Note: Remember, we say based on, NOT based in. We discuss a problem / an issue, NOT discuss about a problem / an issue.

 

1 Here we list again the main......................................of the present study and show which have been

proven and which have been rejected.

2 The graph enables us to observe recent broad......................................in mortality rates.

3 The researchers concluded that it is still difficult to identify the......................................of the time-related changes in human beings that we call ageing.

4 A seminar was held to discuss the......................................of children's rights in the light of the

5 These figures lead me to suggest an alternative (1).............................(2).............................(3).............................

6 It is clear that these developments pose a new (1).............................(2).............................(3)..............................

7 Before we reach any conclusion, it is important to examine the (1).............................(2).............................(3)..............................

                                               

Exercise4. Underline useful verb + adverb combinations in this text.Use one of the combinations to complete sentences below.

The world is facing a looming water crisis. Disputes over allocation have steadily increased in the last decade, and demand has grown rapidly. Water is likely to generate the same degree of controversy in the 21st century as oil did in the 20th. If we take no action now, new conflicts are likely to occur periodically around the world. At the moment, instead of seeking solutions which directly address multiple needs, countries focus a little too narrowly on local issues and typically opt for expensive and inferior solutions. What is needed are decisions which can be quickly implemented and a debate which will seriously consider more than the short term needs of individual states.

 

1 Various measures were introduced last year to......................................the issue of identity theft.

2 The justice system needs to......................................the impact of a prison sentence on offenders.

3 The number of university applications has been......................................over the last 50 years.

4 The article......................................on one angle of the problem rather than taking a broad view.

5 The suggested measures should be......................................to avoid further problems.                                                                                        

 

Phrasal verbs in academic English

Exercise1. Consider the table on phrasal verbs with their one-word synonyms. Vary your language by giving your own examples with both variants.

phrasal verb	synonym	example
put forward (an idea/view/opinion/ theory/plan)	present	In her latest article Kaufmann puts forward a theory which is likely to prove controversial.
carry out (an experiment / research)	conduct	I intend to carry out a series of experiments.
make up	constitute	Children under the age of 15 make up nearly half of the country's population.
be made up of	consist of	Parliament is made up of two houses.
point out	observe	Grenne points out that the increase in life expectancy has led to some economic problems.
point up	highlight	The study points up the weaknesses in the current school system.
set out (to do something)	aim	In his article Losanov sets out to prove that...
set out	describe	The document sets out the terms of the treaty.
go into	discuss	In this book Sergeant goes into the causes of the Civil War in some depth.
go/look back over	revise, review *	Please go/look back over this term's notes.
go through	check	Go through your calculations carefully.

* Revise is the BrE synonym and review the AmE synonym. [Revise in AmE only means to edit or change something to make it better; review is not used in BrE in the context of preparing for a test as focused on here.)

Exercise2. Replace the underlined word in each sentence with a phrasal verb.

1 We conducted a series of experiments to test out our hypothesis.

2 Before the test you should revise Chapters 7 and 8 of your textbooks.

3 In his article on the American Civil War Kingston discusses the reasons why the situation developed in the way it did.

4 Cole presents some fascinating theories on the development of language in his latest book.

5 The psychologist observed that it was very unusual for a young child to behave in this way.

6 Please check your work again carefully before handing it in.

7 In this article Simpson aims to prove that the Chinese reached America long before the Vikings.

8 Women now constitute over half the student population in most universities in this country.

 

Exercise3. Read the following text, make sentences of your own using the underlined phrasal verbs and match them with the following definitions:

1)do something after doing something else

2) study, work in the field of

3) prepared, arranged

4) come to a conclusion about

5) not be in agreement with

6) write in a final form

Carrying out research

After completing her first degree in zoology Meena went on to apply to graduate school. She wanted to work on animal behaviour at a well-known institute in New Zealand. She set up a series of experiments investigating how bees communicate. She has noticed some curious behaviour patterns but has not yet worked out why her bees behave as they do. What she has observed seems to go against current theories of bee behaviour. When she has completed all her research she will have to write it all up.