Past                                       Present                                  Future

__o_________________________o__________________________o______

Действие, происходящее в Past

и предшествующее другому,

употребляется в Past Perfect

 

Условные обозначения:

BE — изменяемая часть сказуемого

been — неизменяемая часть сказуемого

V1 — Infinitive; V2-ed — Past Simple; V3-ed — Past Participle

Приложение E. Модальные глаголы

Can (could)	Возможность совершить действие самому или испытать действие на себе.
May (might)	Просьба, разрешение, вероятность совершить действие.
Must	Субъективная, личная необходимость.
Must not	Запрещение, запрет.
Have to	Объективная, вынужденная необходимость (правило, ситуация).
Be to	Запланированная необходимость.
Should	Моральная необходимость – хорошо, правильно сделать это.
Ought to	Моральная необходимость.
Would	Обычное действие (“бывало”), вежливая просьба.
Needn’t	Отсутствие необходимости совершать действие.

 

Заменители

	Present	Past	Future
Модальный глагол	can	could	—
Заменители	am/is/are able to	was/were able to	shall/will be able to
Модальный глагол	must	—	—
Заменители	have/has to	had to	shall/will have to

 

Verbs of Speaking

Reporting verbs:

1. to say (said, said)

to say (to smb) that…: He said that it was not true.

to say smth (to smb): He had said nothing to me about his meeting.

in reported speech: “Please come in”, she said.

2. to tell (told, told)

to tell smb smth about smth: He told me nothing about it.

to tell smb to do smth: I told him to prepare another report.

to tell smb that…: He told me that he was a student.

 

Non-reporting verbs:

1. to speak (spoke, spoken)

to speak (to/with smb) about smth: I spoke to her about it.

2. to talk (talked, talked)

to talk (to/with smb) about smth: Have you talked to him about it.

Приложение F. Местоимение

Личные

Притяжательные

Возврат-

Ные

(-ся)

Именитель-ный падеж (Кто, Что) Объектный падеж (Кого, Что, Кому, Чему) Зависимая форма (Чей – перед N) Независи-мая форма (Чей – без N) I – я me – меня, мне my – мой, моя, мое, мои mine myself you – ты you – тебя, тебе your – твой, твоя, твое, твои yours yourself he – он him – его, ему his – его his himself she – она her – ее, ей her – ее hers herself it – он (-а, -о) it – его, ее, ему, ей its – его, ее its itself we – мы us – нас, нам our – наш, наша, наше, наши ours ourselves you – вы you – вас, вам your – ваш, ваша, ваше, ваши yours yourselves they – они them – их, им their – их theirs themselves

 

Количественные местоимения
Исчисляемые существительные	Перевод	Неисчисляемые существительные
many few (not many and not enough) a few (not many but enough)	много мало   несколько, немного, небольшое количество	much little a little

 

 

Количество
How many? (с исчисляемыми существительными)	All None	How much? (с неисчисляемыми существительными)
Every, all Every student/All the students came to the meeting.		All He ate all the bread.
Most Most of my friends came to the party.		Most He spends most of his time reading.
Many Many people walk to school.		Much Much of what you say is true.
Some, several Some of these apples taste sour. | Several people were waiting for the bus.		Some There’s some bread in the cupboard.
Not many, only a few, few There are not many/only a few tickets left. | There are few children in this area.		A little, not much, little There’s only a little/not much room left. | Hurry up! There’s little time
Not … any, no, none He couldn’t answer any of the exam questions. | There are no eggs left; none at all.		Not … any, no, none He didn’t give me any help. | There is no petrol in the car; none at all.
Some and any	Any обычно используется вместо some в вопросах и отрицательных предложениях: Have you got any eggs/milk? No, I haven’t got any eggs/milk?	Возможно также использовать some в вопросе, на который ожидается ответ «да»: Have you got some eggs/milk, please? Would you like some more coffee?
Many и much употребляются в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях. В утвердительных предложениях употребляются перед словами very, too, so, as, how или перед подлежащим. В других случаях в утвердительных предложениях употребляются вместо: – Many à a lot of, a great many, a good many; – Much à a lot of, a great deal, a good deal.

