Replies to complaints of bad packing

1. As soon as we received you letter we got in touch with the packers and asked them to look into the matter.

2. We have been in touch with the manufacturers of the bags and have asked them to strengthen the material.

3. The packers do not agree that there is any defect in the material used, and there have been no previous complaints.

4. On receiving your letter of complaint we can only maintain that the cases must have been subject to very rough handling.

Exercise 2. Read and translate the following letters from English into Russian.

(1) Dear Sirs,

 

Thank you for your letter of 22 November. We are pleased to hear that the goods ordered under your number SV 45572 arrived in good condition, but must apologize for the delayed arrival.

We have looked into the matter, and have found that the delay is due to a minor fault in one of our routines, which has now been rectified. We can assure you that future orders from you will be dealt promptly, and that consignments will reach you by the dates stipulated.

 

Once again, please accept our apologies for this delay.

Yours faithfully

 

_____________

 

(2) Dear Sirs,

 

We are very sorry to learn from your letter of 15 September that a mistake occurred in dealing with your order.

This mistake is entirely our own and we apologize for the inconvenience caused. This occurred because of staff shortage during this unusually busy season. The correct goods have been dispatched to you by parcel post today.

Your account will be credited with the invoiced value of the goods and cost of return postage. Our credit note is enclosed.

We apologize again for the mistake.

Faithfully yours

____________

 

(3) Dear Sirs,

 

YOUR ORDER NUMBER R 879

 

We are very sorry to learn from your letter of 11 June that some of the goods supplied against this order were damaged when they reached you.

Replacement for the damaged goods has been sent to you by parcel post this morning. It will not be necessary for you to return the damaged goods as they may be destroyed.

Despite the care we take in packing goods there have recently been several reports of damage. To avoid further inconvenience and annoyance to customers, as well as expense to ourselves, we are now seeking the advice of a packaging consultant in the hope of improving our methods of handling.

We regret the need for you to write to us and hope the steps we are taking will ensure the safe arrival of all your orders in future.

Yours faithfully

____________

 

(4) Dear Sirs,

We are very sorry to hear that you have trouble with our fans delivered under Contract 56-178/ 346-12. However, we consider that you refuse to accept the goods due to misunderstanding.

We cannot accept your claim for the following reason. As the contract was concluded on an ex-works terms we cannot be held responsible for the alleged damage incurred during transportation.

We hope you will be satisfied with the explanation and withdraw your claim.

We maintain that we are not liable for the damage to the goods, but considering our long- standing business relations and the loss you may have suffered we suggest a token of goodwill that the consignment should be examined by our experts, as before the shipment the goods were carefully tested and found in excellent condition.

We are looking forward to your early reply.

Faithfully yours

_____________

 

(5) Dear Sirs,

In reply to your Letter of Complaint of 14 January, 2008 we ask you to accept our apologies for the delay in delivery and inconvenience you have been caused.

Unfortunately, the production in our factory was held up for six weeks by the breakdown of machinery. We may only assure you that we have done our utmost to speed up the delivery. But as the delay in delivery was entirely due to reasons beyond our control, we cannot be held responsible for it.

Notwithstanding the great pressure of orders we are having at the moment, we will give your order our utmost attention. We hope that for the delay in delivery occurred through no fault of ours the matter will be settled in an amicable way.

 

Yours faithfully

_____________

 

Exercise 5. Translate the following letters from Russian into English.

(1)Уважаемые господа!

Мы приносим свои извинения за просрочку в поставке партии свитеров по Вашему заказу № 1618. однако вынуждены указать, что мы уведомили Вашу компанию о невозможности поставки товара точно в срок в связи с задержкой с Вашей стороны в открытии аккредитива. Товар был готов к отгрузке к 15 октября и находился на складе, что причиняло нам значительные неудобства в связи с дополнительными издержками по хранению.

Мы получили подтверждение от нашего банка об открытии аккредитива только вчера, т.е.12 декабря, и немедленно поручили нашему транспортному агентству начать отгрузку товара.

Считаем Вашу жалобу о задержке в поставке товара необоснованной, однако в качестве жеста доброй воли готовы ускорить поставку.

