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Challenge
Meeting people through work
Security
The respect of collegues
Working conditions
Status in your organization
Learning something new
Personal freedom
Being part of a team
Exercising power
Helping other people
Being praised by your superiors
Social status
Being promoted
Making money
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New words: challenge - зд. возможность самоутверждения, самореализации; security - защита, безопасность; respect - уважение; to exercise power - пользоваться властью; to praise - хвалить, поощрять; superior - начальник, вышестоящее лицо; to be promoted - продвигаться по службе.
Parting with people
5.2 Learn the word list to the dialogues. Read them and reproduce by memory.
1. An enjoyable evening – прекрасный вечер
2. appointment - деловое свидание
3. to part - расставаться
4. Have a comfortable journey! – Cчастливого пути!
5. Bye for now. – Пока.
6. Keep well! – Не болей. Будь здоров.
7. Take care. – Будь осторожен.
8. Have a good time. – Желаю хорошо провести время.
1. – I say, Jane, the train starts in five minutes.
– Oh, you must hurry. Have a comfortable journey.
– Keep well!
2. – Could you give me a lift?
– Sure. Where to?
– To the railway station.
– Here you are.
– Thank you. See you tomorrow.
– Bye-bye.
3. – Thank you for an enjoyable evening!
– Thank you for coming.
– Hope we’ll meet soon.
– Let’s hope for the best.
5.3 Translate into English
1. – Не подвезете меня?
– Вам куда?
– В центр.
– Садитесь.
– Вот и приехали.
– Спасибо. До завтра!
– Желаю хорошо провести время.
2. – Спасибо за то, что вы пришли. Мне жаль с вами расставаться.
– Спасибо вам за приятный вечер.
– До свидания.
– До свидания.
3. – Мы уезжаем в Сочи в отпуск.
– Счастливого пути. Будьте осторожны.
– Спасибо. Не болей!
5.4 Make up short dialogues in which you!
1. greet your friends after a long summer interval;
2. part with your friend leaving for a business trip.
LESSON THREE
1 Grammar Exercises. Situations and Drills
1.1 Read these short selections about some people and the clothes they wear. You think that the information isn’t full. Ask your partner as many questions as you can to find out the additional information. Think of the answers to the questions.
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A New words: utmost - все возможное; a wig - паpик; plimsolls (sneakers) - кpоссовки; heels - каблуки; spotted - пестpый; quiet - неяpкий (о цвете); cloth - ткань; bright - яpкий; shiny - блестящий; a tailored costume - английский костюм.
Helen Leonova is a secretary-linguist at a large foreign firm. She likes extravagant and avant garde clothes and decorations. She does her utmost to follow fashion. But she has got some problems with her clothes now because her boss is strongly against spotted, bright and shiny dresses and costumes, wigs, low heels, plimsolls, thick woollen sweaters. He thinks that Helen’s clothes must be quiet, made of good cloth and in very good taste. He wants to see her dressed in well-cut tailored costumes with silk blouses and shoes with high heels.
B Follow the task to the text A
New words: expensive - доpогой, доpогостоящий; to keep one’s shape - сохpанять фоpму; a tailor - мужской поpтной; rough - гpубый; dark - темный; country - сельская местность; trousers - бpюки.
Mr. Johnson is a lecturer at the University. He is a good-looking man about 50. He is always very well-dressed, quietly, in good taste. He prefers suits of dark brown, or grey or blue. He usually chooses an expensive woollen cloth for a suit because it wears well and keeps its shape. Mr. Johnson likes well-cut clothes so he always goes to the same tailor. He thinks that rough tweeds, a sports jacket and flannel trousers are fine for walking in the country or for playing golf.
C New words: crease - стpелка (на бpюках); neat - аккуpатный; a tie - галстук; pants - бpюки (типа «бананы», котоpые не могут быть частью костюма).
Peter Smirnov is a bus driver. He likes his job and thinks it is important and useful. His clothes are not expensive but always clean and neat. In summer he wears a white or light blue shirt, a tie, trousers with a beautiful crease or a sports jacket, cotton pants or flannel trousers and a good pair of shoes. When people see him they think that the bus will not get out of order and their travelling will be successful.
1.1.1 Practise in using the Future Indefinite Tense.
I / we shall do something tomorrow / next week /
you / he / she / it / they will do smth in two days, etc.
a) Read this story and say what Ann will do tomorrow / the day after tomorrow.
Ann wants a change. She is a schoolgirl. She is in the 10 th form. She often thinks:
- ”Every day I do exactly the same thing! I get up at 7, do morning exercises to music, then have a shower. At 7.45 I have breakfast. From 8 to 12 I prepare for my lessons. At 12.30 I have dinner and go to school. At school I see the same faces, talk with the same people. At 6.30 I return home. In the evening I read, make notes, take out the dog for a walk in the park, watch TV or go to see my friends. At 11 I go to bed. Nothing happens!”
b) Tell your groupmates if the coming day will greatly differ from the other weekdays.
1.1.2 Do this exercise at speed. Mind the use of the verbs shall, will.
a) We shall finish the work in two days.
1) they 6) tomorrow
2) five 7) he
3) I 8) return home
4) begin 9) on Monday
5) experiment 10) operate on the patient.
b) Will they finish the work on Monday?
1) he 6) tomorrow
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2) we 7) she
3) in three days 8) return home
4) begin 9) operate on the patient
5) experiment 10) the surgeon.
1.2 Practise in using Present Indefinite after Before/When.
I’ ll do this before something happens.
