Old; loud; tall; bright; talkative; punctual; hard-working

Lesson 1 ABOUT MYSELF

Read and translate the text

Let me tell you some words about myself. ___________is my name and ___________ is my surname//last name. I am _ years old. I am a first year student. I study at Orenburg State University at the full-time department of the ________________________ faculty. My future specialty is_____________________. I want to tell you a few words about my family. My family is not large//large. I have got __________________________________________.There are ___ of us in the family.

First of all some words about my parents. My mother is ______________. Her name is ___________/She works in ___________. She likes her profession. She is a good-looking woman with brown//blond//red//fair hair. She is __ but she looks much younger.

My father’s name is_____. He is a//an ___________ by profession. He is ____.

My parents have been married for ___ years. They have much in common, but they have different views on music, books, and films. For example my father likes horror films and my mother likes soap operas. My father is fond of tennis. My mother doesn’t go in for sports. My parents are hard working people. My mother keeps house and takes care of my father and me. She is very good at cooking. As you can see I am rather good-looking//attractive// handsome// beautiful; tall//small//of medium height boy/girlwith blonde//red//brown//fair hair and my eyes are of ________ color. Speaking about the sphere of my interests this is //these are _________________________________________________________________________.

 Do one or more of the following activities:

ACTIVITY A Interview another student in your group. Make notes during the interview, and then introduce this student to the rest of the group.

ACTIVITY B Write a brief autobiographical paragraph telling who you are, what you have done in the past two years, and what your plans are for the next two years. Then exchange paper with a classmate. Ask each other questions to clarify your understanding and elicit further information. Tell the others in the group about the classmate whose paragraph you read.

ACTIVITY C Interview your friend outside of class and write a biography of his/her life.

ACTIVITY D Write three sentences comparing yourself to other people in the class. You can use some of these adjectives.

Old; loud; tall; bright; talkative; punctual; hard-working

Write three superlative sentences about other people in the class.

Lesson 2 DAILY ROUTINE

Read and translate the text

On weekdays the alarm clock wakes me up at___ and my working day begins. I’m in the first year at the university, so I have to organize my time wisely. I find it hard to get up on time, I have to wind two alarms-clocks to make sure I do not oversleep. So, I get up at ___ o’clock, have a quick shower, make my bed, put on make up// do my hair//shave eat a full breakfast and se off to the university. It takes me ________________to get ready. I catch a bus// drive my own car// take a walk  to get to the university. My studies keep me busy all day long. I have lectures// seminars// laboratory works// practical classes. At lunchtime I have a snack at the university café. After classes I go to// make myself to go to the library, where I spend about ____ hours a week reading for my seminars.  I come home at about ____o’clock, very tired. I have a short break for lunch which lasts no longer than ___ minutes. Than I manage to do my housework and get down to my homework. I like the idea of going to bed early, but quite often I have to sit up late, doing my home assignments till ___o’clock when finished. My mother says that keeping late hours ruin one’s health. Of course I agree.

I do not have enough time off during the week, so I try to relax on weekends. One of my greatest pleasures is to lie in bed//read new book//go for a run//work out in the gym. I hate staying in, and sometimes on Saturday I go to a concert//play//party//disco.

At ___ it’s high-time for me to go to bed and so my week day is over to start again in the morning.

 Translate from English into Russian using a dictionary:

John Naylor, 24, is a successful businessman. Let’s follow him through a typical day.

John jolts out of bed at 7 a.m. he automatic coffee maker kicks on in the kitchen. He jumps in the shower, shaves, dresses and pours a cup of coffee. It takes him about 15 minutes to wake up and get ready. His briefcase in one hand and gym bag in the other, he hops the car, ready to start the day. He clocks in at exactly 7:45 a.m. He takes a seat in front of the computer and prepares for hours of phone calls and meetings that occupy his mornings. At noon John rushes to the health club where he plays tennis. In an hour he is sitting in the club dinning room where he has lunch with the potential client. They discuss business over pasta and a cup of coffee. At 2:30 p.m. he is back at his office. John gets home at 10: 00 p.m.

Pair work: Talk about your busiest day. Ask the following and more:

What is your busiest day?___________________________________________________

What do you usually do?_____________________________________________________________________

What time do you get up?___________________________________________________

Where do you usually have breakfast, lunch?___________________________________

What do you usually do after classes?_________________________________________________________________

What time do you usually go home?__________________________________________

What do you do at the end of the day?____________________________________________________________________

What do you do in you spare time?___________________________________________

What time do you usually go to bed?__________________________________________

What activity do you enjoy? Which you dislike?__________________________________________________________________

Lesson 3

Read the text.

