Сравнение Present Simple и Present Continuous

Exercise 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Continuous или в Present Simple.

Я (читать) сейчас. Он (спать) сейчас. Мы (пить) теперь чай. Они (идти) в школу. Я (не спать) сейчас. Она (не пить) кофе сейчас. Я (читать) каждый день. Он (спать) каждую ночь. Мы (пить) чай каждое утро. Они (идти) в школу каждое утро. Я (не спать) в дневное время. Она (не пить) кофе после обеда. Мы (не смотреть) телевизор сейчас. Они (не есть) сейчас. Моя мать (не работает) сейчас. Вы (работать) в настоящее время? Он (играть) сейчас?

Exercise 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Contin u o u s или в Present Simple.

1. Я (не пить) кофе сейчас. I (писать) Английские упражнения. 2. Я (не пить) кофе вечером. I (пить) кофе по утрам. 3. Ваш друг (сделать) свою домашнюю работу сейчас? 4. Ваш друг (идти) в школу по утрам? 5. Смотри! Ребенок (спать). 6. Ребенок всегда (спать) после ужина.7. Моя бабушка (не работает). Она находится на пенсии. 8. Мой отец (не спать) сейчас. Он (на работу) в саду. 9. Я обычно (получить) в семь часов утра. 10. Что ваша сестра (сделать) сейчас? - Она (мыть) ее лицо и руки.

 

Тема 13

Seasons and weather

                                Лексический блок

The year is divided into four seasons: winter, spring, summer, and autumn. Each season has its good and bad sides.

The weather in spring is generally mild but sometimes the days are really cold, especially in the beginning of the season. It is the time when everything awakes from its winter sleep.

Summer is the hottest season. It's time for holidays. People go to the seaside to sunbathe, to swim or to have a rest. In our country it usually gets hot in the end of June and July. Summer nights are short, but wonderful, the days are long.

Talking about autumn, I guess it isn't as nice as summertime. It's a season of winds and beautiful sunsets. The weather gets cooler and cooler. The leaves turn yellow and reddish and fall down to the ground and the birds migrate to warm countries.

A spell of sunny weather in September is called Indian summer or «Golden Autumn», In the end of November it sometimes snows. Though some people like autumn, because it is full of colours, but to my thinking it's a dull and rainy season.

Winter is the coldest time of the year. It is time of snow and frost. It is time of New Year and Christmas. In winter the temperature rarely can cross the point of ten or fifteen centigrade below freezing point in our country.

Questions:

1. How many seasons do you know?

2. What is spring weather like?

3. Is it always hot in spring?

4. What weather do we have in summer?

5. What do people prefer to do during summertime?

6. What do you think about autumn?

7. What is the hottest summer month?

8. Are summer nights long?

9. Summer nights are short, aren't they?

10. How do we call a spell of good weather in September?

11. Do you like autumn?

12. What is the coldest season in the year?

Vocabulary:

to be divided into — делится на

mild — мягкий

to awake (past awoke, p.p. awaked) — пробуждаться

hot — жаркий

to sunbathe — загорать, принимать солнечные ваяны

to have a rest — отдыхать

to get hot — становиться жарким

wonderful — прекрасный, чудесный

to guess — полагать, считать

wind — ветер

sunsets — закаты солнца

cool — прохладный

to turn yellow — становиться желтыми

reddish — красноватый

to fall (past fell, p.p. fallen) down to — падать на

to migrate — мигрировать, улетать

spell — короткий промежуток времени

Indian summer — бабье лето

dull — мрачный

frost — мороз

rarely — редко

Грамматический блок

Сравнение Present Simple и Present Continuous

Exercise 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Continuous или в Present Simple.

1. Они читают много книг. 2. Они читают  много книг? 3. Они не читают  много книг. 4.Дети едят суп сейчас. 5. Дети едят суп сейчас? 6.Что Ник делает в вечернее время? 7. Он ходит в кино вечером? 8.Мы не танцуем  каждый день. 9.Смотри! Кейт танцует!