С уважением

____________

 (2)Уважаемые господа!

В ответ на Ваше рекламационное письмо от 25 сентября 2008 года, мы с сожалением должны Вас уведомить, что никоим образом не можем считать себя ответственными за порчу 3 ящиков товара с судна «Леда». Товар был тщательно упакован в прочные ящики стандартного типа, пригодные для морской перевозки. При погрузке в порту товар был в прекрасном состоянии и полностью соответствовал спецификации контракта, что подтверждает прилагаемый протокол осмотра груза в порту отгрузки.

Поскольку товар был поврежден в пути, мы рекомендуем Вам направить претензию о вскрытии ящиков, хищении и поломке оборудования в транспортную и страховую компанию.

С уважением

Unit 9

INSURANCE

TEXT 1

Insurance has become more and more important as commerce has developed. The idea of insurance is to obtain indemnity in the event of any happening that may cause loss of money. In other words the insurance is against risk. Some of the risks against which it is possible to take out insurance are as follows:

Ø So called Act of God such as fire, floods, earthquakes etc.

Ø Loss of the goods during transportation

Ø Damage to the goods e.g. by breaking, bending etc.

Ø Loss of the goods through theft or non-delivery.

Standard insurance policies generally do not cover political risks such as war and strikes. However, it may be possible to obtain insurance cover of these risks by paying an extra or higher premium.

Insurers is the name given to the people who undertake to indemnify the insured – that is to say the owners of the goods, sellers or buyers, who pay what is called a premium to the insurers.

The insurers are also called underwriters and are said to underwrite the proportion of the indemnification they are prepared to bear.

The insurers are either companies, like other business firms, or they belong to the famous organization of Lloyd’s. This is a very old association that started in London in the 18^th century.

 

Principles of insurance.

 

 For insurance to function properly, the insurer and insured have to make sure that certain basic requirements are fulfilled when the insurance policy is drawn up.

Utmost good faith (uberrimae fidei). When someone fills out a form applying to take out insurance, he is obliged to tell the truth about the value and condition of the goods to be insured, and also to mention anything which might increase the risk of the goods being stolen or damaged. The insurer accepts the application in ‘ utmost good faith’ that all the details supplied by the insured are correct, and fixes the level of the premium accordingly.

Insurable interest. It is essential that the insured has an insurable interest in the goods to be insured: this means he has to suffer a financial loss if the goods are stolen or damaged.

Indemnity. The idea of indemnity is that if the insured suffers a loss, he has to be paid sufficient compensation to bring him back to the same financial condition as he was in before the loss – not more and not less. This prevents people over-insuring their goods in the hope of making a profit.

Subrogation. Once the insurer has compensated the insured for the loss, he has the right to recover the amount in question from the party responsible for the loss (For example, if the insurer can prove that the ship was not seaworthy, he can take legal steps against the ship owner).       

 

Answer the following questions:

1. What makes insurance an integral part of any transaction?

2. What are the parties of the insurance contract?

3. Who are underwriters?

4. How is a premium calculated?

5. What are the risks against which you can be insured?

6. What are the main principles of insurance?

Vocabulary

insurance страхование

indemnity гарантия от убытков, потерь; возмещение, компенсация

Act of God форс-мажор, обстоятельства непреодолимой силы

insurers страховщики, страховая компания

to indemnify компенсировать, возмещать

underwriter страховщик, андеррайтер

indemnification возмещение вреда (ущерба), компенсация

Lloyd ’ s Ллойд (страховое объединение)

insurance policy страховой полис

utmost good faith (uberrimae fidei) основное правило закона по страхованию, согласно которому человек, который хочет застраховаться, обязан дать всю информацию страховщику, которая может повлиять на налогообложение; страховщик не должен вводить страхующегося в заблуждение

insurable interest страховой интерес

subrogation суброгация, замена одного кредитора другим

 

TEXT 2

Marine insurance

Lloyd’s is not an insurance company, but an international insurance market consisting of over 260 approved insurance brokers’ firms and more than 20,000 underwriters whose activities are controlled by Lloyd’s Council and whose appointments are confirmed by the Governor of the Bank of England.