Orenburg State University

Nowadays Orenburg State University is one of the biggest classical universities in Russia. It is the largest educational, scientific and industrial center with a powerful development potential.

The university campus is about 291 000 square meters. It consists of about 40 buildings including 16 teaching blocks, 5 hostels, the palace of culture “Russia”, the palace of sport “Penguin”, new fundamental electronic library and many others. The head of the University is Rector.

There are 16 faculties (for example Faculty of natural science, Faculty of information technologies, Faculty of food production, Faculty of architecture and

Civil engineering, Transport Faculty and others); 4 Institutes (Aerospace Institute); 6 regional branches; 5 colleges; 2 lyceums at the OSU. Each Faculty has a number of specialized departments and headed by dean.

The University has a full – time, part –time and correspondence department. It trains specialists in about 120 specialties. The course of study lasts 4-6 years. During the academic year students attend lectures and practical classes and do laboratory works. Most of laboratories are equipped with modern devices and computers. The development of information technologies at the University began nearly 30 years ago with its first computers. Nowadays the number of University computers is up to 1500. Over 80% of computers are used for educational purpose. Over 500 computers have an access to the Internet. The powerful system of network technologies at the OSU includes: Center of Information Technologies, Internet Center, Modern Information Technologies in Education.

The academic year is divided into 2 terms: from September to January and from February to July. At the end of each term student take their tests and examinations. If the results of the examinations are good students get grants. On completion of studies the student presents a graduation thesis (diploma paper) and passes final state examinations. Students take an active part in research works. After graduating from the University students can continue their studies at the post-graduate course.

A highly qualified teaching staff and scientists from the leading research and educational establishments of Russia, vast stock of modern educational literature and equipment, computer rooms and laboratories, huge research potential, active innovation policy are some of the most appealing features of studying at OSU.

Answer the following questions:

What university do you study at?_____________________________________

What faculty do you study at?_______________________________________

What can you say about University campus?___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

How many faculties and Institutes are there at the University?_____________

_____________________________________________________________________

What departments does the University have?___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What do students do during the academic year?_________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

What can you say about development of information technologies?_________

_____________________________________________________________________

What is your future specialty?______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

 

Look through the text and find English equivalents for the following word combinations:

 

научный и промышленный центр________________________________

территория университета________________________________________

очное отделение______________________________________________

заочное отделение______________________________________________

готовить специалистов__________________________________________

курс обучения__________________________________________________

посещать лекции и практические занятия___________________________

развитие информационных технологий_____________________________

доступ в Интернет_______________________________________________

представлять дипломную работу___________________________________

сдавать государственные экзамены_________________________________

принимать активное участие______________________________________

продолжить обучение в аспирантуре________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

высоко-квалифицированный преподавательский состав_______________

современная образовательная литература__________________________

 

Read the sentences and correct them if the information is wrong

Since 1955 Saint Tatiana’s day (25th of January) has been celebrated as OSU’s Foundation Day._____________________________________________________________________ OSU is the largest educational, scientific and industrial center with a powerful development potential.___________________________________________________ The course of study lasts 3 years.____________________________________

The university campus consists of about 40 buildings including 16 teaching blocks, 5 hostels, the palace of culture “Russia”, the palace of sport “Penguin”, new fundamental electronic library and many others._______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

It trains specialists in about 90 specialties._____________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

The development of information technologies at the University began nearly 5 years ago with its first computers.__________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

The powerful system of network technologies at the OSU includes: Center of Information Technologies, Internet Center, Modern Information Technologies in Education.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The head of the University is President._______________________________

 

Retell the text.

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Read the text

Great Britain

 

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. It is situated on the British Isles.

Great Britain and Ireland are the largest islands and there are about five thousand small islands.

The North Sea, the Strait of Dover and the English Channel separate Great Britain from the continent.

The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. There are numerous lakes in Scotland and they are called Lochs.

The north and west of England are also mountainous, but all the rest-east, centre and south-east is a vast plain. The South English plain is the richest, the most fertile and the most populated in the country. In the south-east one can see the most beautiful scenery in England and the largest fruit- producing county Kent which is often called “The Garden of England”.

The mountains in Great Britain are not very high. There are many rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames, which flows through rich agricultural districts into the North Sea, is the busiest and the most important river in England.

