

A tablet shows definite properties of mechanical strength and is characterized by a definite rate of desintegration with water.

                                                                                           Pa.3geA 2 OCHOBHOÏ Kypc                          75

It is observed that tablets can be made from certain drugq even without the addition of auxižiary substances.

But for some drugs, the addition of auxiliary is found to be necessary to overcome certain difficulties in their tabletting.

The application of different pressure during tablettillg plays a vew important role. It helps to avoid unnecessary complications. Tablets, which should dissolve in the mouth, must be more strongly compressed than other tablets for internal administration.

Another important effect of higher pressures is an increare in friction, which demands the use of greater amounts of IL' bricants and glidants. Glidants are added to the tablets to

improve their flow properties.

Notes

l) the most common form of medication caMaq pac-

npocTpaHeHHaq neKaPCTBeHHb1X npenapaT03 2) without the addition — 6e3 a06aB-neHHH

3) auxiliary substances — BCFIOMOraTeJ1bHb1e (1106aB-^T1eH„

Hbže) neluecTBa

4) to overcomžc difficulties npe0Ä0.neTb T'PYÄHOCTH

5) friction — TpeHVfe

6) lubricants — c.Ma3b1ïjažou.1ife BejLICCTBa

7) glidants — CKOJlb3fiLUMe

8) flow property --- CK0fib3muee CBOiiCTBO

Hauðume 6 mewcme 3k-euea.aeHmb1 c:žeðY'011'LLx cnog u

                                  AML'1HücKuñ                          MeAHIIhHCKhX KonneÅxeñ H

CaiMaH pacnpocrpaHeHHaq neKaPCTBeHHb1X npenapaT0B, onpeneneHHb1e CBOfiCTB•a, BCflOMOraTeJ1bHble BeuxecTBa, npeoao,qeTb orrpeaejTeHHb1e TPYAHOCTH, npHMeHeHHe orupeaeneHHoro aaBJ1eHHH, PaCTBOPSITbCÃ Bo PTY, BHyrpeHHero rxpHMeHeHMfl, YBe-qnqeH11e TPeHHH, CMa3b1Ba}0111He BeruecTBa, CKOJ1b3S11LIHe Bel-UecTBa, CKOJ1b3¶1Llee CBOñCTBO.

Ilepegeðume pycc,^tcue cooea Kaozðoeo npeònoozelžufl, ucno,1b3Y51 cnoea, ðaHHbte.t^rtuoze: to state, tofind, to be necessary,

l) H3BeCTHO, that the tablet is the most common form of a drug.

2) bblJ10 YCTaHOB]reHO, that a tablet shows definite properties of mechanical strength.

3) BblJ10 He06XOAHMO to avoid unnecessary complications.

4) bblJ10 06HapyxeH0, that another important effect of higher pressures is an increase in friction.

llpoqumaùme u nepeeeðume mŒcm.

Plants are highly important sources of food for man. They supply us with clothing anå many other things as well. Plants are grown and used for many purposes.

The principal pafis of a plant are:

l) the root system, 2) the stems and leaves, 3) the reproductive part made up of flowers or seeds.

                                                     Paaaen 2. OCHOBHOïf Kypc      77

The roots have two main functions — to absorb plant nutrients and water from the soil. As to stems and leaves, the food used in groⁱh•ffll is manufactured in the leaves. This process is known as photosynthesis. To support the leaves and to connect them with the roots are the main functions of the stem. The shape and the position of the leaves vary to a considerable extent with the species.

A flower is the part of the plant where seeds are produced. All parts of a plant must be developed well and proportionally enough to function properly. If conditions for plant growth are bad, the plant will be too weak to develop its parts well.

Notes

l) reproductive part — opraHb1 Pa.3MHOXeHHS1

2) vary to a considerable extent with the species — pa3JIHW,UOTCH B 3HaHHTeJ1bHOÏi Mepe B 3aBHCMMOCTH 0T

BHÅa

Omgemwne Ha eonpocbž K meKcmy.

l) What are the principal parts of a plant?

2) What are the main functions of the roots? 3) What is photosvnthesis?

4) What arc the main functions of the stem?

5) Where are the seeds produced?

6 ^ì How must all parts of a plant be developed?

Haùòume 3KeueaaeHmb1 cneòyougux pyccxux cnog u Bbtpa-

             HCTO^LIHHK             KO HeBaH CHCTerqa, B 31ffl-1H-

TeJ1bHOVf Mepe, pa3nw-1a10Tcq B 0T Buna, yc pocm pacTeHH¶, cJ1a60e pacTCHHe,

78       AHTÄHÏICKHÜ hieAHUHHCKHX Konne»xefi H

Ilpownume u nepeeeðume mežccm.

SOLUTION

Any chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two more substances is said to be a solution. It is possible to have solution of solids in liquids, liquids in liquids, gases in liquids, solids in solids, etc,

Depending upon the size of the dispersed particles we recognize true solutions, colloidal solutions and suspensions.

If sugar is dissolved in water and the ultimate sugar particle is of molecular dimensions, then a true solution is

On the other hand, If very fine sand is mixed with water, consisting of many molecules, then a colloidal solution is formed.

From the pharmaceutical point of view solutions of solids in liquids are of the greatest importance.

The extent of solubility of different substances varies, but it has a constant value at constant temperature.

Notes

l) solution — pacTBop

2) solid — TBepaoe

3) liquid — XHAKOCTb

4) dimension — pa3Mep, Bej1HMHHa

5) extent — CTeneHb 

6) dispersed — pacceflHHb1e, pacrrpoc^vrpaHeHHb1e

7) ultimate — 311eMeHTapHb1ìi

                                                                                          Paggeh 2. OCHOBHOÑ KYPC                         79

Haùòume 6 mežccme anenuùcKue 3Rf3uga,ÆHmb1 cneàyougux c.i06 u ewpaycejquù:

pacce51HHb1e qacTHHbl (B3BeU-œHHbre yacTH11bl), paCTBOB BOAe, 3-ⁿaeMeHTapktaH gaCTnua, MoneKYJfflpHoro pa3Mepa, VICTHk1Hb1iï pacTBop, KOJIJIOHÄHblÏf pacTBop, B2BeCb, C

Apyroiâ CTOPOHbt, C (þap^M aueBTMqecvvoÏi 3peHHfl, cTeneHb P'dCTBOPMMOCTV1. nocT0¶HHafl TeMnepanpa.

Omgemwne Ha eonpocbl meccmy.

I) What is said to be a solution?

2) What solutions is it possible to have?

3) What solutions do we recognize?

4) How is a true solution formed?

5) How is a colloidal solution formed?

6) What can you say about the extent of solubility of different substances?

llpo¼umaùme u nepeeeðume už{cmpycgwo no MeðU"UHCKO-

•ty npllhtenemuo flauaòona,