Exercise 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Continuous или в Present Simple.

1. Я пишу сочинение  сейчас. 2. Я не пью  молоко. 3. Я хожу  на прогулку после ужина. 4. Я не хожу в театр каждое воскресенье. 5. Он не читает  сейчас. 6. Он играет сейчас. Он  играет сейчас? 8. Моя мама работает  на заводе. 9. Моя тетя не работает  в магазине. 10. Вы работаете  в офисе? 11. Дети не спят  сейчас. Они играют в саду.

Тема 14

Climate in Great Britain

Лексический блок

 

The British Isles which are surrounded by the ocean have an insular climate.

There are 3 things that chiefly determine the climate of the United Kingdom: the position of the islands in the temperate belt; the fact that the prevailing winds blow from the west and south-west and the warm current — the Gulf Stream that flows from the Gulf of Mexico along the western shores of England. All these features make the climate more moderate, without striking difference between seasons. It is not very cold in winter and never very hot in summer.

So, the British ports are ice-free and its rivers are not frozen throughout the year. The weather on the British Isles has a bad reputation. It is very changeable and fickle. The British say that there is a climate in other countries, but we have just weather. If you don't like the weather in England, just wait a few minutes.

It rains very often in all seasons in Great Britain. Autumn and winter are the wettest. The sky is usually grey and cold winds blow. On the average, Britain has more than 200 rainy days a year. The English say that they have 3 variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon, and when it rains all day long. Sometimes it rains so heavily, that they say «It's raining cats and dogs».

Britain is known all over the world for its fogs. Sometimes fogs are so thick that it's impossible to see anything within a few meters.So, we may say that the British climate has three main features: it is mild, humid and very changeable.

Questions:

1. Does the Gulf Stream flow from the Gulf of Mexico along the western shores of England?
2. What kind of climate does Great Britain have?
3. Why does the United Kingdom have an insular climate?
4. What are three main features that determine the climate of Great Britain?
5. Why are the English ports ice-free?
6. Are the English rivers frozen during winter?
7. Is it very hot in Britain in summer?
8. What reputation does the weather of the United Kingdom have?
9. Does it rain very often?
10, What happens when there is a heavy fog in Great Britain?

Vocabulary:

to surround — окружать
insular climate — островной климат
to determine — определять
temperate belt — умеренный пояс
prevailing winds — господствующие ветры
the Gulf Stream — течение Гольфстрим
to flow — течь, протекать
shores — побережье
moderate — умеренный
striking difference — зд. большая разница
throughout — по всей, повсюду, везде, в течение всего
fickle — непостоянный
wet — сырой, мокрый
to blow — зд. - дуть
It's raining cats and dogs — дождь льет как из ведра
fog — туман
awful — ужасный, пугающий
dense — плотный, густой
vehicle.— транспортное средство, автомобиль
dreadful — ужасный, страшный

 

Грамматический блок

Неправильные глаголы

Неправильные глаголы изменяются несколько сложнее, например:

drink – drank – drunk = пить – пил – выпивший

А в некоторых случаях наоборот, совсем не изменяются:

cost – cost – cost = стоить – стоил - стоивший

Поскольку неправильные глаголы являются неотъемлемой частью изучения английского языка их надо обязательно выучить наизусть.

Exercise 1.

Образуйте прошедшую форму данных глаголов и распределите их по трем колонкам в зависимости от окончаний:

Walk, dream, wash, drop, hope, stop, spell, dry, cry, watch, dust, cook, play, open, talk, want, clean, work, cover.

[t]

[d]

[id]

Exercise  2.

Образуйте вторую форму данных глаголов

see, read, cut, hear, stand, put, sing, take, write, run, bring, eat, drink, speak, go, be, have, give, teach, sleep, know, buy, get, come.

Exercise 3.

Разделите данные глаголы на 2 группы:Regular Verbs и Irregular Verbs:

begin, leave, see, have, come, make, lose, visit, travel, stay, start, buy, take, drive, paint, write, do, enjoy, speak, meet.

