Classifications of the English Verb

CONTENTS

The Verb. Its Definitions and Classifications (Schemes 1-17) …………………………………………….. 5-12

The Present Tense Aspect Forms. Formation and Use (Tables 1-12) ……………………….................... 13-26

Table 1. Summary table on the Formation of the Present Tense Aspect Forms (Active Voice)………………. 13

Table 2. Summary table on the Formation of the Present Tense Aspect Forms (Passive Voice)……………... 14

Table 3.The Present Indefinite in Use……………………………………………………………………….. 15-16

Table 4.The Present Continuous in Use……………………………………………………………………….. 17

Table 5. Stative Verbs that are used in the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous

forms depending on their meaning…………………………………………………………………………….. 18

Table 6.The Present Indefinite versus the Present Continuous………………………………………………... 19

Table 7.The Present Perfect in Use………………………………………………………………………….... 20

Table 8.The Present Perfect versus the Past Indefinite…………………………………………………….... 21-22

Table 9. The Present Perfect Continuous in Use…………………………………………………………...….. 23

Table 10. Sentence patterns with Present Perfect Continuous I (since) ……………………………………...... 23

Table 11. The Present Perfect and the Present Continuous versus the Present Perfect Continuous…………... 24

Table 12. Summary table on the Use of the Present Tense Aspect Forms………………………………....... 25-26

The Past Tense Aspect Forms. Formation and Use (Tables 13-24) …………………………………....... 27-39

Table 13. Summary table on the Formation of the Past Tense Aspect Forms (Active Voice)……………....... 27

Table 14. Summary table on the Formation of the Past Tense Aspect Forms (Passive Voice)……………...... 28

Table 15. The Past Indefinite in Use………………………………………………………………………… 29-30

Table 16. Used to + inf. / Would + inf…………………………………………………………………….….. 31

Table 17. Formation of Used to + inf…………………………………………………………………………. 31

Table 18. The Past Continuous in Use………………………………………………………………………... 32

Table 19. Sentence patterns with the Past Continuous and the Past Indefinite…………………………......... 33

Table 20. The Past Perfect in Use…………………………………………………………………………….. 34

Table 21. Sentence Patterns with the Past Perfect and other Past tense aspect forms……………………… 35-36

Table 22.The Past Perfect Continuous in Use……………………………………………………………….. 37

Table 23. Sentence patterns with Past Perfect Continuous I………………………………………………..... 37

Table 24. Summary table on the Use of the Past Tense Aspect Forms………………………………….…. 38-39

The Future Tense Aspect Forms. Formation and Use (Tables 25-33) ………………………………..... 40-45

Table 25.Summary table on the Formation of the Future Tense Aspect Forms (Active Voice)…………….. 40

Table 26.Summary table on the Formation of the Future Tense Aspect Forms (Passive Voice)……………. 41

Table 27.The Future Indefinite / the Future Indefinite-in-the-past in Use……………………...…….…....... 42

Table 28. The Future Continuous / the Future Continuous-in-the-past in Use……….………………..……... 42

Table 29. The Future Perfect / the Future Perfect-in-the-past in Use………..……………………..…..……. 43

Table 30. The Future Perfect Continuous / the Future Perfect Continuous-in-the-past in Use……...……..... 43

Table 31. Other means of expressing future actions / future actions viewed from the past……………......... 43

Table 32. Modal meanings of Shall and Will…………………………………………………………….….. 44

Table 33. Summary table on the Use of the Future Tense Aspect Forms………………………………….... 45

The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses. ………………………………………………………………...….. 46-47

Table 34. The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses. The Change of the Tense Aspect Forms……………..…... 46

Table 35. The Relations between the actions of the Principal Clause and the Subordinate

(Object) Clause………………………………………………………………………………………….….... 47

Table 36. The Cases in which the Rules of the Sequence of Tenses are not observed…………………….... 47

The Reported Speech ……………………………………………………………………………………... 48-56

Table 37. The Use of the Verbs to say, to tell and to ask in the Direct and Indirect (Reported) Speech………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 48

Table 38. Expressions with to say, to tell, to ask …………………………………………………………….. 48

Table 39. Sample Transformations from Direct Speech into Indirect (Reported) Speech………………… 49-50