The climate of Great Britain is mild. The Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the weather of the British Isles. The summers are cool and rainy. It is not so hot in England as on the continent. July is the warmest month. But, of course, the climate is different in different parts of the country. In Scotland the climate is colder than in England. Great Britain has an area of 244.000 square kilometres and a population of more than 55 million. It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.

 

 

Great Britain is a highly developed capitalist and industrial country. It is a large producer of iron and steel products, electronics and machinery, chemicals and textiles. It has a highly developed shipbuilding industry.

Great Britain is not very rich in mineral resources. It imports all of its oil, cotton, rubber, sulphur, four-fifths of its Wool, half of its food and iron ore. Manufactured goods made from these materials have been exported since the industrial age began.

Great Britain exports machinery, motor-cars, aircraft, locomotives, chemicals, Woolen and synthetic textiles, radio, TV and navigation equipment.

Great Britain has a lot of industrial cities, such as London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Sheffield, Bristol and many others.

Answer the questions:

1 What parts does the United Kingdom consist of?____________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

2 Is Great Britain a continent or an island?__________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

3 Which is the longest river in Great Britain?________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

4 Which is the most important river in England?_____________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

5 Are the mountains in Great Britain high?___________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

6 What can you say about the climate of Great Britain?________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

7 What is the territory and the population of Great Britain?_____________________

_____________________________________________________________________

8 What are the towns in Great Britain that you know?_________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

9 What are the main industrial centres of Great Britain?________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

10 What does this country produce?________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

 

Read the text  

 

 

London

 

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is one of the biggest and busiest ports of Great Britain. It is situated on both sides of the Thames, which is navigable, all the years round.

London is a very old city. It is more than twenty centuries old. London consists of many parts and they are very different from each other. They seem to belong to different towns and epochs.

The West End is a symbol of wealth and luxury. The best and the most expensive hotels, restaurants, clubs, theatres, cinemas, and the richest shops are there. There are beautiful houses and lovely gardens there belonging to wealthy people.

Trafalgar Square is in the geographical centre of London. It was so named to commemorate Admiral Nelson’s victory at the Battle of Trafalgar. The monument in the centre of the square is surmounted with a statue of Nelson. Its pedestal is decorated with bas-reliefs of famous naval battles. At the base of Nelson’s column are four great lions. The large platform at the foot is often used by the orators when there are large meetings and demonstrations.

On the north side of Trafalgar Square is the National Gallery, an art gallery housing the national collection of pictures, and the National Portrait Gallery housing the national collection of portraits, a great number of them being rather of historical interest than of genuine artistic value.

Whitehall, which leads out of the Square to the South, is the site of many Government offices, the Foreign Office, the War Office, and the Treasury.

A small, rather dull-looking street with ordinary houses branches of Whitehall. It is Downing Street where for the last 200 years at Number 10 each Prime Minister has lived.

At the end of Whitehall is Parliament Square with the Houses of Parliament on the left and Westminster Abbey half right (on the right).

Big Ben is the name given to the clock and bell of the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament.

Westminster Abbey is famous for its architecture, for its historic associations. Westminster Abbey has its world famous Poet’s Corner where many of the greatest English Writers are buried: Chaucer, Charles Dickens, Tennyson, Thomas Hardy and Rudyard Kipling. Here, too, are memorials to Shakespeare,

Burns, Byron, Walter Scott, and Thackeray and to the great American poet Longfellow.

The City is the oldest part of London. It covers only about a square mile and few people live there, but over a million people enter the City in the day-time to work.

At the end of the day the businessmen, clerks and secretaries go home and the City becomes silent and empty. The City is the financial and business part of London. Numerous banks, officers and trusts are concentrated in this part. There are some famous ancient buildings with in the City, such as St. Paul’s Cathedral, Wren’s masterpiece, and the Tower of London which was built nine centuries ago and used as a royal place, a fortress and a political prison. Now it is a museum.

The East End is the poorest district of London. There are many factories, workshops and docks there. The streets are narrow, the houses are poor. It is a densely populated district where working-class families live.

London is the centre of Britain’s cultural life. There are many museums and art galleries in London: The National Gallery, the Portrait Gallery, the Tate Gallery, the Natural History Museum and many others. The British Museum is well-known as one of the largest museums in the world. It is really a history museum in the world. It is really a history museum. One can see there Egyptian statues, sphinxes, mummies, Roman sculpture, drawings and paintings. The museum has a rich library with copies of rare manuscripts.