Exercise  4.

Перепишите данные предложения в прошедшем времени:

1. I play in the field. 2. He wants to go home. 3. The driver stops the car. 4, He drinks tea every day. 5. It begins to rain. 6. They like our house. 7. I dream every night. 8. My sister cleans the room. 9. The teachers gives us dictation. 10. He sits at his desk and writes a letter. 11. Mary comes early. 12. The cat catches the fish in the river. 13. The dogs eats its dinner. 14. The boys go for a holiday. 15. Richard knows George. 16. The plane flies very high. 17. He teaches us English. 18. I wash my hands every day. 19. He goes to school.

Тема 15

Travelling

Лексический блок

I like to travel. First of all, the members of our family usually have long walks in the country. Such walks are called hikes.

If we want to see countryside we have to spend a part of our summer holidays on hikes. During such hikes we see a lot of interesting places, sometimes we meet interesting people.

It's useful for all members of our family. We take our rucksacks. We don't think about tickets and there is no need to hurry up.

As for me, it's more comfortable to travel by train and by plane. But it's difficult to buy tickets for the plane. That's why we buy our tickets beforehand.

When I travel by plane, I don't spend a lot of time going from one place to another, I like to fly. If I travel by train or by plane my friends see me off at the railway station or in the airport.

I like to travel by car. It's interesting too, because you can see many things in a short time. When we go by car, we don't take tickets. We put all things we need in a car. We don't carry them.

Sometimes we go to the seaside for a few days. As usual the weather is warm and we can swim. It's a pleasure to watch white ships.

So I can say that I enjoy all kinds of travelling very much.
Questions:

1. Do you like to travel?
2. How do you like to travel?
3. Do you prefer to travel by sea or by plane?
4. Whom do you like to travel with?
5. Why do we buy tickets beforehand?

Vocabulary:

hike—прогулка
rucksack—рюкзак
beforehand — заранее

                                               

Грамматический блок

Past Simple

Прошедшее неопределенное время (анг. Past Indefinite, Past Simple) передает действия, происходящие в прошлом, при этом время действия точно не определено и не ограничено. Такое действие происходило обычно или постоянно. Также данное время употребляется для изложения последовательных событий.

Образование форм глагола

Форма большинства глаголов в данном времени (т.н. 2-я форма глагола) образуется путем прибавления окончания -ed к инфинитиву глагола без частицы to (т.е. к 1-ой форме глагола). Кроме этого, есть глаголы, которые имеют особую форму для данного времени. Такие глаголы называются неправильными.

При образовании 2-й формы правильных глаголов применяются следующие правила орфографии:

• если в конце глагола стоит буква -e, то она выпадает при добавлении окончания -ed
• если глагол заканчивается на согласную с последующей буквой y, то конечная буква y меняется на i при добавлении окончания -ed
• если глагол заканчивается на краткую гласную с последующей согласной, то конечная согласная удваивается при добавлении окончания -ed

Для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм смысловых глаголов используется форма прошедшего времени вспомогательного глагола to do - did, при этом сам глагол ставится в 1-ю форму. Ниже представлены повествовательные, вопросительные и отрицательные формы глагола to work.

Утвердительная форма
1 л.	I work ed	we work ed
2 л.	you work ed	you work ed
3 л.	he she it work ed	they work ed
Отрицательная форма
1 л.	I did not work	we did not work
2 л.	you did not work	you did not work
3 л.	he she it did not work	they did not work
Вопросительная форма
1 л.	Did I work?	Did we work?
2 л.	Did you work?	Did you work?
3 л.	Did he she it work	Did they work

Exercise 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла­голы в Present или Past Simple.

1. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock every day. 2. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock yesterday. 3. My brother (to wash) his face every morning. 4. Yesterday he (to wash) his face at a quarter past seven. 5. I (not to have) history lessons every day. 6. We (not to rest) yesterday. 7. My brother (not to drink) cof­fee yesterday. 8. My mother always (to take) a bus to get to work, but yesterday she (not to take) a bus. Yesterday she (to walk) to her office. 9. You (to talk) to the members of your family every day? - Yes, I.... But yesterday I (not to talk) to them: I (to be) very busy yesterday.

Exercise 2. Выберите правильный вариант вопроса

 1. Did Bill at home last night?
Did Bill was at home last night?
Did Bill be at home last night?
Was Bill at home last night?
2. Who did be at home last night?
Who was at home last night?
Who did at home last night?
Who did was at home last night?
3. When did Bill at home?
When did Bill was at home?
When was Bill at home?
When did Bill be at home?
4. Who cleaned clothes last night?
Who did cleaned clothes last night?
Who was cleaned clothes last night?
Who did clean clothes last night?
5. When Bill cleaned his clothes?
When did Bill cleaned his clothes?
When was Bill cleaned his clothes?
When did Bill clean his clothes?
6. What he did first?
What was he do first?
What was he did first?
What did he do first?
7. Where he put them?
Where was he put them?
Where he was put them?
Where did he put them?
8. Why he placed them in the dryer?
Why did he place them in the dryer?
Why was he placed them in the dryer?
Why did he placed them in the dryer?
9. Was he folded them after that?
Did he folded them after that?
Did he fold them after that?
Was he fold them after that?
10. Was Bill proud?
Did Bill was proud?
Was Bill did proud?
Did Bill proud?
11. Why he was proud?
Why did he proud?
Why was he proud?
Why he proud?

Exercise 3. Переведите текст на русский язык

Bill was at home last night. He cleaned his clothes. First he put them in the washer. Next he added soap. Later he placed the clothes in the dryer. Then he folded them. Bill was very proud he did it himself.

                                            Тема 16

Travelling by sea

Лексический блок

Human beings are very inquisitive and like discovering different places. That is why people all over the world like to travel around the globe. It is not so interesting for them to see the world on TV today. It is precious to see it by their own.

During the cruise people live in comfortable cabins. During sea days when a cruise liner is in the open sea, people can take sunbathes, swim in the swimming pools, play fools in the slide or promenade around the ship visiting different decks. You can rent a cabin for two, four, six persons.

Cruise companies offer different tours during which you can discover the inhabitants of a coral reef on a glass-bottomed boat, go horseback riding on the beach, go mountain biking rain forests, explore ancient civilizations as you climb mysterious pyramids or snorkel with stingrays and dive 800 feet down in a research submarine. Days on board are casual but full of joy and new impressions. But don't forget your camera and binoculars, so you don't miss a thing.

Islands are home to rich culture and complex histories. There are archaic ruins, beaches, rain forests and many waterfalls. Here you can find new friends and buy a lot of souvenirs.

Questions:

1. Why do people like travelling?
2. What adventures can you have while travelling on a cruise ship?
3. Where do people live during the cruise?
4. Where can you go during sea days?
5. What kind of tours do cruise companies offer?
6. What can you go sightseeing when you are on a cruise vacation?

Vocabulary:

