L Find the sentences which are true according to the text

l. If the child does not breathe, artificial respiration should be started immediately. 2.A child may stop breathing because of drowning, electric shock, and gas inhalation. 3.Touching an exposed electric cord will result in an electric shock. 4.Place the child on his back, quickly wipe fluid, or any foreign matter from the mouth, open the air passages by raising neck and tilting head back. 5.If the heart is not beating, one must do the cardiac massage and artificial respiration at the same time. б.You should go on with both actions till the child starts breathing and the heartbeats return. 7.Never give artificial respiration to a person who is breathing. 8.Keep it in mind what substances can conduct electricity. 9. In a serious shock the child gets unconscious. 10. A metal stick will help you to save the child.

II. Make up sentences:

1. should be broken, contact, immediately, the child's, with, the current

2. push, the, should, child, away, you, from, it

3. the contact, break, a dry wooden stick, by using, to remove the wire, the child, off

4. the electric wire, do not, or, the child, touch, bare hands, with

5. electricity, water, metals, remember that, and, are, of, conductors

III. Make up a telephone conversation between the mother of a child who has just suffered from an electric shock and a doctor of the emergency aid giving his  instructions.

Speak in pairs.

FRACTURE

Fracture or a break in the bone can result from any injury. There is pain, swelling and tenderness and there may be a deformity. The injured part should be prevented from moving and the child should be taken to the doctor or to the hospital.                   Splints and slings are used to immobilize injured parts so that broken ends of bones could not move A splint can be ready-made or improvised from any stiff material (magazine, stick, ruler and so on). The splint should be wider than the part being splinted, and long enough to prevent movements of the joints near the fracture. Pad the limb with a clean cloth before applying a splint. Bind the splint in place above and below the fracture.

A sling can be made from a scarf or towel or a piece of sheet.

Do not give the casualty anything to eat or drink since the child may need an anesthetic to set the fracture. Usually, an X-ray is necessary to confirm whether there is a fracture or not

Compound fracture. When the broken bone has pierced the skin the fracture is called compound. This is more serious because of possible infection. Place sterile gauze over wound and take the child to the hospital immediately. If sterile gauze is not available, use a clean, washed and ironed piece of cloth. If necessary, control bleeding with pressure.

Words to be remembered;

fracture - перелом

compound fracture - сложный перелом

swelling - отёк, опухоль

tenderness - болезненность

set (the fracture) - вправить перелом

confirm - подтвердить

X-ray - рентген

whether - ли

sling - перевязь

scarf - шарф

towel - полотенце

sheet – простыня

casualty - пострадавший

pierce - пронзить, прорвать

gauze - марля

to place - помещать

wound-рана

splint - шина

ready-made - готовый

stiff - негнущийся

wide - широкий

pad - мягкая прокладка, подушечка

clean cloth - чистая ткань

apply – положить (применить)

bind (bound, bound) - привязать

below/above - ниже/выше

because of - из-за

available - доступный, имеющийся

control - остановить

bleeding – кровотечение

 

I. Answer the questions:

1. What symptoms indicate a fracture?

2. Which type of fracture is more dangerous?

3. What are the first steps of the medical aid to a patient with fracture?

4. How can one stop bleeding?

5. How can the diagnosis of fracture be confirmed?

6. Why is it necessary to immobilize the injured part?

7. How are a splint and a sling made?

8. Can one move an injured person? Why not?

II. Speak about fracture according to the plan:

1. Сause

2. Symptoms

3. Treatment 

4. Compound fracture

III. Find the correct order of first aid actions in case of a fracture according to the text:

1. Bind the splint in place above and below the fracture.

2. Make a splint of any stiff material.

3. Stop the bleeding with pressure.

4. Pad the limb with sterile gauze.

5. Take the victim to the hospital.

 

SUNSTROKE AND HEAT STROKE

Sun Stroke. During the hot summer months a child may develop sun stroke if he plays about in the sun for a long time. The child sweats profusely, which results in the loss of body fluid and salts. He (or she) complains of headache, weakness and dizziness and may vomit. Skin is cool and wet with sweat, and it may not be possible to assess his body temperature. The child should be made to lie down in a cool place under the fan and given plenty of fluid. Some salt is also necessary because the child has lost a lot of it. A lemon drink with salt and sugar is very pleasant and should be given frequently.

Heat Stroke. Another way in which the heat may affect a child is by a sudden rise of body temperature to 106 F or above. The child may become delirious and get a convulsion. Every effort should be made to bring the temperature down. He should be wrapped in a wet sheet and given plenty of fluid to drink. Aspirin or paracetamol should be given to bring down the temperature - half a tablet for a child of 2-3 years of age and 1 tablet for older children. A doctor should be consulted as soon as possible, or the child should be taken to hospital.

Prevention of Sun and Heat Stroke.

The child should not play in the sun for long periods, but that does not mean that you should not let him go out in the sun at all. Over-clothing should be avoided. The child should have plenty of water, a lemon drink or fruit juice.