Table 40. Changing Statements from Direct into Reported Speech…………………………………………. 51

Table 41. Words that are changed in Reported Speech………………………………………………………………………………………...…………….… 52

Table 42. Changing Questions from Direct into Reported Speech…………………………………………... 53

Table 43. Direct, Indirect and Reported Questions compared……………………………………………….. 53

Table 44. Changing Commands / Requests / Suggestions from Direct into Reported Speech………………. 54

Table 45. Changing Exclamations/ Yes / No short answers/ Question Tags from Direct into

Reported Speech…………………………………………………………………………………………….... 54

Table 46. Reporting a dialogue or a conversation……………………………………………………………. 55

Table 47. Introductory Verbs used in Reported Speech………………………………………………….… 55-56

The English Verb

Definitions of the English Verb (according to different principles)

1. Verb (according to content) – a word, denoting actions (namely activities, e.g. to walk, to play,         to study; processes, e.g. to live, to sleep, to wait; state, e.g. to be, to like, to know;                 relation, e.g. to consist, to resemble, to lack).
2. Verb (according to form) – a word, having certain grammatical categories, such as tense, aspect, voice, mood, person and number.
3. Verb (according to function) – a word, making up the predicate of the sentence.

Classifications of the English Verb

Scheme 1

 

NB! As most verbs in English are polysemantic they may be terminative in one meaning and durative in another, e.g. to see 1)‘увидеть’, 2) ‘видеть’. E.g. 1) I saw him at once – Я увидел его сразу. 2) I saw his face quite clearly – Я видел его лицо достаточно четко.

Scheme 2

stative (do not admit of the continuous form) e.g. I understand what you mean (no Continuous form, though the action is going on at the present moment). Most commonly used stative verbs: 1) verbs of physical perception, e.g. to hear, to see, to notice; 2) verbs of emotions, e.g. to like, to dislike, to love, to hate, to detest, to adore,    to care for, to respect, etc.; 3) verbs of wish, e.g. to want, to wish, to desire; 4) verbs of mental processes, e.g. to admire, to appreciate, to assume, to believe, to consider, to doubt, to expect, to feel (= to consider), to imagine, to know,      to mind (=to object), to perceive, to presume, to recall, to recognize, to recollect, to regard, to remember, to suppose, to think, to trust, to understand; 5) relational verbs, e.g. to be, to have, to apply, to belong, to concern, to consist, to contain, to depend, to deserve, to differ, to equal, to fit, to hold (= to contain), to include, to involve, to lack, to matter, to need, to owe, to own, to possess,      to remain, to require, to resemble, to result, to signify, to suffice; 6) miscellaneous group of verbs, e.g. to agree, to allow, to appear (= to seem),            to astonish, to claim, to consent, to please, to displease, to envy, to fail to do,     to feel (intr.), to find, to forbid, to forgive, to intend, to interest, to keep doing, to manage, to mean, to prefer, to prevent, to puzzle, to realize, to refuse,       to remind, to satisfy, to seem, to smell (intr.), to sound (intr.), to succeed, to suit, to surprise, to taste (intr.), to tend, to value.

Scheme 3

Scheme 4

NB! Enslish link verbs are to be, to get = to grow = to become = to turn (становиться), to seem, to appear (= seem), to remain, to look (выглядеть), to feel, to smell (пахнуть), to taste (быть на вкус).

NB! Predicative – a part of a compound nominal predicate that is usually expressed by:

1) a noun; 2) a pronoun in the absolute form; 3) an adjective, an adjective in the form of Participle I or II; 4) a numeral:

e.g. 1)   He is a university teacher.

  2)   Whose notebook is this? – It ’s mine.

  3)   He looks really handsome in this suit.

        The cottage remained charming (uninhabited) all through the winter.

 4) How old is she? – She is fifty-five. – Really? She doesn’t look her age!

 

NB! Polysemantic verbs may be notional as well as structural:

Notional	Structural
He is married and has three children (= to possess)	I had to reconsider my position (modal verb, denoting obligation due to circumstances in the past)
	It has finally happened! (auxiliary verb within the Present Perfect form)
He looked at me, waiting for the next words (= to glance)	He looked quite happy (link verb, meaning ‘to seem’, выглядеть).