human beings — человеческие существа inquisitive — любознательный, пытливый; любопытный precious — большой ценности, важнее всего sparkling — блестящий, искрящийся, сверкающий to provide — снабжать; доставлять; обеспечивать cabin — каюта seaday — зд. морской день, день когда корабль находится в открытом море open sea — открытое море to take sunbathes — загорать to play fools — дурачиться slide — слайд; водная горка to promenade — прогуливаться; гулять, разгуливать; прохаживаться deck — палуба horseback riding — прогулка верхом на лошади mountain biking — прогулка на велосипеде по горам rain forest — тропические леса to climb — взбираться, влезать, восходить, карабкаться, подниматься mysterious — таинственный; загадочный, непостижимый to snorkel — плавать под водой с маской и трубкой stingray — скат to dive — нырять, бросаться в воду research submarine — научно-исследовательская подводная лодка                                    Грамматический блок Past Simple Exercise 1. Перепишите следующий текст в про­шедшем времени. On Monday we have five lessons. The first les­son is English. At this lesson we write a dictation and do some exercises. Nick goes to the blackboard. He answers well and gets a "five". Pete does not get a "five" because he does not know his lesson. After the second lesson I go to the canteen. I eat a sandwich and drink a cup of tea. I do not drink milk. After school I do not go home at once. I go to the library and take a book. Then I go home. Exercise 2. Переведите текст на русский язык. Barry waked up when it was already quite light. He looked at his watch. It was a quarter to seven. Quick! Barry jumped out of bed and ran to the bath-room. He had just time to take a cold shower and I drank a glass of tea with bread and butter. He was in a hurry to catch the eight o'clock train. At the railway station he met three other boys from his group. They all had small backpacks and fishing-rods. In less than an hour they got off the train at a small station near a wood. They walked very quickly and soon found themselves on the shore of a large lake. The boys spent the whole day there fishing, boating and swimming. They returned home late at night, tired but happy.

Тема 17

Summer and winter sports

Лексический блок

 

People all over the world are very fond of sports and games. That is one of the things in which people of every nationality and class are united.

The most popular outdoor winter sports are shooting^ hunting, hockey and, in the countries where the weather is frosty and there is much snow — skating, skiing and tobogganing. It's so nice to go to the skating-rink on a frosty sunny day. Some people prefer to be out of town in such weather and to sledge or to ski in the woods. Many people greatly enjoy figure-skating and ski-jumping.

Summer affords excellent opportunities for swimming, boating, yachting, cycling, gliding and many other sports. Among outdoor games football takes the first place in public interests; this game is played in all the countries of the world.

The other games that have firmly established themselves in favour in different countries are cricket, volley-ball, basketball, and so on. Badminton is also very popular both with young and old.

All the year round many people indulge in boxing, wrestling, gymnastics and track and field events. Scores of young girls and women go in for callisthenics. Over the last few years aerobics has become popular with young girls and women. Aerobics helps them to be slim, healthy and strong.

Among indoor games which one can go in for all the year round are billiards, table tennis, draughts, chess, of course. The results of chess tournaments are studied and discussed by enthusiasts in different countries.

So we have all grounds to say that sport is one of the things that makes people kin.

Questions:

1. What are people all over the world fond of?
2. What unites people of every nationality?
3. Why do people prefer to be out of town on a frosty sunny day?
4. What are the most popular outdoor winter sports?
5. What opportunities for sports does summer afford?
6. What game takes the first place in public interest?
7. When do many people indulge in boxing, wrestling, athletics, gymnastics?
8. Who goes in for calisthenics?
9. Why is chess the great international game?

Vocabulary:

to be fond of smth. — любить, нравиться
to unite — объединять
outdoor winter sports — зимние виды спорта на открытом воздухе
shooting — стрельба
hunting — охота
tobogganing — санный спорт
to sledge — кататься на санках
yachting — парусный спорт
gliding — планерный спорт
to establish oneself in favour — стать в почете
lawn-tennis — теннис
track and field events — легкая атлетика
scores of young girls and women — множество девушек и женщин
calisthenics — ритмическая гимнастика
indoor games — игры в закрытом помещении
impressive example — замечательный пример
inexhaustible — неисчерпаемый
cheerfulness — бодрость
enthusiast — энтузиаст
to initiate — приобщить кого-то к чему-то
tournament — турнир, спортивное соревнование

Грамматический блок

Future Simple

Утвердительная форма глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов shall или will и инфинитива глагола без частицы to. Вспомогательный глагол shall может употребляться только c 1 лицом, хотя в современном английском во всех лицах и числах чаще всего употребляется глагол will.

Для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм смысловых глаголов также используются вспомогательные глагол shall и will.

Ниже представлены повествовательные, вопросительные и отрицательные формы глагола to work.