Я сделаю это до того, как что-нибудь произойдет.
Illustrative Situations
a) Mary’s tape recorder needs a repair. She is in the repair shop now. She is going to come back for the tape recorder in two days and asks the mechanic to do the repair in time. The mechanic says: “Don’t worry. I’ ll repair it before you come ”.
b) A tornado (сильный ураган, смерч) is moving quickly towards the farm.
But the farmer and his family have already seen it coming and are running to the storm cellar (подвал). They will be safe under the ground.
They will get into the cellar before the tornado comes.
1.2.1 Make sentences for these situations.
Situation: The lecture is going to begin at 12.
You will come earlier.
Response: I’ ll come before the lecture begins.
1) You are going to Britain. You will learn English first.
2) The train is going to leave at 9. You’ll be at the station before then.
3) The boss is going to come to the office at 8. You’ll be there earlier.
4) It is going to rain heavily. The boys will get to the village before then.
5) A very interesting film is going to begin at 7.30 on TV. You’ll come home earlier.
6) The shop is going to close at 5. You’ll get to the shop before then.
7) The football match is going to begin at 8. Your father will have supper earlier.
8) Father is going to buy a new car. You’ll learn to drive the car before then.
9) The exam is going to begin at 9 o’clock on Monday. You’ll revise all the material before then.
10) The police is going to arrive in 10 minutes. The robber (грабитель) will leave the house before then.
1.2.2 Revise the use of the Future Indefinite and the Present Indefinite Tenses.
a) Read the dialogue and insert (вставьте) the correct tense of the verbs.
b) Talk about the sisters’ morning.
Olga: Kate! What’s the time? I must be off before it (strike) eight.
Kate: It’s a quater past seven.
Olga: Is breakfast ready? I can’t do well at school when I am hungry.
Kate: What’s the problem? You will not leave the house before you (have) breakfast, But don’t forget. You must wash, clean your teeth, put your things into the bag and clean your shoes before you (leave).
Olga: Kate, don’t remind me of the things I do every morning. You yourself don’t forget to take your lecture notes and the umbrella. It’ll rain today.
Kate: Thank you! There is a letter for you from mother. Don’t read it before you (have) breakfast or you will be late. Good-bye, dear.
Olga: What time will you return home?
Kate: I shan’t be late. There will be a concert on TV today. I’ll get home before it (start). Good-bye. Don’t forget to lock the door.
1.2.3 Practise in using Present Indefinite after When
a) Illustrative situation
A tourist from Russia is going to the surgeon tomorrow. He doesn’t know English. His English friend tells him this: “Don’t worry. I’ ll be there when you come ”.
b) Suppose you are in these situations. Make sentences for them.
Situation: Your friend is going to come to your home town on Christmasholidays. You’ll be there.
Response: I’ll be at the station when my friend comes.
1) You are leaving the Academy soon. You will become a dress designer.
2) You are going to put on warm clothes. You’ll feel warm and comfortable.
3) You are going to buy a new car. You’ll sell your old one.
4) You are going to the market. You’ll buy some meat, eggs and apples.
5) You are waiting for your friend to come. You’ll discuss your summer plans with her.
6) The snow is going to stop. You’ll go skiing.
7) You are going to be in Kiev soon. You’ll send your parents a telegram.
8) Your family is moving to the new flat. You’ll invite your friends to the housewarming party (новоселье).
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1.2.4 Answer the following questions. Mind the use of Present Indefinite after when.
1) What will you do when you come home from the Academy the day after tomorrow?
2) What will you do in January when your winter holidays begin?
3) What will you do when you get up next Sunday?
4) Whom will you see first when you come home on Saturday?
5) What book will you read when you have some spare time?
6) Whom will you ask for help when you get into trouble?
7) What will you do with your old coat / hat when you buy a new one?
8) What will you say to your friend when the rain stops?
9) What will you buy when your friend invites you to her birthday party?
10) What will you think when you are late for the lecture?
1.2.5 We have practised in using the Present Indefinite Tense instead of the Future Indefinite Tense after When, Before in Lesson 2. Now we’ll continue making sentences with the Present Indefinite Tense after If, As Soon As.
Future Indefinite + if + Present Indefinite
I ’ll do this if something happens.
a) Illustrative situation: Bill, Ben and Ann are going to the country for the next weekend. Bill thinks the weather will be fine. Ben thinks it will rain. Ann says:
We ’ll go to the country if the weather is nice! We ’ll go to the country if it rains too!
b) Suppose you are in these situations. Make sentences for them.
Situation: Perhaps the rain is going to stop. You’ll go to the beach then.
Response: I’ ll go to the beach if the rain stops.
1) There is a chance you will go to St. Petersburg. You will visit many famous museums.
2) Perhaps it is going to rain. You’ll stay at home then.
3) There is a chance you’ll get a flat of your own. You’ll buy many new things then.
4) It is possible that you’ll get lost in a foreign city. You’ll ask a policeman for help then.
5) It is possible that you won’t know words. You’ll look them up in the dictionary.
6) There is a chance you’ll become a student of the Academy. You’ll study well then.
7) There is a chance you’ll go to England. You’ll visit many places of interest there.
8) Perhaps your friend will invite you to her birthday party. You’ll put on a new dress and shoes.
9) Perhaps you haven’t got the book at home. You’ll take it from the library then.
10) There is a chance you’ll stay at home over the weekend. You’ll watch TV, listen to music and read new magazines.