                                                                                                                                                                                           

Scheme 5

 

 

                                                                                                                                   Scheme 6

                                                          

 

                                                                                                                                   Scheme 7

 

With regular verbs the following spelling rules are observed:

cons.+ y → ied	vowel +y → yed	short stressed vowel /-er (ur) + final consonant → doubled final consonant	l is always doubled
stu d y → stud ied en v y → env ied	pl a y → pla yed st a y → sta yed	st o p → sto pped occ ur → occu rred	travel → trave lled quarrel → quarre lled

                                                                                                                                        Scheme 8

 

                                                                                                                      

                                                                                                                                   Scheme 9

 

                                                                                                                                            

                                                                                                                                            

 

 

                                                                                                                                        Scheme 10

                                                                                                                                            

                                                                                                                                        Scheme 11

 

 

Active Voice

Type of the Sentence	the Present Indefinite	the Present Continuous	the Present Perfect	the Present Perfect Continuous
Affirmative (+)	I ask   You ask     He, she asks We ask    You ask They ask	I am (I’m) asking You are (you’re) asking      He, she is (he/she’s) asking We are (we’re) asking    You are (you’re) asking   They are (they’re) asking	I have (I’ve) asked, done You have (you’ve) asked, done He, she has (he/she’s) asked, done We have (we’ve) asked, done You have (you’ve) asked, done They have (they’ve) asked, done	I have (I’ve) been asking   You have (you’ve) been asking He, she has (he/she’s) been asking   We have (we’ve) been asking   You have (you’ve) been asking   They have (they’ve) been asking
Interrogative (?)	Do I ask? Do you ask?         Does he, she ask? Do we ask? Do you ask? Do they ask?	Am I asking? Are you asking?   Is he, she asking? Are we asking? Are you asking? Are they asking?	Have I asked, done? Have you asked, done?   Has he, she asked, done? Have we asked, done? Have you asked, done? Have they asked, done?	Have I been asking? Have you been asking?     Has he, she been asking? Have we been asking?  Have you been asking? Have they been asking?
Negative (-)	I do not (don’t) ask   You do not (don’t) ask   He, she does not (doesn’t) ask   We do not (don’t) ask   You do not (don’t) ask   They do not (don’t) ask	I am not (I’m not) asking You are not (aren’t) asking He, she is not (isn’t) asking   We are not (aren’t) asking   You are not (aren’t) asking They are not (aren’t) asking	I have not (haven’t) asked, done You have not (haven’t) asked, done   He, she has not (hasn’t) asked, done   We have not (haven’t) asked, done   You have not (haven’t)asked, done   They have not (haven’t)asked, done	I have not (haven’t) been asking You have not (haven’t) been asking   He, she has not (hasn’t) been asking We have not (haven’t) been asking You have not (haven’t) been asking They havenot (haven’t) been asking
Emphatic	I do ask            You do ask    He, she does ask            We do ask            You do ask            They do ask	___________	_____________	_____________

 

                                                                                                                                                                             

Table 2

Passive Voice

Type of the Sentence	the Present Indefinite	the Present Continuous	the Present Perfect	the Present Perfect Continuous
Affirmative (+)	I am (I’m) asked      You are (you’re) asked            He, she is (he/she’s) asked    We are (we’re) asked     You are (you’re) asked       They are (they’re) asked	I am (I’m) being asked You are (you’re) being asked He, she is (he/she’s) being asked We are (we’re) being asked You are (you’re) being asked They are(they’re) being asked	I have (I’ve) been asked You have (you’ve) been asked He, she has (he/she’s) been asked    We have (we’ve) been asked You have(you’ve) been asked They have (they’ve) been asked	_____________
Interrogative (?)	Am I asked?                Are you asked?                Is he, she asked?                Are we asked?                Are you asked?                Are they asked?	Am I being asked? Are you being asked? Is he, she being asked?       Are we being asked? Are you being asked? Are they being asked?	Have I been asked?        Have you been asked? Has he, she been asked?        Have we been asked?        Have you been asked? Have they been asked?	_____________
Negative (-)	I am not (I’m not) asked     You are not (aren’t) asked   He, she is not (isn’t) asked            We are not (aren’t) asked    You are not (aren’t) asked     They are not (aren’t) asked	I am not (I’m not) being asked You are not (aren’t) being asked He, she is not (isn’t) being asked We are not (aren’t) being asked You are not (aren’t) being asked They are not (aren’t)  being asked	I have not (haven’t) been asked You have not (haven’t) been asked   He, she has not (hasn’t) been asked   We have not (haven’t) been asked   You have not (haven’t) been asked They have not (haven’t) been asked	_______________

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Table 3

Meaning

Example

INDEPENDENT USE

Present Action

1.

