Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the syntactical function of Present Participle:

1. Muscle action can be classified as being either voluntary or involuntary.2. Cardiocytes are branched, allowing them to connect with several other cardiocytes, forming a network that facilitates coordinated contraction. 3. Almost every muscle constitutes one part of a pair of identical bilateral muscles, found on both sides, resulting in approximately 320 pairs of muscles. 4. The place on the moving bone that is connected to the muscle via tendons is called the insertion. 5. The muscles whose fibers run straight up and down are the rectus abdominis, the ones running transversely (left to right) are the transverse abdominis, and the ones running at an angle are the obliques. 6. Muscles get their energy from different sources depending on the situation that the muscle is working in. 7. When we use muscles to produce a high level of force, they become so tightly contracted that oxygen carrying blood cannot enter the muscle. 8. This condition causes the muscle to create energy using lactic acid fermentation, a form of anaerobic respiration.

Replace the subordinate clause with Present Participial Phrase (причастныйоборот)

1.Muscle cells contain protein filaments of actin and myosin that slide past one another, producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell. 2. Students who translated this text study in the group #12. 3. A woman who was operating a patient was an experienced surgeon. 4. The mandible which remains a movable jaw bone forms the only movable joint in the skull. 5. The pectoral girdle which connects the upper limb (arm) bones to the axial skeleton consists of the left and right clavicles and left and right scapulae. 6. The carpals are connected to the five metacarpals that form the bones of the hand and connect to each of the fingers.7. Another chemical that helps to keep muscles working is creatine phosphate.

18. Translate the sentences into English using Present Participle:

1.Анатомический рисунок, висевший на стене, помог мне cдать экзамен. 2. Учёный, изучающий эту проблему, опубликовал статью в американском журнале. 3. Связка – это волокнистая соединительная ткань, соединяющая кости друг с другом. 4. Простираясь от затылочного отдела черепа до таза, позвоночный столб состоит из цепи маленьких костей, позвонков. 5. Суставной хрящ служит амортизатором и скользящей поверхностью между костями, обеспечивая движение в суставе. 6. Мышца, имеющая форму треугольника, называется дельтовидной мышцей. 7. Приводящая мышца – это мышца, притягивающая голень.

Gerund

Gerund - Verb + ing

Unfortunately, he gave up going in for sports.

Ксожалению, онбросил заниматься спортом.

Ксожалению, онбросил занятия спортом.

Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the prepositions:

1.They are primarily responsible for maintaining and changing posture, locomotion. 2. Every physical action that a person consciously performs (e.g. speaking, walking, or writing) requires skeletal muscle. 4. The supinator is a muscle that supinates the wrist by rolling it over to face palm up. 5. Aerobic respiration is very efficient, and can continue as long as a muscle receives adequate amounts of oxygen and glucose to keep contracting. 6. Found only in the heart, cardiac muscle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. 7. To keep muscles working for a longer period of time, muscle fibers contain several important energy molecules. 8. Another chemical that helps to keep muscles working is creatine phosphate. 9. Swimming is very useful for muscles of trunk, upper and lower limbs. 

20. Translate the sentences into English using Gerund:

1. Изучение анатомии и других до-клинических предметов необходимо студентам медикам. 2. Он думал о приближении сессии. Сдать экзамен по гистологии будет нелегко. 3. Продолжайте тренировать мышцы и через месяц вы увидите результат. 4. Встретить его здесь было большим сюрпризом для нас. 5. Их отъезд был вызван ухудшением политической ситуации в стране. 6. Доктор настаивал на обследовании всей брюшной полости. 7. Меняпроинформировалиовашемучастиивконференции. 8. Мне не нравилось спорить с ним по вопросам биохимии.

VerbalNoun

VerbalNoun -Verb + ing

Fast relaxing may be dangerous.

We’ve got a lot of interestingfinding s.

The contracting of muscles leads to peristalsis.