If insurance is to be effected through a Lloyd’s underwriter the transaction has to go through a Lloyd’s broker who, working on commission basis, will one of the underwriters on behalf of the client to get a competitive rate. Underwriters finance the insurance, which means they will pay the claims, and take the premiums as their fees.They usually work in syndicates, spreading the risk. There are more than four hundred syndicates with over 160 involved in marine insurance.

Marine insurance policies

Insurers will cover consignments under all risks policies which allow compensation in the event of war, strikes, disasters etc. These policies are in the form of valued policies which are based on values agreed in advancei.e. on the stated value of the invoice, plus insurance, freight, and an extra percentage of 10%, 20% or 30% profit margin for the consignment.

There are unvalued policies, when the value of goods have not been agreed in advance and are assessed at the time of loss. This means that the consignor will, if his goods are damaged or destroyed, get the market price as compensation.

All consignments can be covered against all risks in the form of a valued or unvalued policy. These policies can fall under the five main headings:

1) Time policy, which insures goods or the vessel for twelve months.

2) Voyage policy, which covers the cargo on a voyage from one point to the other point of destination.

3) Mixed policy, which covers a voyage from A to B and then to a further period of time.

4) Floating policy, which gives cover for a particular amount of money so that it will not be necessary to continually write a new policy for each cargo that the ship carries. As the cover nears its end, the insurance company advises their client, and the premium is paid to renew the policy.

5) Open cover agreements, which are made between the underwriter and shipper, with the latter informing the underwriter, on a declaration form, whenever the shipment is made, and receiving the policy or certificate after shipment.

 

Answer the following questions:

1. What is Lloyd’s? How do they operate?

2. What is a valued and unvalued policy?

3. How can be insurance policies subdivided into? Try to characterize them.

 

Vocabulary

international insurance market международный рынок страхования

insurance brokers ’ firm страховая брокерская фирма, страховой маклер

Lloyd ’ s Council Совет Ассоциации Ллойд

to pay the claims выплачивать компенсацию

to take the premiums получать страховые взносы

syndicate ассоциация, объединение, синдикат

marine insurance морское страхование

all risks policies (a. a. r; AR) страхование против всех рисков

valued policy валютированный полис

unvalued policies е невалютированный полис

time policy полис страхования на срок

voyage policy рейсовый полис

mixed policy комбинированный страховой полис

floating policy генеральный полис

open cover agreement генеральный полис между страховой компанией  и перевозчиком

 

Exercise 1. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the words and phrases in italics.

 

Instructions to insurance agents.

 

1. Please insure for us (insure us on) the following …

2. The cargo is to be insured (warehouse to warehouse) (warehoused or in transit (against all risks).

3. The consignment is to be covered under our open cover terms.

4. We wish to renew our floating policy no. 6784 on the same terms as before. At the same time please let us have a supply of declaration forms.

5. We enclose two declaration forms, duly completed, for shipments of general merchandise to Glasgow and Liverpool respectively.

6. We leave the insurance arrangements to you but we wish to have the goods covered against all risks.

7. The premium is to be charged to the consignees, together with all expenses of forwarding, and will be paid by them on presentation of the documents by your agents in Sydney.

Replies from insurance agents.

 

2. We thank you for your instructions to arrange the shipment of …. We take it that you wish us to insure this cargo against the usual risks, for the value of the goods plus freight.

3. We note that you wish to renew the floating policy no. 5689 W.A. covering the machinery to West African ports, on the same terms.

4. Due to the fact that the bags have occasionally been dropped into water during loading and unloading, the insurers have raised the premium to 3%.

5. We are of the opinion that it would be to your advantage to have W.A. cover instead of F.P.A. The rate for W.A. would be 2%.