*recurrent action in the present

(with terminative verbs)

Note: usu. used with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as

often, seldom, sometimes, occasionally, always, never, ever, every year (day, week, month,), usually, daily, once (twice, three times) a year, daily, on Sundays (Mondays, Tuesdays), etc.

                             1) She usually rings up early in the morning.                            2) The charwoman doesn’t come in daily.                            3) Do you often bring her coffee to bed? 2.

*permanent action in the present

(with durative verbs)

      1) He teaches English and History at a college, and lives with his parents.       2) He is seventy five, and he doesn’t walk, he runs. 3.

Permanent characteristic

An action going on

At the moment of speaking

(instead of the Present Continuous)

with stative verbs (see scheme 2, p. 4)         1) I quite understand what you mean.                                      2) He wants to see you for a minute. when it’s not viewed in its process                                    1) You leave me no choice.                           2) I refuse to listen to you. You talk such nonsense.

Future Action

7.

future action which is certain to take place due to the official arrangement (timetable, schedule, programme, etc.)

(+ indication of the stated time or future time)

      1) The Baker Street train leaves at 8.08.                           2) “Can you tell me when the game starts tonight?”

Past Action

8.  

Meaning

Example

DEPENDENT USE

Structurally dependent use

Future Action

9.

In subclauses

 

of time (introduced by when, till, until, before, after, as soon as, etc.)   When the weather is fine, we’ll go for a picnic to Fred’s. But: I don’t know when the weather will be fine (object subclause, the question is what?) of condition (introduced by if, unless, in case, on condition that, providing/provided that, etc.)   If the weather is fine, we’ll go for a picnic to Fred’s. But: I wonder if (whether) the weather will be fine (object subclause, the question is what?) of concession (introduced by even if, even though, no matter how, whenever, whatever, however, etc.)   Even if the weather is bad, we’ll go for a picnic to Fred’s. 10. in some special questions   with reference to the immediate future                   What do we do next? – Что будем делать сейчас/дальше?  Where do we go now? – Куда сейчас пойдем? What happens next? – Что будет сейчас/дальше?

Lexically dependent use

 

Future Action

11.

In object clauses

after

to see to (проследить за тем, чтобы…) He’ ll see that she is properly looked after. Он проследит за тем, чтобы за ней должным образом присмотрели. (досл. присмотрят) to make sure (убедиться в том, что…) He’ ll make sure no harm is done to her. Он убедится в том, что ей не причинят вреда. to take care (позаботиться о том, чтобы…) He’ ll take care that no one interferes with them. Он позаботится о том, чтобы никто не вмешивался в их дела.

* recurrent action - point (instantaneous) action, repeated a number of times.

* permanent action - continuous, uninterrupted process which naturally includes the present moment.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Table 4

Meaning

Example

Present Action

1.

An action going on

At the present moment

( occasion. + now, at  present )

1) I think he is talking to his mother now.                               2) Is anything new happening?   3) I’ m not watching TV. You can turn it off. 2.

An action going on

At the present period

( occasion. + indications of the present period like this year, etc. )

           1) I stay indoors most of the time. I’ m catching up with my studies. 2) What are you doing in Geneva? Are you  writing a play?” 3) She isn’t working this year. She’s on her maternity leave. 3.

an action generally characterizing the person denoted by the subject, bringing out the person’s typical traits

(emotionally coloured characteristic)(+ always, constantly)

1) People are always blaming the circumstances for what they are. 2) She is c onstantly complaining about everything in life. She is just unbearable.

Future action

4.

future action which is certain to take place due to one’s previous decision / personal arrangement (+ indication of the future time)

                             1) I’ m flying early tomorrow morning. 2) Are you dining out with them tonight?

The Present Continuous can be used with stative verbs when…

5.

П/п

Verb

The Present Indefinite

The Present Continuous

Meaning Example Meaning Example

1.