Near the British Museum you can see the tall, handsome building of the University of London. It is the main building of the University. London University is divided into a number of colleges and schools scattered about in different parts of London. London University is the principal centre of post-graduate studies and research work.

 

Lesson 6

 

Read the text

USA

 

The United States of America (USA) is situated in the southern half of North America. The area of the USA is 7.839.000 kms without Alaska. The area of the United States is much larger than that of Europe, but almost three times smaller than that of Russia. The population of the USA is 246.8 (1989) million people.

The United States of America is a federation of states (now there are 50 states) which was established by the Constitution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city and within each state there are smaller subdivisions, of local government such as countries, townships, cities and villages. The capital of the USA is the city of Washington in the District of Columbia.

Stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, the USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south.

The territory of the United States may be divided into three main parts: the Appalachian Mountain system in the east; the Cordillera system – in the west and the Central Plain between them.

The Great Lakes, situated on the US-Canada border, are the world’s largest fresh water basin. They are five in number, namely: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.

The biggest river of the United States is the Mississippi with its tributaries – the Ohio, the Missouri, and the Arkansas Rivers.

The territory of the United States is rich in natural resources. The reserves of coal, oil and metals in the USA are very large. The main iron ore deposits are concentrated near Lake Superior.

The main cities of the United States are New York, which together with its suburbs has a population of 12 million people, Chicago, Philadelphia, Los Angeles and Detroit.

Lesson 7

1 Why did you make up your mind to become an engineer?

2. Did anybody advise you to choose this career?

Read and translate the text

My specialty

The demand for engineers graduating from our faculty is dictated by time. In the region today engineers specialized in municipal cadastre are lacking in numbers, so it is no surprise that 100 % of our graduates are employed. Many of them get a job as engineers already on 4 year of their studies and after graduation the same company or plant hire them full time.

The choice of the future profession is one of the most important decisions in a person’s life. It is especially important nowadays, when the life has become very active and dynamic, so that it is impossible to waste your time on things you have no interest in. The person entering this honorable profession must have a scientific attitude, imagination, initiative and good judgment obtained by experience and serious work. Future specialists obtain general and deep knowledge in human sciences and technology, they have a chance to get more knowledge/skills in such areas as expert evaluation and management of property, computer graphic design and others. Beginning from the first course, the faculty students have practical assignments in information science, soil science, geodesy, photogrammetry by doing this our students can considerably improve their future employment opportunities. Laboratories and studying rooms of the chair are fitted with modern computers, advanced apparatuses and instruments including unique laboratory complexes of digital cartography and photogrammetry. Also students of our faculty take an active part in sporting and culture events.

Our graduates can work in any design and exploration organizations, scientific and research establishments, architecture and town-planning departments, cadastre bureaus, property committees, technical inspection bureaus, realtor companies, real-estate banks and other organizations connected with municipal and real estate management, economics and transactions.

The engineers specialized in Municipal Cadastre are trained to keep stage land and town-planning cadastre for developed areas, to register rights to real estates, to ensure governmental control over utilization and preservation of land in inhabited places, to exercise land and real estate transactions.

Complete the sentences

1 In the region today engineers specialized in municipal cadastre are

  a) unemployed;   b) lacking in number;       c) unclaimed.

2 The person entering this honorable profession must have

 a) aim;                 b) attitude;                       c)demand.

3 Future specialists obtain general and deep knowledge in………….
a) human sciences;   b) technology; c)human sciences and technology.

4 Laboratories and studying rooms of the chair are fitted with ……..

a) advanced apparatuses and instruments; b) old instruments; c) different devices.

Lesson 8

Read the following words. Mind their meaning:

abundantly– обильно, в изобилии,

accommodation – согласование, жильё, помещение, удобство, приспособление,

apply– применять,

commitment– обязательство,

compel– вынуждать, заставлять,

сcomprehensive – всесторонний,

conviction– убеждение,

creditworthiness– кредитоспособность,

depend on, upon– зависеть от,

income– доход,

manage– регулировать, управлять, организовывать,

merchandising– коммерческое планирование производства,

neglect– упускать, не обращать внимания,

overgrazing– чрезмерный выпас,

prerequisite– предварительное условие, предпосылка,

prosperous– процветающий,

prove– подтвердить, доказать,

request– просьба,

sequence– последовательность,

solve– решать,

substantiation– обоснование,

sustain– поддерживать.

Find synonyms

Skill, trucks, land use planning, make, a land surveyor, community, compel, society, automobiles, a land use planner, land surveying, level, knowledge, standard.