1.2.6 Complete the following sentences.
a) You are making plans for tomorrow / the day after tomorrow. Pay attention to the place of if in the sentences.
1) If it is a sunny day tomorrow,....
2) If it isn’t sunny,....
3) If my friend comes the day after tomorrow,....
4) If my friend doesn’t come,....
5) If the classes are over at half past one tomorrow,....
6) If the classes aren’t over at half past one,....
7) If I go to see my parents the day after tomorrow,....
8) If I don’t go to see my parents,....
9) If I am tired after classes tomorrow,....
10) If I am not tired after classes,....
b) You are making plans for the distant future.
1) I’ll ask my friend for help, if....
2) I’ll become a good specialist, if....
3) I’ll do my best to improve the production process at a factory, if....
4) I’ll go to the repair shop, if....
5) I’ll visit all famous museums, if....
6) I’ll draw sketches, make sample garments from different fabrics, if....
7) I’ll go to the South for my holiday, if....
8) I’ll learn spoken German, if....
9) I’ll learn to play tennis, if....
10) I’ll read foreign journals in the original, if....
1.2.7 Practise in using the Present Indefinite Tense instead of the Future Indefinite Tense after As Soon As
Future Indefinite + as soon as + Present Indefinite
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a) Illustrative situation
The group of students is waiting for the lecturer. He is going to arrive any minute. Tanya who is looking through the window says: ‘Don’t worry! I’ll tell you as soon as he comes.
b) Make sentences for the following situations.
1) The director of the plant is waiting for some very important information. What must the telegraph operator do?
2) All the students are very hungry. The bell is going to ring. What is going to happen?
3) The lecture is going to end in a minute: your last bus is going to leave soon, too. What are you going to do?
4) You are waiting for a guest. Your sister is looking though the window. What will she do?
5) It has been a long day. You come home dog-tired. What are you going to do after supper?
6) You need a pair of strong shoes for street wear. The ones you need are just on sale, but you haven’t got the money at the moment. You’ll get money only the day after tomorrow. What will you do?
7) You are up to your ears in debt. You are a month behind with your rent. You will receive the money order from your parents in some days. What are you going to do with the money?
8) You haven’t seen your friend for ages though she lives not far from your place. Tomorrow you are having your last exam. What will be the first thing you’ll do after the exam?
1.3 Translate the following sentences into Russian. (time limit - 15 min.)
a) 1) Секретарь собирается печатать два письма для руководителя (босса).
2) Он собирается писать статью о событиях в стране.
3) Я собираюсь поработать в читальном зале академии после занятий.
4) Я надену пальто, потому что сегодня холодно.
5) Моя подруга собирается учить немецкий.
b) 1) Не волнуйтесь. Он вернется домой до того, как пойдет дождь.
2) Она выучит разговорный (spoken) немецкий до того, как поедет в Германию на рождественские каникулы.
3) Ты не уйдешь из дома, пока не позавтракаешь.
4) Автомеханик отремонтирует машину до того, как клиент придет за ней.
5) Мы уберем квартиру до того, как родители вернутся из командировки.
с) 1) Она пойдет в школу, когда ей исполнится семь лет.
2) Мама купит фрукты, когда она пойдет за покупками.
3) Твоя подруга все тебе расскажет, когда вы встретитесь.
4) Он станет хирургом, когда закончит медицинскую (Medical) академию.
5) Родители отремонтируют квартиру, когда отец вернется из командировки.
1.4 Put the words in the correct order to make Yes / No and Wh-questions. Write them down.
1) Pictures, who, children’s books, draws, for?
2) She, when, is, going, work, to finish, this?
3) Does, repair, fridges, he, at home?
4) You, to put on, going, are, clothes, warm?
5) Friend, invite, you, your, will, birthday, to, party, her?
6) Often, have supper, do, you, the restaurant, in?
7) He, does, every, examine, what, day?
8) Why, she, for, always, is, the, lectures, late?
9) She, next, gets up, Sunday, will, what, do, when, mother, your?
10) Will, become, leave, you, what, when, Academy, the, you?
2 Word - Building
2.1 Form adjectives by adding suffixes:
a) - ive to verbs
create + ive = creative - твоpческий
attract + ive = attractive - пpивлекательный
progress, act, collect, administrate, express, effect.
b) - al to nouns and adjectives
continent + al = continental - континентальный
historic + al = historical - истоpический
colony, music, nature, origin, experiment, culture, emotion, person, struc-ture, industry, economic
c) - ous to verbs and nouns
fame + ous = famous - известный, знаменитый
advantage + ous = advantageous - выгодный
continue, mystery, harmony, vary, gas, monotony, mountain
2.1.1 Translate the following word - combinations:
a famous designer; creative work; continental breakfast; an expressive speech; mysterious events; an experimental laboratory; an industrial revolution; various models; personal attitude; attractive appearance; an original plan; an original design; historical books; mountainous country.
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2.1.2 Form nouns by adding suffixes
a) - ship to nouns
lord + ship = (Your/his) Lordship - (Ваше/его)
1) светлость; 2) власть, господство
comrade + ship = comradeship - товарищеские отношения
friend, champion, hard, leader.
b) - ence, - ance to verbs. Mind the change of stress in
some words. Work with a dictionary.
differ + ence = difference - отличие, pразличие
annoy + ance = annoyance - pаздpажение, досада
depend, reside, prefer, attend, refer, assist, confer, appear, disappear, compete, emerge.
2.1.3 Translate the words with suffixes in the context of the sentences.
1) She doesn’t like mysterious stories.