To see

 

To perceive with eyes

(видеть)

 

I see you quite well now.

to meet (встречать (ся)) I’ m seeing her tomorrow morning. (future meaning) to see off (провожать) We are seeing them to the airport   in the afternoon. (future meaning) 2. to think to consider to have a certain opinion of (считать, полагать) 1) I think you are absolutely right. 2) I consider this article must be published in the scientific journal. to think over (обдумывать что-то, размышлять над чем-то) 1) I’ m thinking of selling my old house and buying a new flat. 2) I’ m seriously considering this idea of moving to the countryside. 3. to hear to perceive with ears (слышать) I hear you quite well despite this terrible noise. to discuss (the case) in the court (слушать (дело) в суде) They are hearing this divorce case now. (future meaning) 4. to taste to have a certain taste (быть на вкус) This sauce tastes (= is) awful! What did you put into it? to try the taste of (пробовать) She is tasting the sauce not to make it too spicy. 5. to smell to have a certain smell (пахнуть) This perfume smells (= is) so wonderful. Can you give it to me for my birthday? to feel the smell of (нюхать)  - Where is she? - She is smelling perfumes over there! 6. to look to have certain looks (выглядеть опред.образом) You look so glamorous! Is it a new haircut? to use one’s eyes in order to see smth. (смотреть) Why are you looking at me like that? 7. to be to exist (быть) He is a very obedient boy. (permanent characteristic) to behave (вести себя) He is being so naughty today! What’s happened? (temporary characteristic) 8. to have to possess (иметь, владеть)   My father has three cars at the moment. a part of a set phrase, e.g. to have breakfast/ lunch/ dinner/ coffee (= to eat, to drink) – завтракать, обедать, ужинать, пить кофе to have a bath/ a shower (=to wash) – принимать ванну/ душ   to have a problem/ a trouble (= to experience) – испытывать затруднения 1) The boss is not in the office now. He is having l unch in the restaurant.    2) Don’t call him. He won’t hear you. He is having a bath.   3) -Why is he so sad? -He is having some family problems at the moment.

 

                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Table 6

П/п

Meaning

The Present Indefinite

The Present Continuous

Meaning Example Meaning

Example

Present action

1. present action permanent action in the present     He teaches English literature at Oxford.

temporary action

in the present

This week he is giving lectures on Irish poetry at Eton College. 2. permanent characteristic of a person   permanent characteristic of a person that is emotionally neutral (marginal case)         She always talks too much when she is nervous.

 

permanent

characteristic of

a person that is emotionally coloured

(+ always, constantly)

    She is always talking too much when she is nervous. It drives me mad!

Future action

 

3. future action that is certain to take place in the near future   due to the official arrangement (timetable, schedule, programme)       The Baker Street train leaves at 8.08.   due to one’s previous decision / personal arrangement

 

 

They are leaving for holiday tomorrow afternoon.

             

 

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Table 7

The Present Perfect in Use

№п/п

Meaning

Example

An accomplished action

Present Perfect II

2.

 

an action which began before the moment of speaking and continues up to it or into it (instead of Present Perfect Continuous I)

 

 

 

with stative verbs

(see scheme 2, p. 4)

+ for +(period of time) I' ve known this young lady for all my life. + since *1) as an adverb, *2) as a preposition, *3) as a conjunction       1) We have known each other since.     2) We have known each other since childhood. 3) We have known each other since we went to the same school.

 

with dynamic verbs when the action is not viewed in its process

+ for +(period of time) I’ ve lived in this beautiful house for twenty years. + since *1) as an adverb, *2) as a preposition, *3) as a conjunction       1) I’ ve lived in this beautiful house since.     2) I’ ve lived in this beautiful house since childhood.     3) I’ ve lived in this beautiful house since we moved here.

 

 

in negative sentences

+ for +(period of time) Shall we sit down a little? We haven’t sat for ages. + since *1) as an adverb, *2) as a preposition, *3) as a conjunction       1) He hasn’t written to me since.     2) He hasn’t written to me since that autumn.     3) He hasn’t written to me since we quarrelled.

Present Perfect III

3.

a future action that will be accomplished before the action of the principal clause (in adverbial clauses of time introduced by

when, before, after, as soon as, till, until)

1) You’ll find that you’ll long for home, when you have left it.   2) As soon as I have had some tea, we will go for a walk.