Words to be remembered:

heat - жара, жaр

sun stroke - солнечный удар

heat stroke - тепловой удар                                                                                           sweat - потеть, пот

profusely - обильно

loss - потеря

lose (lost, lost;) - терять

fluid - жидкое

result in - приводить к

complain of - жаловаться на

headache - головная боль

weakness - слабость

dizziness - головокружение

vomit - (глагол от "vomiting"- "рвота")

skin - кожа

cool - прохладный

wet - влажный

lie down - лечь

fan - вентилятор

plenty of = a lot of - много, множество

drink - напиток

frequently - часто

way-путь, способ

affect - поражать

a sudden rise - внезапный подъём

convulsion - судорога

bring the temperature down - сбить температуру

wrap - заворачивать

sheet - простыня

over-clothing - перекутывание

avoid - избегать

juice - сок

Words for better understanding:

assess the body temperature - оценить (измерить) температуру тела

exhaustion - изнеможение, упадок сил

stroke - удар (в том числе инсульт)

another - ещё один

delirious - бредящий

effort - усилие

mean - означать

let - позволять

I. Answer the questions about both of these conditions:

1. What are the symptoms of sun/heat stroke?

2. What is it caused by?

3. What can we do to help?

4. What measures can prevent this condition?

IL Play the parts of a mother (grandmother, etc) of a child with sun/heat stroke who is calling the emergency aid for help, and a doctor or a member of a rescue team giving advice. Start with:

You can /you must/ you should or like this:.../Do it/Don’t do it/ immediately!

 

ANIMAL BITES

An animal scratch or bite can be very frightening. The child may need extra comfort and attention in the next few days or weeks to get over the experience.

The first thing to do is to wash the bite thoroughly with water to remove the animal’s saliva immediately. Then you should wash the wound with soap for another five minutes and rinse it thoroughly. Consult the doctor the same day. It is very important to do stitches, if any are needed, within the first 12 hours after the bite.

Later the wound should be examined for signs of infection. They are: increased redness or swelling around the wound, pain or foul odor, discharge from the wound, skin warm or hot to touch at and around it, the child may get fever. In case of infection the doctor should be called at once. Until the wound is healed, the child should avoid activities that may cause the wound to open.

Any animal bite may transmit rabies. If the bite was from a pet, you should try to find out if it had taken shots for rabies and its date, to be told to the doctor. When possible, the animal should be isolated  for 10 days and watched for any change in behavior.

Tetanus may also be transmitted by bites, so you should know the date of the child’s last tetanus shot.

Preventing animal bites. It is important to teach children how to avoid being bitten by an animal. If approached by a dog who may attack, you should never scream or run. You should stand very still with your hands at your sides and avoid eye contact with the dog. Once the dog loses interest in you, slowly back away until he is out of sight. If the dog does attack, give him your bag, book, jacket, anything you can put between you and the dog. If you fall or are knocked to the ground, curl into a ball with your hands over your ears and don’t move.

Children should be taught never to tease an animal or pull its tail, even if they know the animal. They should always walk away (but never run!) if a dog begins to growl when approached.  A dog should not be bothered while it is eating. Don’t go near stray dogs or animals you don’t know

Words to be remembered:.

bite (bit, bitten) – укус, кусать

scratch – царапина

frighten - пугать

get over (the experience) –справиться (с пережитым опытом)

thoroughly – тщательно (but: through – через, сквозь)

soap – мыло

rinse - полоскать

stitches – швы, накладывать швы (на раны): do stitches, stitch the wound

(tetanus) shot – укол (прививка) от (столбняка)

wound - рана

sign - признак

swelling – опухоль, отек

foul odor – неприятный запах

discharge - выделения

heal - заживать

avoid – избегать

rabies - бешенство

cause – причина, вызывать

pet – животное, живущее в семье, домашний любимец

stray (dog) – бродячая (собака)

watch = observe - наблюдать

behavior - поведение

approach – приближаться, подходить

scream – кричать, визжать

stand still – стоять смирно, тихо

lose - терять

back away – пятиться назад, чтобы уйти

out of sight – не видно, вне поля зрения

curl (into a ball) – свернуться клубком, сгруппироваться

move – двигать(ся)

tease - дразнить

pull (its tail) – тянуть (его за хвост)

growl - рычать

bother – тревожить, беспокоить

while – в то время как

 

I. a) Read the text to find out some important facts about rabies (its cause, the way of transmission, the incubation period, the rabies symptoms in a dog, other names of rabies, first aid measures); b) now explain it to parents what they should know about rabies

RABIES

Rabies is caused by a virus which is present in the saliva of affected animal, mainly the dog. Rabies is transmitted through bites and even licks, if the skin surface is open with a scratch, wound or sore. The virus travels to the brain and symptoms begin 4-8 weeks after the bite. Sometimes there may be a delay of over two years. The disease is always fatal, so every effort should be made to prevent it.

The pet dog should be protected against rabies by injections. However, one has no control over stray dogs. It is important to recognize a rabid animal. It may go off its food completely, behave in a strange manner or later run around biting people without any provocation. It has difficulty in swallowing, dribbles saliva all over and foams at the mouth.

The name hydrophobia is given to the disease because the animal cannot swallow and may even start convulsing at the sight of water.

In dumb rabies the animal is quiet and it appears as if a bone has got stuck in its mouth. If you try to remove the bone with your hand the dog may bite you.

The wound should be washed thoroughly with soap and water, and the dog should be tied and observed for 4 - 5 days. If it seems to be quite well at the end of this time it can be considered healthy. You should consult a doctor immediately after a dog's bite. All hospital casualty departments stock anti-rabic vaccine and know the indications, doses and so on.

Bites on head, face and neck should be treated with anti-rabic vaccine even while the dog is being watched. The treatment can be stopped after 4 days if the dog appears normal and healthy.