Утвердительная форма
1 л.	I will (shall) work	we will (shall) work
2 л.	you will work	you will work
3 л.	he she it will work	they will work
Отрицательная форма
1 л.	I will (shall) not work	we will (shall) not work
2 л.	you will not work	you will not work
3 л.	he she it will not work	they will not work
Вопросительная форма
1 л.	Will (shall) I work?	Will (shall) we work?
2 л.	Will you work?	Did you work?
3 л.	Will he she work	Will they work?

Exercise 1. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

1. My sister will graduate from the University next year. 2. I shall go to the cinema tomorrow. 3.They will play tennis on Saturday. 4. We shall translate this text the day after tomorrow. 5. He will write a letter to his sister tomorrow. 6. My parents will go to the South next year. 7. I shall finish this work in a week. 8. He will come back on Friday. 9. We shall meet our friends tomorrow.

Exercise 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Future Simple.

1. I (to think) about this information. 2 According to the forecast it (to be) raining tomorrow. 3. We(to come) to see you on Monday. 4. I (to prepare) to my examinations next week. 5. You (to show)me your new picture? 6. I think he (not to come) tomorrow. 7. I don’t think she (to answer) all the questions. 8. We (to work) in our garden tomorrow. 9. How you (to pack) your things? 10. Her mother (to buy) her a silver chain for her birthday.

 

Тема 18

Sport in our life

Лексический блок

 

People all over the world are fond of sports and games.

Sport makes people healthy, keeps them fit, more organized and better disciplined.

It unites people of different classes and nationalities. Many people do sports on their personal initiative. They go in for skiing, skating, table tennis, swimming, volley-ball, football, body-building, etc.

All necessary facilities are provided for them: stadiums, sport grounds, swimming pools, skating rinks, skiing stations, football fields.

Sport is paid much attention to in our educational establishments. Gymnastics is a part of children's daily activities in the kindergartens. Physical culture is ч compulsory subject at schools and colleges.

Professional sport is also paid much attention to in our country. In city, where I live, there are different sporting societies, clubs and complexes.

Practically all kinds of sports are popular in our country, but football, gymnastics and tennis enjoy the greatest popularity. As for me, I go in for table tennis (ping-pong). It needs mobility, liveliness and much energy. It keeps a person in a good form.

Questions:

1. Why are people all over the world fond of sports and games?
2. What necessary facilities are provided for people?
3. What kinds of sports are popular in our country?
4. What is your favourite kind of sport? Why?

Vocabulary:

fit — в хорошей форме
on personal initiative — по личной инициативе
to pay attention to — обращать внимание на
kindergarten — детский сад
compulsory — обязательный
to enjoy popularity — пользоваться популярностью
mobility — мобильность
distance — расстояние

Грамматический блок

Future Simple

Exercise 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Present Simple и Future Simple.

1. I (to go) away until my wife (to come). 2. You (to send) me some money as soon as I (to get)there. 3. We (to set) to work when the holiday (to be) over: 4. I (to do) it as soon as I (to get) bank.5. When you (to see) Mr. Smith ask him to call immediately. 6. If the rain (not to stop) there (to be)a flood. 7. Don’t leave before you (to get) our message. 8. If everything (to go) well we (land)tonight. 9. Take care of my luggage while I (to get) my ticket. 10. Tomorrow if the weather (to be)good we (to go) to the country.

Exercise 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Present Simple и Future Simple.

1. We (to begin) as soon as Tom (to be ready). 2. I (stay) here until it (to get) warmer. Mother (to bring) us cakes when she (to go) out. 3. If he (to have) time he (to come) to us. 4. Don’t leave until I(to send) you a message. 5. She (to be) very happy if you (to take) her to the theatre. 6. We (to go)swimming as soon as school (be) over. 7. She (to be) a good actress if she (to work) hard.

Exercise 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Present Simple, Present Continuous и FutureSimple.