 

Exercise 2. Match the English insurance terms and set expressions with their Russian equivalents.

ensure against fire	груз, партия товара
suffer losses and damages	склад
free of particular average	свободно от частной аварии
insurance cover	морское страхование
consignment	страховое покрытие, отчисление
cover note	страховать от огня
insure against al risks	малая авария
average adjuster	авиационное страхование
insure against war risks	застраховать товар в …
insurance indemnity	утеря
insure against water damage	страховать от всех рисков
petty average	страхование на условиях со склада на склад
insure against breakage	нести убытки
pilferage	мелкая кража, кража из отдельных мест груза
consignor	транспортное страхование грузов
aviation cover	диспаша
to adjust the average	объем страховой ответственности
to insure against failure	частная авария
warehouse	страховое свидетельство, кавернот
to insure against sth	страховать от повреждения водой
leakage	страховать от поломки
goods-in-transit cover	общая авария
particular average	диспашер
marine cover	страховать от …
burglary	кража со взломом
average statement	страховать от поломки
insure goods with sb	страховать от военных рисков
general average	отправитель груза
warehouse to warehouse cover	составить диспашу

Exercise 3. Fill in the gaps with prepositionsand translate the sentences.

1. We thank you for your instructions to arrange the shipment of heaters. We take it that you wish us to insure this cargo … the usual risks, … the value … the goods plus freight.

2. The premium paid … the underwriter depends … the value … the goods and number of risks insured ….

3. We think we ought to point … that this is the third time you have claimed … the shipment.

4. We are a large export company dealing … merchandise which we ship … North America and South Africa.

5. The premium is to be charged … the consignees, together with all expenses of forwarding, and will be paid by them … presentation of the documents by your agents in Melbourne.

Exersise 4. Read and translate the following letters from English into Russian.

(1) Dear Sirs,

We confirm our telegram of yesterday, a copy of which is enclosed, and would be glad if you would cover us against all risks, warehouse to warehouse,  to the value of ₤ 25,000 for 10 dinner sets, London-Calcutta, by M.V. Morecombe.

The insurance certificate must reach us by 15 November at the latest, as it has to be presented with the other documents to the bank with which a letter of credit has been opened.

Your early reply will be appreciated.

 

Faithfully yours

_____________

 

(2) Dear Mr.Bell,

 

Further to our telephone conversation I should be obliged if you would review the rate of premium charged under the above fire policy for goods in our warehouse.

As we discussed I feel that not enough weight may have been given to the following conditions when the present rate of premium was fixed:

1) The warehouse is not artificially heated.

2) No power of any kind is used.

3) All rooms are provided with automatic sprinklers, fireproof doors and fire extinguishers of the latest type.

4) A water main runs nearby and can be tapped at several points if necessary.

When these conditions are taken into consideration I believe the present rate of premium seems to be unreasonably high. I hope you agree to reduce it to bring it more into line with the extent of the risk insured under this policy.

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

 

Faithfully yours

_____________

 

(3) Dear Sirs,

 

When the S.S. Morecombe arrived at the port yesterday the ship’s agent noticed that case no.15 was badly damaged and notified us accordingly. We immediately had the case opened and examined by the expert.

Some of the articles in the case tallies with the packing list, but some of them were broken. A list of broken goods is enclosed with the letter.

We also enclose copies of the report of the surveyor and of a declaration by the ship’s agents to be effect that the damage was noticed when the case was unloaded.

As you are a policy holder we would be obliged if you would take the matter up with the underwriters.

In the meantime we will be glad if you will send us replacements for the broken articles as soon as possible.

 

Yours faithfully

 

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1. Насколько нам стало известно, данная партия товара была отправлена с чистыми отгрузочными документами на судне «Леда» в Стокгольм.

2. Срок действия нашего страхового полиса истекает в конце этого месяца, поэтому мы хотели бы продлить его на тех же условиях.

3. Мы хотели бы получить страховой полис от всех рисков: пожара, кражи, наводнения, производственной травмы и хищения.

4. Если вы вернете заявку на страхование, заполненную соответствующим образом, вместе с чеком на сумму £ 750, страховка вступит в силу с 15 марта.

5. Страховая компания не выплатит никакого страхового возмещения, так как повреждение произошло по небрежности заявителя.

6. Стоимость страхования такого типа, учитывая стоимость груза, составляет 25р% от заявленной стоимости.

7. Мы страхуем наши товары в вашей компании уже больше двух лет, поэтому можем ли мы рассчитывать на какие либо скидки и конкурентоспособные цены.