Find antonyms

Capable, independence, possible, easy, directly, impossible, large, incapable, difficult, dependence, small, indirectly.

Choose the proper English word:

1) поддерживать               a) suspect; b) sustain; c)respect;

2) просьба                         a) value; b) request; c) wish;

3) процветающий             a) beautiful; b) gorgeous; c) prosperous;

4) убеждение                     a) decision; b) conviction; c) edition;

5) всесторонний                a) comprehensive; b) all-gifted; c) modern;

6) обязательство               a) commitment; b) committee; c) commit;

7) согласование                a) resolution; b) classification; c) accommodation;

8) решать                          a) neglect; b) pose; c) solve.

Read the following word-combinations and translate them into Russian:

break-even-point; delivery service; land tenure; in a sustainable way; land use planning; inventory valuation method; land resources capacity; means of survival; land use; outside assistance; land use planner; render assistance.

The individual and society

Land use planning or land surveying is a process of managing the use and development of land resources in a sustainable way. It is essentially a study of the methods in which land use planners apply their knowledge, skills and efforts to the gifts of nature in order to satisfy their needs and wants. Effective land use planning is impossible without land information. Such information includes land resource capacity, land tenure, land ownership and land use. Even in the prosperous, economically advanced countries there is an aspect of survival. Land helps people to survive. That's why lands are very important resources for men. Some people have the abilities to sustain life without outside assistance. But a large percentage of the human race of the third world still lives in very small self-sufficient peasant communities. These people experience great poverty, but they provide on an individual basis, for their own survival. They have a degree of economic independence. The inhabitants of cities are totally incapable of providing for themselves, directly, the means of survival. Here we can observe the 6 opposite situation – a high level of living together with an extreme economic dependence. Such people depend upon the efforts and co-operation of many thousands of specialist workers, among them land use planners. Land use planning is concerned with soil sciences, law, geodesy, geography, and computer. To solve these problems land use planners must be not only qualified but profoundly educated specialists.

Translate into Russian

Глубоко образованный специалист; большой процент; регулировать землеустройство; решать проблему; информация о земле; помощь извне; трудный вопрос; экономическая независимость; поддерживать жизнь; средство выживания; противоположная ситуация; для того, чтобы удовлетворить нужды.

Read and translate the text

Read and translate the text

Find the pairs of synonyms

Local, start, benefit, advantage, option, vantage, choice, begin, regional, income.

Find the pair of antonyms

Satisfied, find, high, popular, encourage, low, unpopular, lose, narrow, wide, discourage, unsatisfied.

Read and remember

adjacent – примыкающий, смежный,

allocation– распределение, размещение,

arrangement– приведение в порядок, устройство, организация,

bogging– заболачивание,

cartographical researches – картографические исследования,

citizen – горожанин,

citizenship– гражданство,

complex– сложный (n.) – комплекс,

crop– с/х культура, урожай,

customer– заказчик, покупатель,

delimination – разграничение,

designation – назначение,

district – район, округ,

 drawing – проект,

equal rights – равные права,

flooding – наводнение,

 irrespective – независимый,

land relations – земельные отношения,

landslide – оползень, обвал,

mudflow – грязевой поток,

proprietor – собственник, владелец,

radioactive and chemical substances – радиоактивные и химические вещества reclaimed lands – восстановленные земли,

revealing unused areas – выявление неиспользованных площадей,

rules of thumb – правила подчинения,

substantiation – доказательство, обоснование,

survey – съёмка, исследование, изыскание (v.) – проводить съёмку, исследовать.

Find synonyms

Activity, regulation, particular, work, special, order, define, arrangement, organizing, determine.

Find antonyms

Misunderstanding, natural, irregular, legal, understanding, unnatural, regular, respective, illegal, irrespective.

Answer the questions

1. How many kinds of land use planning do you know? 2. What are they? 3. What is the purpose of land use planning? 4. Are there the basic directions of land use planning activity? 5. Land use planning activity is carried out in all areas, is not it? 6. What tasks does local 29 land use planning solve? 7. What laws does land use planning study? 8. Who can participate in land use planning work?