1. I (to play) chess tomorrow. 2. I (not to play) chess tomorrow. 3. You (to play) chess tomorrow?4. He (to play) chess every day. 5. He (to play) chess every day? 6. He (not to play) chess everyday. 7. He (to play) chess now. 8. They (not to play) chess now. 9. They (to play) chess now? 10. Nick (to go) to the park now. 11. Nick (to go) to school every day.

Тема 19

Sport in Great Britain

Лексический блок

Sport plays such a large part in British life that many idioms in the English language have come from the world of sport. For example, «that's not cricket» means «that's not fair» and «to play the game» means «to be fair».

The most popular sport in England is football. A lot of people support their local clubs at matches on Saturday afternoons or watch the matches on television.

The football league in England and Wales has four divisions. Each division contains twenty teams. There are two main prizes each season. The football league championship is won by the team that is top of the first division. The final of this competition takes place every May at the famous Wembley stadium in London.

Some of the best-known clubs in England are Manchester United, Liverpool and Arsenal. But many clubs have problems with money at the moment. Some people say that the league is too big and that the players get paid too much. Others say that television is making the crowds stay at home.

Sport has for a long time been a very important part of a child's education in Britain, not just — as you may think to develop physical abilities, but also to provide a certain kind of moral education.

Team games encourage such social qualities as enthusiasm, cooperation, loyalty and unselfishness.
Questions:

1. Sport plays a large part in British life, doesn't it?
2. What is the most popular sport in England?
3. How many divisions does league in England and Wales have?
4. What are the most famous football clubs in England?
5. What role does sport play in a child's education?

Vocabulary:

idiom — идиома
to support — поддерживать
local — местный
league — лига
loyalty — преданность

                                                  

Грамматический блок

Есть группа глаголов, которые не выражают никакого действия, а лишь отношение к действию. Например, возможность, желательность, вероятность совершения действия и т.п. Такие глаголы называются модальными. Запомните три важнейших модальных глагола:

· CAN - (возможность, разрешение; в прошедшем времени could — мочь, уметь, быть в состоянии, иметь возможность, быть вероятным

· SHOULD - (желательность, совет; в вопросах — ожидание указания) — следует, желательно; в вопросах обычно переводится инфинитивом

· MUST - (необходимость; приказ, настоятельный совет; в отрицаниях — запрещение) — (обязательно) должен; нельзя, запрещается (в отрицаниях)

В предложении такой глагол занимают место вспомогательного, и поэтому последний ему не требуется. Таким образом, предложения с модальными глаголами строятся по абсолютно такому же шаблону, что и вышеприведенные, только вместо вспомогательного глагола там следует подставлять модальный глагол.

Modal verb Can

Exercise 1. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя модальный глагол can (could).

1. Я могу говорить по-английски. 2. Мой папа не может говорить по-немецки. З. Ты можешь говорить по-французски? 4. Моя сестра не может кататься на коньках. 5. Ты можешь переплыть эту реку? 6. Я не могу выпить это молоко. 7. Она не может вас понять. 8. Ты умел плавать в прошлом году? 9. В прошлом году я не умел кататься на лыжах, а сейчас умею. 10.Вы не можете мне сказать, как доехать до вокзала?

Exercise 2. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя выражение to be able to.

1. Ты сможешь сделать эту работу завтра? 2. Я думаю, она не сумеет решить эту задачу. 3.Завтра я буду свободен и смогу помочь тебе. 4. Мы сможем поехать в Нью-Йорк в будущем году? 5. Ты сможешь починить мой магнитофон?

Modal verb May

Exercise 1. Вставьте модальные глаголы can и may или их производные формы.

1. I … finish the work tomorrow if no one bothers me any more. 2.... we come and see you next Sunday at three o’clock in the afternoon? 3. What time is it? - It... be about six o’clock, but I am not sure. 4. Only a person who knows the language very well... answer such a question. 5.... I come in? 6. Let me look at the exercises. I... be able to help you. 7. I... not swim because the doctor did not allow me to be more than two minutes in the water. But this year he says I... stay in for 15 minutes if I like, so I am going to learn to swim. 8. Libraries are quite free, and any one who likes... get books there. 9. I... come and see you tomorrow if I have time. 10. Take your raincoat with you: it... rain today. 11. Do you think you... do that?