8. Если вы заполните заявку на страхование, то к концу дня вам будет выдано временное страховое свидетельство.

9. Эксперты ассоциации Ллойдс осмотрят партию поврежденного товара и определят размер страхового возмещения.

10.Несмотря на то, что г-н Меркулов имеет безупречную репутацию, мы хотели бы застраховать его на случай нарушения его должностных обязательств на £70.000.

11.При расчете страховой премии просим принять во внимание, что наша компания не заявляла ни разу о выплате страхового вознаграждения с момента ее основания в 1997году.

12.Оборудование, которое мы будем поставлять в течение года нашим покупателям на Ближнем Востоке, одного типа и направляются в одни и те же пункты назначения. Поэтому мы полагаем, что полис всестороннего страхования и на срок будет наиболее выгодным.

13.Мы прилагаем два декларационных бланка на партии товара, отгружаемые в Эдинбург и Манчестер, соответственно.

14.Поскольку наша страховая компания повысила размер страхового взноса на 5%, мы хотели бы сменить страховую компанию и ждем от вас конкурентоспособных расценок.

15.В соответствии с условиями данного страхового полиса подача искового заявления о возмещении ущерба должна быть сделана в течение 3 дней.

16.В связи с тем, что товары во время погрузочно-разгрузочных работ случайно оказались за бортом судна, страховая компания увеличила размер страхового взноса на 7%. В соответствии с этим обстоятельством, мы полагаем, что для Вашей компании более целесообразно страхование с ответственностью за частную аварию, чем страхование, свободное от частной аварии.

Exercise 6. Translate the following letters from Russian into English.

(1)Уважаемые господа!

В ближайшее время мы начинаем регулярные поставки наших изделий из натуральной кожи в Северную Америку. Мы были бы рады, если бы Вы выдали нам невалютированный страховой полис, страхующий наши товары от всех возможных рисков на $20,000.

Убедительно просим назначить размер страховой премии по данному виду страхования в кратчайшие сроки.

Будем признательны за срочный ответ.

С уважением

____________

(2)Уважаемые господа!

Мы сожалеем, что вынуждены сообщить Вам, что сегодня на наших складских помещениях случился пожар. Несмотря на то, что пожар был быстро потушен, по нашим предварительным данным, в результате пожара было повреждено товара на сумму около $5,000.

По мнению пожарников, пожар был вызван замыканием в электропроводке. Если бы не действия пожарных, масштаб ущерба был бы намного больше.

Мы были бы признательны, если бы Вы выслали нам бланки исковых заявлений о выплате страхового возмещения.

С уважением

____________

(3)Уважаемые господа!

 Относительно Вашего искового заявления от 17 октября, мы можем сообщить, что наш эксперт по оценкам повреждений и убытков осмотрел Ваши складские помещения, пострадавшие в результате пожара.

В своем отчете эксперт отмечает, что товар, поврежденный и уничтоженный огнем, был нестандартным. В соответствии с этим, мы не можем выплатить Вам сумму, указанную в Вашем исковом заявлении.

По рыночным оценкам стоимость поврежденного и уничтоженного огнем товара не превышает $40,000.

Если Вы согласны с вышеуказанной суммой в качестве компенсации, то вопрос о выплате компенсации будет решен в течение двух недель.

С нетерпением ждем Вашего ответа.

 

С уважением

Unit 10

 

Contract

 

A “contract ” is an agreement between two or more legal entities which creates a legal obligation to do or not do a particular thing. In foreign trade transactions a contract is drawn up to give legal expression to the intentions of the partners and to guarantee that the obligations contained in the contract will be fulfilled. According to the purpose and contents, contracts can cover: goods, services, licenses, patents, technology and know-how. A legally enforceable contract must have (i) a subject, (ii) consideration, and (iii) two or more competent parties.

 

The subject of a contract defines the terms and conditions of the agreement between the parties, and may be anything legal and permitted by policy.

 

Consideration is the cause, motive, price, reason, material benefit, right, interest, forgiveness, or whatever it is that is the reason for having an agreement. Each entity must receive some valuable consideration or the transaction is a gift rather than an enforceable agreement. The consideration has to be something one can identify or describe. Typically it is money; however, the consideration may be an acceptance of liability or a promise not to do something one is otherwise entitled to do.