2) Russia gives economic assistance to former Soviet Republics.
3) Alla Pugachyova made her first appearance in public in 1975.
4) Original designs of avant garde designers often cause annoyance of the people above 40.
5) You should make reference to a dictionary.
6) The world championship in football was held in Spain.
7) Some jobs are monotonous and dull.
8) The leadership of the country doesn’t pay much attention to the economical problems.
3 Vocabulary. Lexical Exercises
Nouns and noun combinations
(to be learnt)
glance - взгляд
influence - влияние
mood - настроение
origin - происхождение
region - район, область
society - общество
tatters - лохмотья
a tailored costume / suit - английский костюм
value - ценность
variation - различие
uniformity - единообразие
Verbs and Verbal Phrases
to announce - заявлять, сообщать
to be likely - вероятно, по всей вероятности
to communicate - общаться
to deal with - иметь дело с
to disappear - исчезать
to follow - следовать
to give a birth - дать начало, стать местом появления
to lack - недоставать, не хватать
to treat - обращаться с кем-либо
Adjectives
ancient - древний
apt - склонный к
complex - сложный
current - нынешний, текущий
expressive - выразительный
filthy - грязный
inseparable - неразделимый, неотделимый
miserable= unhappy - несчастливый, несчастный
ridiculous - смешной, нелепый
same - тот же самый; одинаковый
Adverbs
ill at ease - неловко, не по себе
long before - задолго до того, как
mainly - главным образом
shabbily dressed - бедно одетый
3.1 Make sure that you remember the new words and word combinations.
a) Give Russian equivalents to: a complex problem; from the ancient times; a tendency towards a uniformity of style; our current mood; shabbily dressed people; a clean well-pressed suit; filthy tatters; expensive fashionable clothes; to lack good taste; to feel ill at ease; from the first glance; groups of the society; the famous tailored costume; long before you speak; to treat somebody badly.
b) Give English equivalents to: различия между регионами; хорошее настроение; текущие события; иметь дело с работниками сферы обслуживания; сильное влияние; чувствовать себя несчастным; те же проблемы общества; следовать моде; влияние французской моды; неотъемлемая часть жизни людей; выглядеть нелепо в модной одежде; общаться друг с другом; культурные ценности; положить начало новому направлению в моде.
3.1.1 Translate the following word combinations into Russian. Use 10 of them (to your choice) in the sentences of your own.
a) Clothes of rich people; clothes of poor people; national clothes; modern clothes; the language of clothes; shabby clothes; clean well pressed clothes; tasteless clothes; expensive fashionable clothes; filthy tatters; clothes for summer/winter wear; clothes for women; clothes for men; clothes for children; home clothes; variations in clothing; uniform; tailor-made garments; light clothes; the cultural value of clothes; principles of clothes designing; to wear clothes.
b) National costume; Egyptian costume; Greek and Roman draped costumes; summer costume; the type of costume.
3.1.2 Identify the word in each row that differs from the other words.
1) a. cloth, b. clothes, c. clothing, d. garment, e. tatters.
2) a. stronger, b. warmer, c. wearer, d. poorer, e. earlier.
3) a. social, b. cultural, c. national, d. fashionable, e. emotional (values).
4) a. person, b. people, c. human being, d. man, e. wearer.
5) a. through, b. towards, c. among, d. always, e. under.
6) a. communicate, b. climate, c. dictate, d. create, e. dominate.
3.1.3 Identify the word combination that differs from the others. Pay attention to the international words.
1) Well-made beautiful clothes
2) the trend associated with Elegance
3) financial and business pages of the world’s press
4) good dress sense and plenty of initiative
5) an interesting combination of avant garde and traditional ideas
6) forecasting ability to develop styling concept and design ideas
7) fashion and style in clothes
8) the influence of the English fashion in Europe.
3.1.4 Add adjectives and adverbs to the following verbs. Give your variants. Reproduce the word combinations by memory.
a) Practise in combining words.
to fee l: ill, cold, happy, bad, well, hungry, sad, ill at ease, comfortable,....
to become: strong(stronger); famous; cold(colder); green(greener); more expensive; more beautiful; poor(poorer);....
b) Add adjectives and nouns to the words given below. Follow the examples.
The... language(of)...: the English ~; the foreign ~; the ancient ~; the ~ of gestures; the written ~; the spoken ~;....
The influence of... (on): clothes; the language; weather, fashion, parents; the profession....
3.1.5 Fill in the blanks with the correct word or word group given in brackets.
(information; gave a birth; glance; influence; uniform; wearer; countries; treated; dictate; keep their shape; tatters)
1) Officers, soldiers, pilots, militiamen and policemen wear a ______.
2) The draped type of clothes known as Greek and Roman costumes appeared in warm _______.
3) England ________ to the famous tailored costume.
4) Clothes can tell us much about a _______.
5) Mr. Johnson’s suits always _______well because he chooses expensive fabrics for them.
6) We often give _______ about ourselves through what we are wearing.
7) The _______ of clothes on the feelings of a person is very strong.
8) A man in good clothes is likely to be _______ better than a man in filthy _______.
9) Do France and Italy _______ fashion in Europe today?
10) You can find out from the first _______ what kind of person you are dealing with.
3.1.6 Respond to these statements orally.
1) Name five things you can wear.
2) Name clothes you can do without.
3) Name clothes you can’t do without.
4) Name the factors you have to take into account when buying or making fashionable clothes.
5) Name the feelings the clothes can arouse.
6) Name some changes in clothing in our century.