                                                

 

                                                Тема 20

Shopping

Лексический блок

 

When we want to buy something, we go to a shop. There are many kinds of shops in every town or city, but most of them have a food supermarket, a department store, men's and women's clothing stores, grocery, a bakery and a butchery.

I like to do my shopping at big department stores and supermarkets. They sell various goods under one roof and this is very convenient. A department store, for example, true to its name, is composed of many departments: readymade clothes, fabrics, shoes, sports goods, toys, china and glass, electric appliances, cosmetics, linen, curtains, cameras, records, etc. You can buy everything you like there.

There are also escalators in big stores which take customers to different floors. The things for sale are on the counters so that they can be easily seen. In the women's clothing department you can find dresses, costumes, blouses, skirts, coats, beautiful underwear and many other things. In the men's clothing department you can choose suits, trousers, overcoats, ties, etc.

In the knitwear department one can buy sweaters, cardigans, short-sleeved and long-sleeved pullovers, woollen jackets. In the perfumery they sell face cream and powder, lipstick, lotions and shampoos.

In a food supermarket we can also buy many different things at once: sausages, fish, sugar, macaroni, flour, cereals, tea. At the butcher's there is a wide choice of meat and poultry. At the bakery you buy brown and white bread, rolls, biscuits.

Another shop we frequently go to is the greengrocery which is stocked by cabbage, potatoes, onions, cucumbers, carrots, beetroots, green peas and what not. Everything is sold here ready-weighed and packed. If you call round at a dairy you can buy milk, cream, cheese, butter and many other products.

The methods of shopping may vary. It may be a selfservice shop where the customer goes from counter to counter selecting and putting into a basket what he wishes to buy. Then he takes the basket to the check-out counter, where the prices of the purchases are added up. If it is not a self-service shop, and most small shops are not, the shop-assistant helps the customer in finding what he wants. You pay money to the cashier and he gives you back the change.
Questions:

1. What do we do when we want to buy something?
2. What kinds of shops are there in every town?
3. Where do you like to do your shopping?
4. What departments is a department store composed of?
5. Where are the things for sale?
6. What can we buy in the knitwear department?
7. What can we buy in a food supermarket?
8. What methods of shopping are there?

Vocabulary:

supermarket — супермаркет
store — магазин, отдел
various — разнообразие
under one roof — под одной крышей
to be composed of... — состоять (из чего-то)
ready-weighed and packed — в расфасованном и упакованном виде
fabrics — ткани
escalator — эскалатор
customer — покупатель

 

Грамматический блок

О построении предложения

 

Теперь несколько слов о построении предложений в английском языке. Слова в предложении должны располагаться в строгом порядке. Это связано с почти полным отсутствием падежных окончаний у существительных и прилагательных, а также неизменностью форм глагола. При этом, надо заметить, что порядок слов, так же как и семантический строй английского языка сильно отличается от русского. Особенно это касается вопросительных предложений. Поэтому мы не будем тратить время на повествовательные, восклицательные, и прочие предложения (которые иногда можно перевести даже буквально), а просто зададим несколько вопросов:

 

What are you talking about? - О чем вы говорите?

Who is this young lady? - Кто эта девушка?

What are you waiting for? - Чего вы ждете?

Why do you leave? - Почему ты уходишь?

What are you going to keep the water in? - В чем ты собираешься хранить воду?

А вот и вовсе шедевр построения предложения (хотя и здесь с точки зрения английского синтаксиса все правильно):

What are you going to keep the thermostat set to? - На какой температуре ты собираешься держать терморегулятор?

Если вам встретились незнакомые слова, возьмите словарь и переведите эти предложения дословно. Почувствуйте разницу. Именно поняв и почувствовав эту разницу, вы очень скоро заговорите на английском.