 

Contracts can come in many forms — they can be oral or written, implied or express, and legally enforceable or not. In common law, there are five key requirements for the creation of a contract. These are offer and acceptance (agreement), consideration, an intention to create legal relations, Capacity and Formalities.

 The strongest contract, in terms of enforceability, has an offer, acceptance, consideration for the exchange, clearly sets out the terms of the agreement without ambiguity, and is signed by the involved parties with proper capacity to enter into the contract. Weaker contracts include verbal agreements or contracts drawn up by parties in direct violation of state or federal laws.

Contracts may be enforceable by law or they may not. The example of the agreement between the parent and child would not be enforceable by law whereas the agreement for a loan likely would be enforceable by law. Whether a contract is enforceable by law depends on numerous factors, the primary factor being whether the parties to contract intended the contract to be legally binding or legally enforceable.

 

A contract may not be legally enforceable for a variety of factors. Problems on the face of the contract can make it void. If one of the parties to the contract has diminished capacity whether it be due to age or mental condition the contract will most likely be unenforceable. Fraud or misrepresentation by a party to a contract can void the contract as can contract terms that violate controlling laws.

 

Questions:

 

1. What is a contract?

2. What contract is considered to be legally enforceable?

3. What are the key requirements for the creation of a contract?

4. What can void the contract?

Vocabulary

legal entity юридическое лицо

legal obligation юридическое обязательство

subject of a contract предмет контракта

terms and conditions of the agreement условия контракта

parties (sides) стороны (соглашения)

consideration оценка, размышления

transaction сделка, соглашение

liability обязательство, ответственность

legally enforceable имеющий юридическую силу

to set out the terms of the agreement устанавливать условия соглашения

to drawn up a contract составлять условия контракта

direct violation прямое нарушение

diminished capacity уменьшенная дееспособность

fraud or misrepresentation обман, подделка

to void the contract становиться недействительным

to violate нарушать (условия контракта, соглашения)

Exercise 1. Read the sample contract and say what clauses it contains and what terms they stipulate.