Retell the text "Land use planning activity"

Read and translate the text

Land suitability mapping

Land suitability mapping is a method to identify the most suitable land units for a range of land use systems. A step-wise procedure is used to survey existing resources, identify constraints and opportunities for change. The first step normally includes land cover mapping. Land cover mapping produces maps of vegetation patterns, soil and land use types. The mapping scale corresponds to the level of de-tails from the use of aerial photographs and satellite images. Normally there is no distinction made between natural and human induces land 32 cover. Land cover mapping is usually performed in the early stages of land use planning, where baseline information about natural resources and constraints are collected. Map units refer to very broad categories of land cover, such as "coniferous forest" or "urban areas". Land capability classification identifies those areas with the highest potential for a large number of land uses on the basis of their production potential. The method is similar to land suitability mapping but operates at a more general level. Land suitability mapping is a kind of detailed land assessment, i.e. the fitness of land use for a specific use, e.g. "partly suitable farming with wheat as the best yielding crop". Normally a soil map serves as a base map to indicate homogenous land areas with similar properties (soil type, climate, vegetation). The units identified are called land units. It is an area of land which possesses specific land characteristics and land qualities and which can be mapped. The starting point for suitability mapping is a mapping of the most relevant factors for a given land use. These factors also called land attributes, are divided into 1) land qualities and 2) land characteristics. The following "rules of thumb" can be used to identify the land qualities which should be part of a land suitability mapping: - the land quality must have a substantial effect on performance or on cost of production; - critical values of the land quality must occur in the planning area; - it is realistic to measure or estimate the value of the land quality. Furthermore, one should beware of variations in values of a given land quality during a cropping season and the impact variations have on crop yields. Care should be taken to select values from measurements representing critical moments in crop growth.

Find the pairs of synonyms

Do, negotiation, organization, principle, enterprise, attain, achieve, new, talk, core, make, modern.

Find antonyms

Direct, regard, wide, unsuitable, narrow, rural, indirect, balance, suitable, disregard, imbalance, urban.

Put the underlined words

  economically; improve; principles; influence; rural.

1. People often have economic or political... 2. Measures should be... justified. 3. The government tries to... living conditions of people. 4. The presentation of the basic... is given. 5. Land use planning is used in... regional development.

Define the part of speech

Responsibility, define, political, development, invest, implement, measures, conditions, try, particularly, responsibly, conciliation, rural, support, exact, implementation.

Answer the questions

1. How is land use planning stated? 2. What is land use planning based on? 3. Does land use consider only production? 4. What cases does land use planning deal with? 5. Do national authorities intervene in land use planning? 6. Is land use planning used in rural regional development? 7. Is land use planned in all cases or not? 8. What functions does land use planning have?

Retell the text "Land use planning as an instrument of the technical co-operation"

Read and translate the text

Different Views

Land use planning in the technical co-operation is an iterative process based on the dialogue amongst all participants. It is aimed at the definition of decisions on a sustainable form of land use in rural areas and the initiation of the appropriate measures for implementation and monitoring. Even fundamental concepts of land use planning are perceived differently within each project. Whereas some of them consider an approach which gives these directives on how land related subjects 40 should be organized in a definite region, others will promote a process of organization and learning. The first model of land use planning follows the sense of a rational model of planning. It is assumed that the optimization of the set of planning tools in connection with rationalization of the planning organization will result in the best possible solution to the problem to be solved. Any social conflicts are disregarded in this process (technical planning approach). The objective of the latter concept is to create a social platform for solving problems and settling conflicts. Land use planning is thereby described as a political process in which the constellation of forces is crucial to the result. In this type of planning process the stakes of different groups with different power potential and different influence meet one another. In this process the mechanisms of conflict resolution and forming a consensus are the major political factors (participatory planning approach). The dialogue-oriented learning and negotiation process amongst the participants leads to the development of their planning capacities and to sustaining co-operative relations at local level. Participants in land use planning are direct and indirect land users, as well as those affected by the consequences of land use activities. Another group is formed by people who often have political or economic influence; this includes authorities, organizations, middlemen and women, processing industries for agricultural products, etc. However, the most important target group in land use planning is made up of the direct land users. Rural areas, in contrast to urban areas are characterized by agricultural and forestry production having relatively low population and building densities. Infrastructure, facilities or services have a relatively low importance. Land use planning is an iterative process; it is the flexible and open reaction based on new findings and changing conditions. Land use planning is more than preparation of a planning document; it is an iterative process. Iteration is both the principle and the method simultaneously. New developments and findings are specifically observed and incorporated into the planning process. It may lead to the revision of decision and the repetition of steps already taken. This can render superfluous both analyses and data bases which would have been set 41 up at some expense. Iterative planning requires flexibility in planning, but in no way constitutes a "concealed lack of planning". "Iteration" means putting the result of the decision-making process into practice and converting it into a situation specific step-by step planning. It is repeated or recurring process that seeks to reach an optimal solution.