* since as   an adverb (с тех пор) – doesn’t  require any other  word /  words to complete its meaning e.g. I’ ve seen him every day since .- Я вижу его каждый день с тех пор.

* since as   a preposition – introduces a prepositional phrase with a noun as a headword   e.g. The sun has been in the room since morning. - Солнце (находится) в комнате с утра.

* since as   a conjunction – introduces a subclause of time e.g. She has been much better since she started the injections. – Она чувствует себя намного лучше с тех пор, как ей начали делать инъекции.

(Note! The Past Indefinite is generally used in  the since- subclause to express a single past action, that serves as a starting point for the action of the principal clause, see started above)

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                             Table 8

Time reference

present time reference past time reference

Adverbial modifiers

  indicators of indefinite time and frequency such as just, already, yet, not… yet, always, never, ever, recently (= lately= of late) e.g. I ’ve just broken the vase. I’m being so awkward today.     indicators of the past time, such as yesterday, five days ago, last month, in 2005, etc. e.g. Yesterday I broke my mum’s favourite elephant figure. I thought she would kill me.       some indicators of the present time, such as this morning, today, tonight (when the period of time mentioned is not over yet) e.g. I’ ve sent him an express letter this morning. (It’s still morning.)     some indicators of the present time, such as this morning, today, tonight (when the period of time mentioned is already over) e.g. I  sent him an express letter this morning. (It’s afternoon now.)       _____________________       indicators of the place of the action (e.g. in Germany) e.g. I ate turnips in Germany.       ______________________   indicators of the attending circumstances (e.g. for Lord Henry) e.g. They built that palace for Lord Henry.  

Table 8

Type of the action

past action, connected somehow with the present situation e.g. I’ ve lost the keys, I can’t get into the house now. past action, not connected with the present situation I l ost the keys yesterday, so I couldn’t get into the house until my husband came.

Types of questions

1) general questions with reference to the present e.g. Has anything new happened recently?   1) general questions with reference to the past I know she met him yesterday. Did she invite him to the party? 2)  special questions beginning with who, what, why,                   if the reference is made to the present e.g. Who has done it, I wonder? e.g. You look so frustrated. What has happened? e.g Why haven’ tyou gone either? Why are you still here? 2) special questions beginning with who, what why,                             if the reference is made to the past 1) Who taught you English last year? 2) Wha t happened in the Oxford street?                           3) Why did you leave then without saying good bye? ______________________ 3) special questions beginning with when, where, how  1) When did they actually arrive?                                  2) Where did they finally meet?                           3) How did it happen then?

Just/just now

 - just e.g. I have just told you I am really short of time.  - just now I told you just now, I am (was) really short of time.

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Table 9

Meaning

Example

Present Perfect Continuous I (= Present Perfect II)

1.

 

An action which began

 before the moment of speaking

 and continues up to it or into it

(with dynamic verbs)

(in Russian translation – present)

+ for +(period of time) I’ ve been waiting for you for ages here (жду)! + since 1) as an adverb, 2) as a preposition, 3) as a conjunction      1) He’ s been living here ever since (живу).                      2) He’ s been living here since childhood. 3) He ’s been living here since he was a child.

Meaning

Example

Principle clause Subordinate clause 1. the action of the principle clause began at the same time as the action of the subordinate clause and continues into the moment of speaking the action of the subordinate clause is a single past action and serves to express the starting point of the action in the principal clause   1) He has been reading since he came.                    2) Он читает (present) с тех пор, как пришел (past). 2. an action of the principle clause began in the past and continues into the moment of speaking   an action of the subordinate clause is parallel to that of the principal clause    1) He has been reading since he has been working in the library.    2) Он читает (present) с тех пор, как работает (present)                                            в библиотеке.

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                   Table 11

Present Perfect II

Present Perfect I

Present Perfect I

Present Perfect Continuous II

  the emphasis is on the result of the action   The ceiling was white. Now it is blue. Ann has painted it (покрасила).   the emphasis is on the duration of the action, the activity itself   Ann’s clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling (красила).

Present Continuous

An action going on

At the present moment

( occasion. + now, at present )

e.g. I think he is talking to his mother now.