КОНТРАКТ № 10 апреля 2002 года Фирма <Покупатель>, (г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия), именуемая в дальнейшем Покупатель с одной стороны, и фирма <Продавец> (Гонг Конг), именуемая в дальнейшем Продавец, с другой стороны, заключили настоящий контракт о нижеследующем:   1. Предмет контракта Продавец продал, а Покупатель купил на условиях СПТ - Санкт-Петербург товары в соответствии с приложением к настоящему контракту, которое является неотъемлемой его частью. В связи с тем, что во время транспортировки некоторые узлы и детали повреждаются, а также для поддержания гарантийных обязательств, Продавец обязуется по дополнительному письменному согласованию с Покупателем комплектовать указанную им поставку запасными частями и деталями (в объеме не более 3% от объема поставки), стоимость которых входит в стоимость поставки.   2. Цены и общая сумма Контракта Цены на товары, проданные, но настоящему Контракту, указаны в Инвойсе Продавца, зафиксированы в долларах США и понимаются СПТ - Санкт-Петербург. В цену на товар включается стоимость тары, упаковки, погрузочно-разгрузочных работ и стоимость фрахта от порта погрузки товара до Санкт-Петербурга, а также страховка. Общая сумма Контракта составляет: 1.000.000,00 (Один миллион) долларов США. 3. Упаковка и маркировка Упаковка должна обеспечивать сохранность товаров при длительной транспортировке и перевалке в пути следования, исходя из международных требований, предъявляемых к упаковке и маркировке при морских перевозках. 4. Условия поставки Товары по настоящему Контракту отгружаются морем в технически исправных и опломбированных контейнерах. Датой отгрузки считается дата чистого бортового коносамента. За просрочку в поставке против условий Контракта Продавец уплачивает Покупателю штраф в размере 0,3 % от стоимости просроченного с отгрузкой товара за каждым день просрочки. В случае задержки отгрузки более чем на 15 дней Покупатель имеет право аннулировать Контракт и потребовать возмещения денег.   5. Условия платежа Покупатель производит оплату всей стоимости каждого Инвойса после получения товара. Платеж за поставленный товар должен быть осуществлен после прибытия товара в порт разгрузки, но в любом случае не позднее 3-х месяцев с момента выгрузки. Платеж производится путем перевода суммы, указанной в Инвойсе Продавца на его счет. Продавец обязан передать Покупателю все оригиналы отгрузочных документов в течение 10 дней с даты отхода судна, на котором была произведена отгрузка вышеуказанного груза. Оригиналы отгрузочных документов включают: - оригинал чистого бортового коносамента; - оригинал Инвойса; - упаковочный лист; 6. Претензии Претензии могут быть заявлены Продавцу в отношении: качества товара (включая нарушение ассортимента) - в течение трех месяцев с даты получения товара; количества товара - в течение 30 дней с даты получения товара. Документом, подтверждающим обоснованность претензии, стороны признают акт, составленный с участием эксперта Торгово-промышленной Палаты РФ. По согласованию с Покупателем Продавец может поставить взамен некачественного товара соответствующее количество качественного товара за свой счет или произвести его уценку При недостаче компьютерных комплектующих Продавец немедленно возвращает Покупателю деньги за не доставленное количество компьютерных частей. 7.Форс-мажор В случае наступления обстоятельств форс-мажора сроки поставки, в настоящем Контракте, соразмерно отодвигаются на время действия этих обстоятельств. Покупатель вправе отказаться от исполнения всего Контракта или части его, если просрочка поставки в следствии обстоятельств форс-мажора составит более 6 месяцев. Стороны должны немедленно известить другую сторону о начале и окончании обстоятельств форс-мажора, в противном случае она теряет свое право ссылаться на эти обстоятельства. Если любое из таких обстоятельств непосредственно влияет на выполнение обязательств во время, обусловленное в Контракте, этот период продлевается соответственно на период, в течение которого действовали указанные обстоятельства. В таком случае необходим Сертификат от Торгово-промышленной Палаты соответствующей страны, подтверждающий существование таких условии. 8. Арбитраж Все споры и разногласия, которые могут возникнуть из настоящего Контракта или в связи с ним, подлежат рассмотрению в Арбитражном суде РФ, согласно регламента данного суда. Решения данного Арбитража будут окончательным и обязательным для обеих сторон. 9. Другие условия Любые изменения и дополнения к настоящему Контракту не будут считаться действительными, если они не составлены в письменном виде и не подписаны обеими сторонами. Настоящий Контракт составлен в двух экземплярах на русском и английском языках. Оба текста имеют одинаковую силу. Настоящий контракт вступает в силу с момента его подписания и действует до 31 декабря 2005 года. 10. Юридические адреса сторон Продавец ______   Покупатель ______