Core of land use planning

The core element in land use planning is the dialogue amongst all participants to reach decisions based on consensus. A major task of land use planning is to accompany and motivate the participants and those affected in order to attain a conciliation of interests concerning land resources, types and extent of land use. The land use planning process covers all steps extending from the collection of data and information through its processing, analysis, discussion and evaluation right up to the negotiation for a consensus concerning the form of land use to be practiced. This includes the pre-requisites for preparing, initiating and implementing the plan. Land use planning is first and foremost a process of clarification and understanding between people who together wish to change some-thing and prepare future actions systematically. In the process, the elements of a plan are worked out co-operatively. The core part of a planning process is therefore a commonly desired objective to be achieved by implementing the plan. Time planning is linked to the physical/geographic/ecological planning of areas, and the two are mutually dependent. Land use is considered to be sustainable when it is both socially and environmentally compatible desired by the society, technically vi-able and when it makes economic sense. This means social justice, long-term sustainability of natural resources, acceptance and social compatibility, economic efficiency, viability. 42 Land use planning creates the prerequisites required to achieve a type of land use, which is sustainable, environmentally compatible, socially desirable and economically sound.

GRAMMAR REVIEW

Exercise 1. Употребите нужную форму глагола to have. Ненужную форму вычеркните.

1) My granny (have/has) a big room. The room (have/has) two windows. Under the windows my granny (have/has) roses.

2) Mark and Pete like bikes. They (have/ has) four bikes: Mark (have/has) two bikes and Pete (have/has) two bikes. They ride their bikes in the morning.

Exercise 2. is или has? Напишите предложения в полной форме. Следуйте приведенной модели.

She’s in the bed because she’s got a bad cold.

She is in bed because she has got a bad cold.

1. Tom's got a new bike because it's his birthday. He's fourteen today.

_____________________________________________________________________

2. Mary's afraid of spiders.

_______________________________________________________________________

3. Bob's cousin's from Australia.

________________________________________________________________________

4. He's got blonde hair and he's very tall.

_______________________________________________________________________

5. "What's he got in his hand?" - "It's his pet mouse."

_____________________________________________________________________

6. It's half past eight and he's still in bed. He's got school at nine.

_____________________________________________________________________

7. "Where's his house?" — "It's in the country and it's got a beautiful big garden."

_____________________________________________________________________

8. "Why's he got his jacket on?" - "He's cold."

_____________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. Вставьте нужную форму глагола to be или гла­гола to have got. Напишите отрицательные и вопросительные предложения. Напишите краткие ответы.

She is from Sydney.

She isn't from Sydney.

Is she from Sydney?

  Yes, she is.

She has got blue eyes.

She hasn't got blue eyes.

Has she got blue eyes?

No, she hasn't.

1.Mr and Mrs Brown___________three children.

__________________________________________

__________________________________________?

Yes,_______________________________________

2. The sky __________________very cloudy.

_____________________________________

_____________________________________?

Yes,__________________________________

3 There________ milk in the fridge.

_____________________________________

_____________________________________?

No,__________________________________

4. Mike___________ a new computer for his birthday.

____________________________________________

____________________________________________?

No,_________________________________________

 

Exercise 4. Закончите предложения, используя сравнительную степень прилагательного в скобках. Добавьте than, где это необходимо. Следуйте приведенной модели.

This case is heavier than (heavy) that one.

 

1. Her brother (tall)___ her.

 2. A cat is(small) ___a tiger.

 3. This exercise is (easy)___ that.

 4. His writing is (bad)___ his brother’s.

 5. She is a (good) student___ her brother.

 6. London is(big) ____ Bristol.

 7. He is (intelligent) ____his sister.

 8. My sister is(tidy) _____ me.

Exercise 5. Закончите предложения, используя превосходную степень прилагательного в скобках и артикль the. Следуйте приведенной модели.

Where is the nearest (near) bank, please?

1. Sam is_________________________(tall) in his class.

2. I think Gone with the Wind is _________________(long) and _______________(boring) film ever made.

3. He’s _________________________(interesting) person I know.

4. July is_____________________(hot) month of the year.

5. January and February are __________________________(cold) months of the year.

6. Sarah is ____________________________(pretty) of the three sisters.

7. Carol is eleven, Joe is ten and Frank is fourteen. So Joe is_____________(young) and Frank is ______________________(old).

8. ______________________(good) restaurant in this town is in High street, it is also ______________________(expensive).