7) Name the kind of information we announce about ourselves through our clothes.
4 Text
4.1 Look through the text and identify the paragraphs and sentences which help to understand the title of the text and its main idea.
The Language of Clothes
The history of clothing is very complex and as long as the history of human civilization. Clothing doesn’t only cover the human body and keeps people warm or cool; it also has its social, cultural and emotional values. Clothes of poor people in Russia, England, France, Spain or China as well as in many other countries always differed greatly from clothes of rich people. From the ancient times clothing showed the social status of a person, his occupation, ideal, taste and sometimes social ideas the person followed. At the same time clothes have shown variations between one country or one region and another.
There was no uniformity of style in clothes as it is today. Many countries had their national costumes and created their fashions. In the 17 thcentury France dictated fashion in Europe but in the 18-19 thcenturies the influence of the English fashion became stronger and stronger especially in the fashion for men. England gave a birth to the famous tailored costume with its elegant lines which is still very popular. We may say that the country dominating in Europe dictated fashion and style in clothes but mainly among the aristocracy.
Has anything changed in our century? Today the variations in clothing are disappearing and there is a tendency towards a uniformity of style. The fashion became international.
But clothing as it was earlier can tell people very much about a wearer.
Long before we are near enough to talk on the street, in a meeting or at a party we announce our sex, age and class through what we are wearing - and often give information (or misinformation) about our occupation, origin, personality, tastes and our current mood.
For thousands of years human beings have communicated with one another first in the language of dress. Shabbily dressed people are more apt to be treated shabbily. A man in a clean well pressed suit is likely to be helped up sooner than one in filthy tatters.
A person can look ridiculous in expensive fashionable clothes if he follows fashion without taking into account his age, occupation, figure or colour combinations, i. e. when he lacks good taste.
Being an inseparable part of human life clothes can make a person feel happy and self-confident or miserable, unhappy and ill at ease. The influence of clothes on the feelings of a person is very strong.
Very often, as it was mentioned above, you can find out from the first glance what kind of person you are dealing with; what group of the society he belongs to; what ideas he follows. The language of clothes is very expressive and you should learn it!
4.1.1 Read the text for detailed comprehension. a) Express the main idea of each paragraph in one or two sentences. b) Say why the author use such words as: a person, a man, a wearer, a human being, human beings in most sentences of the text. c) Say what information in the text is new to you.
4.1.2 Complete the sentences using the text.
1) There was no uniformity of style in clothes (как в наши дни).
2) The history of clothing is very complex and (такая же длинная, как и история человеческой цивилизации).
3) Many countries had their national costumes and (создавали свою моду).
4) Today the variations in clothing are disappearing and (наблюдается тенденция к единообразию стиля).
5) Very often, as it was mentioned above, you can find out from the first glance (с каким человеком вы имеете дело; к какой группе общества он принадлежит).
6) A person can look ridiculous in expensive fashionable clothes (если ему недостаёт хорошего вкуса).
7) England gave a birth to the famous tailored costume with its elegant lines (который всё ещё популярен).
8) In the 17 thcentury France dictated fashion in Europe but in the 18-19 thcenturies (влияние английской моды становилось всё сильнее и сильнее, особенно в одежде для мужчин).
4.1.3 Let’s discuss some ideas connected with the text. Use the conversational formulas given below.
a) 1) Do you agree that clothing has its social, cultural and emotional values?
2) Do you agree that the country dominating in Europe dictated fashion and style in clothes in the past? And how are things going now?
Do you agree that: a) A person can look ridiculous in expensive fashionable clothes. b) The influence of clothes on the feelings of a person is very strong. c) A person in good clothes will be helped sooner than one in filthy tatters.
3) Do you agree that we can give not only information but misinformation as well about ourselves? Prove your position by some examples.
______________________________________________________________
It goes without saying that; I can’t agree with the fact that; On the contrary; It seems doubtful to me (Мне это кажется сомнительным).
b) Let’s speak about clothes in general.
1) Can we say that all people follow the fashion of the period? Can you see people in clothes of the beginning of the 20thcentury or the 20-s or 30-s in the streets of the towns and villages today?
2) What influenced the style of clothes in different parts of the world in the past?
3) Why do people living in the south wear brighter clothes than people living in the north. (Compare St. Petersburg and Tashkent). Does the climate influence the choice of colours in clothing?
4) What kind of people usually follow the fashion?
5) Why do some young people prefer avant garde and often strange and ridiculous clothes? What do you think of their interests and education? What do they want to announce?
6) Why do the soldiers of different armies always wore and wear now different uniforms?
7) What do you think of the uniforms for pupils at schools and students at universities and academies? Are you for or against them? Explain your position.
4.1.4 Practise in translating the word combinations with the words ‘ some ’ and ‘ same ’ which are often confused.
1) some groups of the society - the same groups of the society
2) some jobs - the same jobs
3) some specialists - the same specialists
4) at some dressmaking establishment - at the same dressmaking establishment
5) some social ideas - the same social ideas
6) some expensive suits - the same expensive suits
7) some professions - the same professions
8) in some streets - in the same streets
4.1.5 Choose the right word combination to make up sentences corresponding to real situations.
1) If you can’t make dresses yourself you may have them made to order at (some dressmaking establishment; the same dressmaking establishment).
2) People can buy clothes for women, men and children in (some shop; the same shop).
3) In some European cities the fashionable shops are in (some streets; the same street).
4) In England of the beginning of the 15thcentury shops selling (some types of goods; the same type of goods) were in (some street; the same street).