CONTRACT № 10th of April, 2002   The company <Buyer> (St. Petersburg, Russia), hereinafter referred to as the “Buyer”, on the one hand, and the company  <Seller> (Hong Kong), hereinafter referred to as the “Seller”, on the other hand, have concluded the present Contract as follows   1. Subject of the Contract The Seller has sold and the Buyer has bought on conditions CPT - St. Petersburg goods according to the appendix to the present contract, which is his integral part. Due to the fact that some units and details are damaged during the transportation and also to follow the warranty terms the Seller by the additional written agreement with the Buyer is to complete the mentioned by the Buyer shipment with spare parts and details (in quantity not more than 3% of the shipment volume) the cost of which is included into the shipment value     2. Prices and the total value of the Contract The prices for the goods sold under the present Contract are stated in the Invoice of the Seller and fixed in US Dollars and understood CPT - St. Petersburg. The cost of tare, packing, marking as well as the cost of freight, transportation from port of destination to St. Petersburg and insurance is included in price of goods. The total value of the Contract amounts 1.000.000,00 (one million) US Dollars.   3. Packing and marking Packing shall ensure full safety of the goods and protect them against any damages during long transportation and transshipments according to international packing and marking requirements to the goods shipped by sea.   4. Terms of delivery Shipment of computer parts under the present Contract to be effected in technically sound and properly sealed containers by sea. The dale of the shipment is considered to be the date of Clean on Board In case of delay of supplement against conditions of the Contract, the Seller is to pay penalty to the Buyer amounting 0,3% of value of short-shipped goods per each day of delay bill of loading In case of delay in shipment over 15 days, the Buyer has the right to cancel the Contract and demand refund. 5. Terms of payment The Buyer will commit the payment of all the amount of each Invoice immediately after receiving the goods. Payment is to be after receiving the goods but in any case not lately then 3 month since the goods unloading. Payment is to be effected by transferring the sum in accordance with the Invoice on the account of. The Seller is obliged to handover to the Buyer all original shipping documents within 10 days from the date of the departure of the vessel shipped by the abovementioned cargo. The original shipping documents contain: - original Clean on Board bill of loading; - original invoice; - packing list;   6. Claims The Buyer has the right to claim on the Seller concerning: goods quality (including assortment violation) - within 3 months from the date of receipt of goods; goods quantity - within 30 days from the date of receipt of goods. Report made up with a Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Russian Federation export participation is a sufficient confirmation of a claim The Seller has the right under mutual consent to replace defective goods by the goods with conforming quality by the Seller's account or reduce its price. In case of shortage of computer parts, the Seller is to return immediately the sum for short shipped quantity to the Buyer. 7. Force-majeure The Parties are not liable for failure to perform their obligations under the contract, if such failure was caused force-majeure circumstances time of performance of the contract obligations is extended for a period equal the period of duration of such circumstances. The Buyer has the right to refuse performing the contract or the part of it if the delay of delivery caused by force-majeure circumstances exceeds more than six months. Parties are to inform immediately the other party about the starting and stopping of force-major circumstances, otherwise it loses its right to refer to such circumstances. If any of such circumstances directly affected the performance of obligations in the time of period stipulated in the Contract, this lime period is extended correspondingly for a period during which such circumstances are operative. Certificate of local Chamber of Commerce and Industry as sufficient proof of above circumstances to be presented. 8. Arbitration Any disputes which may arise out of the present Contract or in connection with the same are to be settled by Arbitration Court of Russian Federation in accordance with the rules of procedure of the present Court. Arbitration decree is final and binding for both parties.  9. Other conditions Any Amendments and Addenda to this Contract shall not be valid unless made in writing and signed by both contracting parties. The present Contract is drawn up in two copies in English and Russian. Both texts are equally valid. The contract comes into operation since its signing and will be valid till 31-st of December, 2005. 10. Legal addresses of the Parties Seller ______   Buyer ______

Exercise 2. Read the definitions of contractual clauses and match their names which are given in a jumbled order.

1) Arbitration clause	a) is any clause, term or condition in a contract that allows a party to that contract to avoid having to perform the contract without being liable for breach of contract.
2) Non-compete clause	b) is a term in a contract that seeks to restrict the rights of the parties to the contract.
3) Hell or high water clause	c) is a clause in a contract, usually a lease, which provides that the payments must continue irrespective of any difficulties which the paying party may encounter (usually in relation to the operation of the leased asset). The clause usually forms part of a parent company guarantee.
4) Severability clause	d) (sometimes referred to as a salvatorius clause, from the Latin word salvatorius) is the name for a special clause that regulates the legal consequences or the applicability of the remaining clauses of a contract when some clauses of a contract are or become ineffective or infeasible. The goal of the severability
5) Exclusion clause	e) clause is usually to maintain the spirit of the contract as much as possible.
6) Force majeure	f) is a term used in contract law under which one party (usually an employee) agrees to not pursue a similar profession or trade in competition against another party (usually the employer)
7) Escape clause	g) (French for “greater force”) is a common clause in contracts which essentially frees both parties from liability or obligation when an extraordinary event or circumstance beyond the control of the parties, such as war, strike, riot, crime, act of nature (e.g., flooding, earthquake, volcano), prevents one or both parties from fulfilling their obligations under the contract.
	h) is a commonly used clause in a contract that requires the parties to resolve their disputes through an arbitration process.

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with one of the following words.