Exercise 6. Выберите правильный ответ

1) Which is heavier?

The elephant

The blue whale

2) Which river is longer?

 The Mississippi?

The Volga

3) Which mountain is higher?

Mount Blanc in the Alps

Mount Etna in Italy

4) Which ocean is larger?

The Indian Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean

5) Which lake is smaller?

The Baikal

The Loch Ness

6) Which planet is nearer the sun?

Venus

The Earth

7) Which is older?

The Parthenon in Athens

The Colesseum in Rome

 

Present Simple.

Exercise 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Simple.

1. My working day (to begin) _________at seven o'clock. I (to get) up, ________(to switch) __________on the radio and (to do) ________my morning exercises. It (to take) _________me fifteen minutes. At half past seven we (to have)__________ breakfast. My father and I (to leave) __________home at eight o'clock. He (to take) ________a bus to his factory. My mother (to be) _______a doctor, she (to leave)_________ home at nine o'clock. In the evening we (to gather)_________ in the living room. We (to watch) ________TV and (to talk)_______.

2. My sister (to get) up________ at eight o’clock. 3. She (to be) ________a schoolgirl. She (to go) ________to school in the afternoon. 4. Jane (to be)_________ fond of sports. She (to do) _________her morning exercises every day. 5. For breakfast she (to have) __________two eggs, a sandwich and a cup of tea. 6. After breakfast she (to go) __________to school. 7. It (to take) _________him two hours to do his homework. 8. She (to speak) _______French well.

Exercise 8. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в правильной форме.

a) Sylvie studies (study) French at the University. She ______(not know) what she wants to do when she ____(finish) her degree. Sylvie ____live at home with her family.

b) Max _____ (work) in the city. He ____(have) a new sport car, and a big house. He _____ (enjoy) going out and spending lots of money. He ____(not smoke) and he ____(do)

 a lot of exercise in the gym.

c) Albert ___(not work) in the city. He’s 75 years old. He usually _____(spend) his time at home. He _____(watch) TV and _____(read) the newspaper. Sometimes he _____(go) for a walk or ____(do) some shopping. He ______(not cook),so his daughter ____(bring) him food to eat.

Exercise 9. Перепишите предложения правильно употребив наречия обозначающие частоту действия.

ABBA

Use; be; sing; win

Swedish singer Agnetha Faltskog first _____in public when she ____5 years old. many years later, in 1974,her group, Abba, _____the Eurovision song contest and became world famous. In the 1990s the London musical Mamma Mia ____their song. They are still one of the world’s most popular bands.

QUEEN

U2

Время Future Simple

Exercise 20. Подчеркните слова, помогающие определить The Future Indefinite Tense:

Lesson 1 ABOUT MYSELF

Read and translate the text

Let me tell you some words about myself. ___________is my name and ___________ is my surname//last name. I am _ years old. I am a first year student. I study at Orenburg State University at the full-time department of the ________________________ faculty. My future specialty is_____________________. I want to tell you a few words about my family. My family is not large//large. I have got __________________________________________.There are ___ of us in the family.

First of all some words about my parents. My mother is ______________. Her name is ___________/She works in ___________. She likes her profession. She is a good-looking woman with brown//blond//red//fair hair. She is __ but she looks much younger.

My father’s name is_____. He is a//an ___________ by profession. He is ____.

My parents have been married for ___ years. They have much in common, but they have different views on music, books, and films. For example my father likes horror films and my mother likes soap operas. My father is fond of tennis. My mother doesn’t go in for sports. My parents are hard working people. My mother keeps house and takes care of my father and me. She is very good at cooking. As you can see I am rather good-looking//attractive// handsome// beautiful; tall//small//of medium height boy/girlwith blonde//red//brown//fair hair and my eyes are of ________ color. Speaking about the sphere of my interests this is //these are _________________________________________________________________________.

 Do one or more of the following activities:

ACTIVITY A Interview another student in your group. Make notes during the interview, and then introduce this student to the rest of the group.

ACTIVITY B Write a brief autobiographical paragraph telling who you are, what you have done in the past two years, and what your plans are for the next two years. Then exchange paper with a classmate. Ask each other questions to clarify your understanding and elicit further information. Tell the others in the group about the classmate whose paragraph you read.

ACTIVITY C Interview your friend outside of class and write a biography of his/her life.

ACTIVITY D Write three sentences comparing yourself to other people in the class. You can use some of these adjectives.

old; loud; tall; bright; talkative; punctual; hard-working