Приложение G. Союзы

Подчинительные:

Времени (time): after – после того как as – когда, в то время как as long as – пока as soon as – как только before –до, перед тем как now – когда	since – с тех пор как till – (до тех пор) пока until – пока (не) when – когда whenever – когда бы ни while – в то время как, пока
М еста (place): whence – откуда where – где	wherein – где wherever – куда бы ни, где бы ни
П ричины (cause or reason): as – так как because – потому что lest – чтобы не	since – поскольку whereas – тогда как, поскольку why – почему
У ступки (concession): although / though – хотя even if / even though – хотя и, даже если	if / whether – ли while – пока
Условия (condition): as – когда, по мере того как except – кроме if – если in case – в случае, если	provided / providing (that) – при условии (что) supposing – если (бы) unless – если... не
О браза действия (manner or degree): as – так как as... as – так (же) … как (и) as if / though – как будто / если бы	how – как not so … as – не такой как so as – так как, с тем чтобы than – чем
Ц ели (purpose): in order to/that – для того чтобы lest – чтобы не	so that – чтобы that – чтобы
Следствия (consequence): as – так как for – ибо, так как so – поэтому	so as/that – чтобы, с тем чтобы that – что

 

Сочинительные:

and – и, а as well as – (а) также как (и) both... and – как... так (и) but – но either... or – или... или for – ибо, так как

neither... nor – ни... ни not only... but also – не только... но и or – или therefore – поэтому, следовательно whereas – тогда как

 

Союзные слова:

Относительные местоимения: who – кто, который whose – которого	what – что, который which, that – который
Наречия: when – когда where – где	how – как why – почему

 

Сравнительные союзы:

than – чем as... as – такой... как

not so... as – не такой... как the... the… – чем... тем…

Приложение H. Предлоги

Предлоги времени

Предлоги		Выражения
at	exact time   meal times time points festivals age + time others	at 8 o'clock, 8 sharp, 10 (minutes) past 8, 14 minutes past 8, a quarter past 8 = 8 fifteen, half past 8 = 8 thirty, a quarter to 9, 14 minutes to 9, 10 to 9, 14.00 (fourteen hundred hours), 8 a.m. (before noon), 8 p.m. (after midday) at lunch (tea, dinner) time at dawn, sunset, noon = midday = 12 a.m., midnight = 12 p.m., night, the beginning (middle, end) of the day (week, month, year, century), the end of May, the weekend at Christmas(-time), Easter, the New Year at the age of 25 = at 25 at this (that, the same) time, "(At) What time do you arrive?" at last, at once = immediately, yesterday (tomorrow) at noon, late at night
on	day parts days of the week dates day + date particular occasions anniversaries festivals other	on Monday morning(s)/evening(s), on the following Monday, on a spring morning on Sunday(s), weekdays   on May 1/1st = on 1st May (on the 1st of May, on May the 1st, on May 1st – Am.E.) on Monday, May 1st on that day/evening   on your birthday, on your wedding day, on vacation, on holiday(s) on Christmas Day, on New Year's Day on time (at the correct time)
in	day parts months seasons years centuries time periods other	in the morning(s), afternoon, evening, in daylight in May, in the month of May in (the) summer in 2003 (twenty oh three), in 2000 (in the year two thousand), in 48 B.C. in the 20th century in time (you are not late), in no time, in that time, in that age, in the holidays, in such a short time, in the (near) future/past in five minutes, in an hour and a half, in ten days = in ten days' time, in a year
for		for a moment, for two minutes, for the past two months, for the last several years, for many years, for five days, for some time, for (quite) a long time, for the time being
after before between by during from… to over since till/until within		after 8 o'clock, after midday/noon, after lunch before 8 o'clock, before the beginning of May, before midnight/noon between 8 p.m. and 8 a.m. by 8 o'clock, by the end of the year, by the time, by early 2003, by far – до сих пор during the lesson from Monday to Friday over the weekend, over the past two decades since 2001 till Monday, until 8 o'clock within an hour and a half
––		this / that / last / next à week / month / year / century / morning (afternoon, evening) / Sunday yesterday (tomorrow) morning (night, evening) last night = yesterday night/evening this evening = tonight this (=next) January, Christmas this coming week, this time next week all the day = the whole day, all day/night long, all the week long, all the while every year, every fortnight once (twice) a day, two times a week the other day, the other morning, every other day, the day before the coming meeting late, of late, later on, recently, early/late this year, earlier this week

 

Время: частное à общее: time + day + date + year

He was born at 9.15 on Tuesday December 11th, 1984.

Приложение I.

READING FOR PLEASURE

JOKES

You Should Know Foreign Languages!

Once upon a time there was a mouse in the mouse-hole. One day it sat up and listened attentively, and as it did so it heard someone bark.

“Now”, thought the mouse, “that’ll be a dog. I might as well go out. I don’t think dogs eat mice”.

That was sound logic. And the mouse went out. However, the moment it did so a cat pounced on it and ate it (for it was the cat that had barked).

“There’s no doubt it’s worthwhile learning foreign languages”, said the cat to himself, and he was certainly quite right!

RIDDLES

Solve the following riddles