5) From the ancient times clothing showed the social status of a person and his occupation. At (some time; the same time) clothes have shown variations between one country or one region and another.
6) The influence of (some social and political ideas; the same social and political ideas) on clothes can be very strong.
7) People in (some fashionable clothes; the same fashionable clothes) may look quite different.
8) In ancient times people in different countries and regions didn’t wear (some clothes; the same clothes).
9) (Some uniforms; the same uniforms) aren’t worn by Russian officers and soldiers and American ones.
10) (some Russian designers; the same Russian designers) are as famous as (some European ones; the same European ones).
4.1.6 Before reading the selections about clothes given in exercise 5.1.7 learn the italicised words:
apparel = clothes = garment = clothing = dress; to beg - умолять; bell - колокольчик; to cause - заставлять; churchman - священник; to comprehend - понимать; dagger - кинжал; domestic - домашний; fair - белокурый; to fasten - застёгивать; heavy - soled shoes - туфли на толстой подошве; inequality - неравенство; to line - класть на подкладку, подбивать; plain - 1) простой; 2) однотонный (о ткани); to reveal - открывать, показывать; ring - кольцо; serf - раб; state - состояние; stern - суровый; striped and crossed pattern - рисунок в клетку (о ткани); sword - меч; upper - верхний; weapon - оружие.
Clothes (parts of clothes) Decorations (trimmings)
belt - ремень, пояс bracelet - браслет
cloak - плащ button - пуговица
collar - воротник chain - цепочка; цепь
cuff - манжета clasp - пряжка
fedora hat - мягкая фетровая шляпа seal - печатка
glove - перчатка tape - тесьма; лента
robe - мантия
shirt bosom - манишка
shirt of linked mail - кольчуга
sleeve - рукав
tight-fitting suit - костюм, плотно облегающий фигуру
veil - вуаль
vest - жилет (ка)
Parts of the body Materials
elbow - локоть brass - латунь, жёлтая медь
finger - палец fur - 1) мех; 2) отделывать мехом
foot (feet) - нога, ступня gold - золото
knee - колено leather - кожа
leg - нога leathern - кожаный
neck - шея linen - лён
shoulder - плечо silk - шёлк
throat - горло silver - серебро
waist - талия skin - шкура животного
wool - шерсть
Colours
crimson - тёмно-красный
forest green - цвет зелени (леса)
pale - бледный; неяркий
pink - розовый
purple - пурпурный; близкий к фиолетовому (US)
scarlet - алый
tan - рыжевато-коричневый
4.1.7 Read the selections.
1) Guess:
a) to what social groups the people belong; if they are poor or rich;
b) what century and country they lived; identify the words that helped you;
c) translate the sentences with ‘ some ’, ‘ same ’. Use dictionary if necessary.
2) What ideas expressed in the text ‘The Language of Clothes’ do the selections prove?
1 Cedric the Saxon wore a tunic of forest green, furred at the throat, which hung over a close scarlet dress. His feet were in sandals with gold clasps. He had bracelets of gold upon his arms and a broad collar of the same metal round his neck. A short sword hung perpendicularly by his side.
2 The elder of these men had a stern wild aspect. His dress was very simple-a long jacket with sleeves made of the skin of some animal, a broad leathern belt with a horn and a long broad knife at the waist. He had sandals on his feet but his head was bare. His thick hair was of a dark - red colour forming a contrast with his long yellow beard. The man had a brass ring, like a dog’s collar, round his neck with the inscription “Jurth, the son of Beowulph, is the born serf of Celtic of Rotherwood”.
3 The other person was about ten years younger in appearance, whose dress was of better materials and more fantastic. His jacket was bright purple; his short crimson cloak was lined with yellow. He had silver bracelets upon his arms, and on his neck was a collar of the same metal with the inscription: “Wamba, the son of Witless, is the serf of Cedric of Rotherwood”. He had a cap with bells on it, which jingled as he turned his head to one side or another. It was the dress of a domestic clown or jester.
4 The companion of the churchman was a man past forty, thin, strong, tall and muscular. On his head he wore a scarlet cap, faced with fur. His upper dress was a long scarlet mantle, with a white cross on his right shoulder. Under his mantle was a shirt of linked mail, with sleeves and gloves of the same material. His knees and feet were protected by thin plates of steel and his legs were also covered with linked mail. A long dagger was the only weapon about this person.
5 Rowena was tall and formed in the best proportions of her sex. She was fair and her clean blue eyes seemed capable of commanding as well as of begging. Her beautiful hair was arranged in free locks. A gold chain hung round her neck and she wore gold bracelets on her arms. Her dress was of pale sea-green silk, over which hung a long crimson robe, with a veil of silk attached to the upper part of it.
6 His suit was of a striped and crossed pattern of brown wool, new at that time, but since became familiar as a business suit. The low crotch of the vest revealed a stiff shirt bosom of white and pink stripes. From his coat sleeves protruded a pair of linen cuffs of the same pattern, fastened with large, gold plate buttons set with the common yellow agates known as “cat’s-eyes”. His fingers bore several rings - one, the... heavy seal - and from his vest dangled a neat gold watch chain.... the whole suit was rather tight-fitting, and was finished off with heavy-soled tan shoes, highly polished, and the grey fedora hat.
