III. The Respiratory System. Respiration.

1. Why is respiration so important?

2. What gases are involved in breathing? 

3. What parts of the respiratory system does the air pass on its way to the alveoli? 

4. Describe the mechanism of breathing. 

5. What is inhalation/exhalation?

6. How many respiratory movements do the people do?

7. When does increased respiration occur?

Respiration is the process of breathing, which occurs in all living things, both plants and animals. It is important, because it sustains life, and interruption of breathing causes death. Breathing includes two main gases: oxygen which is delivered to body cells and carbon dioxide which is removed from the organism. Nitrogen, which makes up about 79 per cent of the atmosphere, is not involved in the breathing process.

Air is breathed through the mouth or nose into the oral cavity, or pharynx. It then passes through the voice box, or larynx, into the windpipe,  trachea. The trachea divides into two smaller tubes, bronchi, one is going to each lung.  The bronchi divide into bronchioles, which lead directly to alveoli. The exchange of life-giving gases is effected through the walls of the alveoli.

Respiration consists of rhythmically repeated inhalations and exhalations. An inhalation involves a contraction of muscles, an expansion of the lungs, and entrance of atmospheric air into the lungs through the air passages.  Inhalation is followed by exhalation. An exhalation occurs when the muscles relax, the lungs become compressed, the pressure in them rises.                   and the air rushes out through the air passages.

An adult makes 16-20 respiratory movements per minute, children make more movements. Physical exercise and diseases are usually accompanied by faster respiration. and are usually companied many diseases.                       Increases respiration is also observed in

 III. Дыхательная система. Дыхание.

1. Почему дыхание так важно?

2. Какие газы участвуют в дыхании?

3. Какие части дыхательной системы воздух проходит по пути к альвеолам?

4. Опишите механизм дыхания.

5. Что такое вдох / выдох?

6. Сколько дыхательных движений делают люди?

7. Когда происходит усиление дыхания?

Дыхание - это процесс дыхания, который происходит у всех живых существ, как у растений, так и у животных. Это важно, потому что это поддерживает жизнь, а прерывание дыхания вызывает смерть. Дыхание включает два основных газа: кислород, который доставляется в клетки организма, и углекислый газ, который выводится из организма. Азот, который составляет около 79 процентов атмосферы, не участвует в процессе дыхания.

Воздух вдыхается через рот или нос в полость рта или глотку. Затем он проходит через голосовой ящик или гортань в дыхательное горло или трахею. Трахея делится на две меньшие трубки, бронхи, по одной на каждое легкое. Бронхи делятся на бронхиолы, которые ведут непосредственно к альвеолам. Обмен живительными газами осуществляется через стенки альвеол.

Дыхание состоит из ритмично повторяющихся вдохов и выдохов. Вдыхание включает сокращение мышц, расширение легких и попадание атмосферного воздуха в легкие через дыхательные пути. Вдыхание сопровождается выдохом. Мышцы расслабляются, легкие сжимаются, давление в них повышается, и воздух выходит через дыхательные пути.

Взрослый делает 16-20 дыхательных движений в минуту, дети делают больше движений. Физические упражнения обычно сопровождаются учащенным дыханием. Усиление дыхания наблюдается также при многих заболеваниях.

IV. The Structure and Function of the Digestive System.

1. Where is the largest cavity of the body situated? 2. What organs does the abdominal cavity contain? 3. Why is the liver so important? 4. What does the gall-bladder serve for? 5. What are the characteristics of the stomach? 6. How do we distinguish «small» and «large» intestines?

7. What is digestion?

8. What types of digestion do you know?

The abdomen is the largest cavity of the body. It is surrounded by the thorax, two pelvic bones, lower ribs and the abdominal muscles, and it is also supported by the spinal column. The organs of the abdominal cavity are the liver, the gall-bladder, the stomach, the intestines, the pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys and the bladder. The liver is a large organ that weighs about 1.5 kg and lies under the right ribs. The liver is important, because it secretes bile which participates in the digestive process and has a defensive function, i.e. some toxic substances are detoxified in the liver.

The gall-bladder lies beneath the right lobe of the liver and serves as a bile reservoir.

 The stomach lies under the left ribs. It serves as a container of food, which is partly digested in it. The size and shape of the stomach vary with amount of consumed food, and its capacity is some 1-2 litres. The intestines, in which food undergoes chemical and mechanical changes, occupy the central portions of the abdominal cavity. The small intestine is about 4 cm to 5cm, the large intestine is up to about 6 cm wide.

Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller components that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The process of digestion is due to the activity of many enzymes, chemicals, and physical processes within the digestive tract. Digestive processes may be classified as salivary digestion, when occurring in the mouth; gastric digestion in the stomach; and intestinal digestion in the small intestine. With normal digestion, between 95 and 100 per cent of all carbohydrates, fats, and animal proteins are absorbed.