Part III: The Abdomen. Foods.

Read the text about the digestive system of the human body. Find the passage which contains the information about inorganic foods and minerals. Read and translate the passage.

The abdomen is the largest cavity of the body. The organs of the abdominal cavity are the liver, the gall-bladder, the stomach, the intestines, the pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys and the bladder. The liver lies under the right ribs. it weighs about one and a half (1,5) kg. The liver secretes bile, which detoxifies some toxic substances. The gall-bladder lies beneath the right lobe of the liver. It serves as a bile reservoir. The stomach lies under the left ribs and extends across to the right. it serves as a container of food, which is partly digested in it. The size and shape of the stomach vary with any amount of food. Its capacity is some 1-2 litres. The intestines occupy chiefly the central portions of the abdominal cavity. In the small intestine the food undergoes further mechanical and chemical changes. As the contents of the small intestine cannot move back they may freely pass into the large intestine.

Every cell of the human body requires certain chemical nutrients. to supply them the body must break down complex foods into molecules to pass through tissues and be delivered by blood or lymphatic systems to the various body cells. This break of insoluble forms is known as digestion.

Foods are substances which when taken into the body yield energy on oxidation, build new tissue, repair old tissue and play an essential role in growth and nutrition. Foods are to be divided into two general classes. These are inorganic and organic foods. The former class includes inorganic salts and water. The latter class includes carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

Proteins are found most abundantly in muscles. Fat is concentrated in the adipose (fat) cells under the skin and around the intestines. Carbohydrates are found mainly in the liver, muscles and blood. Carbohydrates are known as the chief source of energy. The absence of carbohydrates upsets the fat and protein metabolism. As for the minerals, high levels of calcium and phosphorus form part of the bones and teeth, sodium and chloride are found mainly in the body fluids, potassium is the main mineral in the muscles, iron is essential to red blood cells, and magnesium is found throughout the body.

Other types of food (vitamins) needed in very small amounts for various functions of the body are essential. They are found in certain foods and are necessary for the growth, development and general health of the body. Such foods include milk and many products made from it, all green leafy vegetables like cabbage, spinach, other fresh vegetables, fruits and fruit juices, whole-grained cereals, eggs and number of others. You determine how you feel throughout each day by the type of breakfast you eat. Your energy production, which corresponds to the quality of sugar available, determines how you think, act and feel.

Vocabulary

 

Liver, gall-bladder, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, bladder, bile, nutrients, lymphatic, carbohydrates, fat, protein, adipose cells, cabbage, spinach, whole-grained cereals.

 

Task

I. Translate from English

1. The liver plays a very important part in the vital activity of the organism.

2. It secretes bile which participates in the digestive process and has a defensive function, i.e. some toxic substances are detoxified in the liver.

3. The stomach is a bag the walls of which are largely made up of involuntary or smooth muscles.

4. It is the gastric glands in the stomach that secrete gastric juice, which is acid and acts on meals.

5. After the food leaves the stomach it is acted on by several enzymes.

6. After the food is properly prepared it is absorbed into the lymph and blood vessels.

7. Salivary glands, liver and pancreas are situated outside the digestive tract.

8. The muscles of different types form the walls of the intestine.

9. It is known that the abdomen is the largest cavity of the body.

10. Nutrients are substances that help your body to grow and develop.

11.  There was general agreement that the patient’s diet should be rich in protein and carbohydrates, but poor in fat.

12. The vitamins are substances which must be found in the diets of animals in order they can utilize the organic foodstuffs to best advantage.

13. The present investigation is carried out to determine the liver functions in experimental dogs.

14. It is advisable to study the movements of the stomach by means of X-rays.

15. Protein is essential for growth and repair.

16. The most convenient approach to understand metabolism is to examine the properties of different sorts of foods.

17. The carbohydrates animals most commonly ingest consist of a variety of sugars.

18. Vitamins are organic chemical compounds to be present in the diet.

19. Certain foods are the best sources each body requires.

20. Vitamin K is produced by intestinal bacteria.

21. Scientists have studied the deficiency diseases for many years.

22. The body is known to utilize six kinds of food-stuffs - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, mineral salts and vitamins.

 

II. Translate from Russian

1. Известно, что печень, расположенная в правом подреберье, является одним из самых крупных органов.

2. Она выполняет несколько жизненно важных функций.

3. Именно в печени обезвреживаются некоторые токсичные вещества.

4. Продукты питания, которые мы используем, можно разделить на два общих класса. Это органические и неорганические вещества.

5. Дополнительные вещества, которые должны присутствовать в нашей диете, - это витамины.

6. Отсутствие или недостаток углеводов в организме нарушает жировой и белковый обмен.

III. Write down the internal organs

that you know.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

 

IV. What is digestion? Describe the process of digestion in any form you like.

 

 

V. Make the table of foods sources according to the task*

   a)

FOODS	MEANING	PRODUCTS
fats
carbohydrates
proteins

                  

                    b)

VITAMINS	MEANING	PRODUCTS

* to do this exercises you may consult the appendix for biology