7 A woman should some day write the complete philosophy of clothes. No matter how young, it is one of the things she wholly comprehends. There is a faint line in the matter of man’s apparel which somehow divides for her those who are worth glancing at and those who are not. There is another line at which the dress of a man will cause her to study her own.... She became conscious of an inequality. Her own plain blue dress, with its black cotton tape trimmings, now seemed to her shabby. She felt the worn state of her shoes.
4.1.8 Read the text and ask “ Wh ” - questions for the partner to answer and to discuss the main points of the text. Think of its title.
New words: to be at a loss - быть в растерянности; to alter - переделывать; straight - прямой; to match - гармонировать (по цвету); skillful - искусный, умелый; to be proud - гордиться.
Kathy Fillmore was giving a party Saturday night and invited Milly to this party. Her mother, Nora, was at a loss. Their family was poor but Milly must have a new dress, Nora thought. When a girl is young and she goes to her first party with the first boy that she really likes, she should have a new dress. Nora was sorry she had no money saved to buy her daughter a new dress. The following days Milly came home as early as she could and sat up until almost two, altering the blue dress. When it was finished, it did not look the same dress. It was tight - fitting, open at the neck, with a straight skirt. The sleeves were short and it fitted Milly wonderfully. The belt was a darker colour and it matched the dress very well. Milly put some flowers on, and that turned the dress into a real piece of beauty.
In her heart Nora was proud that her daughter’s skillful hands had turned the dress into something that looked no worse than the dresses worn by the girls that came from rich families.
5 Oral Practice
5.1 Dramatize the following dialogues Give your own versions.
1. A: Do Helen and her sister often go to the cinema?
B: Yes, I think so.
A: Do you think they will go on Saturday?
B: I’m sure they will.
2. A: Are you ready to leave?
B: Not yet. I need ten more minutes.
A: When you are ready we’ll have a cup of coffee or tea before we leave.
3. A: I quite forgot to make a few calls. Before we leave I’ll phone my mother and Peter.
B: Can’t you phone them when we come back?
A: I’ll be tired when we arrive and it’ll be after midnight. So I’ll phone her now.
5.2 Define the social situation and the social roles of the partners in the dialogue. Dramatize it.
A: When we arrive in New York, I’ll phone Jessie, and ask her to come to our place. When she comes I’ll bring her in here. I won’t tell her anything about you until she arrives… But after she’s here you’ll come out of that room.
B: Do you think she’ll recognize me?
A: No, I don’t think so. At least, not until you speak. You know, all of us change. After so many years.
B: That’s going to be quite a scene.
Lesson Four
1 Grammar Exercises. Situations and Drills
1.1 Practise in using verbs in the Past Simple (Indefinite) Tense.
Walk / Walked and Get / Got
Did he walk...? Did he get...?
He didn’t walk.... He didn’t get....
Was / Were Was he...? Were they...?
He wasn’t.... They weren’t....
1.1.1 Do these transformation exercises at speed.
He worked / Did he work?
a) Model: A: I learned English words on Monday?
B: Did you learn them on Tuesday too?
Prompts
1) I watched television on Sunday.
2) I travelled home on the taxi on Friday.
3) I played tennis on Monday.
4) I helped my younger brother with mathematics on Thursday.
5) I returned home late at night the day before yesterday.
6) I listened to pop music on Saturday evening.
He wrote / Did he write?
Revise the forms of the verbs
to meet - met - met; to wear - wore - worn; to eat - ate - eaten; to leave - left - left; to buy - bought - bought.
b) Model: A: I wrote a letter to my parents yesterday.
B: Did you write a letter to your parents last week too?
1) I wore a new evening dress to the restaurant on Saturday.
2) I went to the theatre last Sunday.
3) I came to the Academy at 7.30 yesterday.
4) I saw Kate in the park after classes on Wednesday.
5) I met my school teacher on Monday.
6) I ate two sandwiches for breakfast the day before yesterday.
7) I left my English textbook in the classroom on Friday.
8) I bought a woollen sweater for my father.
1.1.2 Substitution Drill. Do this at speed.
Model: How long ago did you leave school?
get to the Academy = How long ago did you get to the Academy?
your friend = How long ago did your friend get to the Academy?
a) How long ago did you come?
1) she 6) get to the University
2) buy a coat 7) have lunch
3) Mary 8) the children
4) return home 9) go to bed
5) they 10) mother
b) Why did Oleg choose these pictures last time?
1) you 6) Oleg’s brother
2) yesterday 7) a new cassette recorder
3) cloth 8) your friend
4) a black suit 9) stay after classes
5) buy 10) Nelly
c) Who opened the door at night?
1) window 6) my dictionary
2) in the evening 7) yesterday
3) closed 8) Kate’s umbrella
4) my book some minutes ago 9) did one’s homework
5) took
1.1.3 You are surprised at what happened yesterday or some other time in the past because the same thing is happening now. Contrast the Past Simple and the Present Continuous Tenses.
Model: A: She wore new shoes with high heels yesterday.
B: Did she? She is wearing new ones (shoes) now.
Prompts
1) She did her homework yesterday.
2) Peter repaired his car the day before yesterday.
3) He had a French lesson yesterday.
4) Mother did some shopping two days ago.
5) Mary made a new skirt last week.
6) They cleaned the flat on Saturday.
7) He painted the doors and the floor last month.
8) Ann translated the articles yesterday.
1.1.4 Your partner is surprised at what you tell him because this isn’t what usually happens.
Model: А: My grandmother got up at 9 o’clock yesterday.
B: Did she? But she usually gets up at 6.
Prompts
1) The boss - come to work at 11 o’clock / 8.
2) Peter - wear new jeans / old ones.