Present Perfect I Present Perfect Continuous I an accomplished action viewed from the moment of speaking as a part of the present situation e.g. He is very sensitive.  I have just discovered that. an action which began before the moment of speaking and continues up to it or  into it (with dynamic verbs, + since, for)   e.g. He’ s been living here since childhood (for 10 years).

2.

An action going on

At the present period

( occasion. + indication of  the present period like this year, etc. )

e.g. She isn’t working this year. She’s on the maternity leave.

 

Present Perfect II Present Perfect Continuous II an action which began before the moment of speaking and continues up to it or into it (instead of Present Perfect Continuous I 1) with stative verbs, 2) when the action is not viewed in its process, 3) in negative sentences) e.g. We have known each other since childhood (for 20 years). an action which was in progress quite recently and affects somehow the present situation e.g. -   Your shoes are wet. - I’ ve been walking in the          rain.     3. permanent characteristic given through a recurrent action (marginal case) e.g. I always talk too much when I’m nervous. an action generally characterizing the person denoted by the subject, bringing out the person’s typical traits (emotionally coloured characteristic) (+ always, constantly) e.g. He is constantl y grumbling. I hate it.     4. general statement or universal truth (expressed by a recurrent or a permanent action) e.g. The Earth goes round the Sun.       5. succession of actions at the moment of speaking (in stage directions, comments, etc.) e.g. Now I peel the apples, slice them and   put them into the dish.      

Table 12

6.	an action going on at the moment of speaking (instead of the Present Continuous with stative verbs (1), and when the action is not viewed  in its process (2)) e.g. I refuse (1) to listen to you. You talk (2) such nonsense.
7.	Future Action	Future Action	Future Action
	Active Voice Type of the Sentence the Past Indefinite   the Past Continuous the Past Perfect the Past Perfect Continuous   Affirmative (+) I asked, wrote You asked, wrote       He, she asked, wrote     We asked, wrote      You asked, wrote    They asked, wrote I was asking You were asking       He, she  was asking We  were asking You  were asking    They  were asking I had (I’d) asked, written You had (you’d) asked, written He, she had (he/she’d) asked, written We had (we’d) asked, written You had (you’d) asked, written They had (they’d) asked, written    I had (I’d) been asking You had (you’d) been asking He, she had (he/she’d) been asking We had (we’d) been asking You had (you’d) been asking They had (they’d) been asking     Interrogative (?)    Did I ask, write? Did you ask, write?       Did he, she ask, write? Did we ask, write? Did you ask, write? Did they ask, write?     Was I asking?   Were you asking?      Was he, she asking? Were we asking?   Were you asking?    Were they asking? Had I asked, written? Had you asked, written?     Had he, she asked, written? Had we asked, written? Had you asked, written? Had they asked, written?   Had I been asking? Had you been asking?     Had he, she been asking? Had we been asking? Had you been asking? Had they been asking?     Negative (-) I did not (didn’t) ask, write You did not (didn’t) ask, write He, she did not (didn’t) ask, write We did not (didn’t) ask, write You did not (didn’t) ask, write They did not (didn’t) ask, write     I was not (wasn’t) asking   You were not (weren’t) asking   He, she was not (wasn’t) asking   We were not (weren’t) asking You were not (weren’t) asking They were not (weren’t) asking     I had not (hadn’t) asked, written You had not (hadn’t) asked, written He, she had not (hadn’t) asked, written We had not (hadn’t) asked, written You h Поделиться с друзьями: Опора деревянной одностоечной и способы укрепление угловых опор: Опоры ВЛ - конструкции, предназначен­ные для поддерживания проводов на необходимой высоте над землей, водой... Индивидуальные и групповые автопоилки: для животных. Схемы и конструкции... Биохимия спиртового брожения: Основу технологии получения пива составляет спиртовое брожение, - при котором сахар превращается... История развития пистолетов-пулеметов: Предпосылкой для возникновения пистолетов-пулеметов послужила давняя тенденция тяготения винтовок...  © cyberpedia.su 2017-2024 - Не является автором материалов. Исключительное право сохранено за автором текста. Если вы не хотите, чтобы данный материал был у нас на сайте, перейдите по ссылке: Нарушение авторских прав. Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! 0.254 с.