3) Our teacher - wear modern clothes / old-fashioned clothes.
4) She - have dinner at the restaurant / at home.
5) My sister - buy a ready-made costume / have clothes made to customer’s order.
6) They - go to see their friends on Sunday / go to the country.
7) Oleg - write a letter to his parents / send telegrams.
8) The girls - listen to the classical music / popular.
1.1.5 Make sentences with “Only... ago.” Study the situation and use it as a model.
Situation: The lecture started at 8 and it is now 8.02. “You’re late again, John” the lecturer says. What does John answer?
Answer: But the lecture started only two minutes ago!
1) Kate’s handbag is worn out. She bought it in September and it is only November now. Why is she angry?
2) The TV set has got out of order. You repaired it in May and it is July now. What do you say?
3) Mother says that you should eat sandwiches and drink a cup of coffee. You had lunch at the canteen at 12 and it is 1 o’clock now. What do you say?
4) Your watch is 20 minutes slow. You showed it to the watchmaker in August and it is September now. What do you think?
5) Your friend left at 9. At 9.05 you telephoned him. What does his mother say when you ask for him?
6) Father is surprised that you are still reading the book. But you began only the day before yesterday. What do you say?
7) You woke at 7 and it is 7.05 now. You are still in bed. Your mother says: “Wake up.” What do you answer?
8) You are looking for the magazine. You put it on the desk when the lesson began. Now the lesson comes to the end. What do you say to your friend?
9) You brought your vacuum cleaner from the repair shop on Wednesday and it is only Friday but it doesn’t work. Why are you angry?
10) You are surprised that your sister can play the piano so well. She has had music lessons only for two months. What do you say?
1.1.6 Practise in constructing negative sentences.
Didn’t Do
Model: the radio yesterday = I didn’t listen to the radio yesterday.
Prompts
1) the newspaper last night
2) a grammar test last week
3) a new flat last month
4) to see my old friend last Sunday
5) his homework in physics yesterday
6) the dishes in the morning
7) to the theatre last Saturday
8) a profession to her calling
9) football yesterday as it was raining
10) the flowers in the house and in the garden in the morning
1.1.7 Practise in constructing questions with Why didn’t...?
Model: A: Mr. Smith usually reads all the articles in the newspaper ‘The Times’. He read the magazine yesterday.
B: Why didn’t he read all the articles in the newspaper ‘The Times’ yesterday?
1) We always watch new films on TV. We watched the new film on TV the day before yesterday.
2) They always send us letters before the holidays. They sent us a telegram in December.
3) Mike often gives Kate flowers. He gave her flowers for her last birthday.
4) The boys usually play chess in the evening. Yesterday they played volley - ball on the sports ground.
5) My father often goes to Moscow on business trip. He went to St. Petersburg on business trip last Monday.
6) Grandmother always goes for a walk in the evening. She stayed at home yesterday.
7) We always listen to the news. We listened to the news last night.
8) Olga always wears shoes with low heels. She wore the shoes with low heels in the theatre on Sunday.
9) We often have dinner at the cafe. We had dinner at the cafe yesterday too.
10) Jane always buys white bread. She bought brown bread.
11) Lena always goes to see her parents on Saturdays. It was Saturday yesterday. She telephoned them.
12) We often go to the country for the weekend. We stayed in town over the last weekend.
1.1.8 Rewrite the text to show what Nancy Jackobs did yesterday (Mind that the shift to the Past Indefinite is not necessary in some sentences).
Nancy Jackobs is a young teacher. She teaches mathematics at school. She arrives at school at 8 o’clock. The bell rings at 8.30 and Nancy enters the classroom. The lesson begins. Classes are over at 2 o’clock. Mary goes to the cloakroom, puts on her coat and catches the bus home. Sometimes she stays behind to help school students with their lessons. When she comes home she puts on a sports – suit and goes jogging for half an hour. Then she has a quick meal and gets down to her routine evening work. She loves her work and finds it very rewarding (стóящий).
1.1.9 Put 15 questions to the text (“Yes/No” and “Wh” – questions).
1.2 Put questions to the sentences whick are answers to them. Follow the model.
Model: a) Where did you go last Saturday?
I went to the theatre last Saturday.
b) Do you go to work by bus? – No, I usually go there by tram.
1. I went to the seaside with my friend.
2. No, I don’t wear jeans and T-shirts to work.
3. She has bought a woollen sweater for the present.
4. Mary made a new skirt last week.
5. Because it was very cold.
6. It usually took me half an hour to get there.
1.2.1 Revision of the grammar. Make sure that you have learnt to use the Past Indefinite Tense. Translate the sentences into English. Work at speed.
1) Я видела Олега в театре в субботу.
2) Он носил шерстяной свитер и фланелевые брюки прошлой осенью.
3) Ты учила латынь в прошлом году?
4) Кто работал в вашем саду в прошлое воскресенье?
5) Почему ты не отремонтировал машину позавчера?
6) Почему она не выбрала профессию по призванию?
7) Кто вернулся домой очень поздно в понедельник?
8) Я не перевела текст вчера.
9) Как давно ты убирала квартиру?
10) Как давно ты ездила к своим родителям?
Translate the sentences into English.
a) Mind the place of As soon As
1) Как только она приедет, я позвоню тебе.
2) Мы поедем на дачу, как только закончится дождь.
3) Я куплю новую сумку, как только получу деньги.
4) Как только закончится лекция, я пойду в студенческую столовую.
5) Я позвоню тебе, как только вспомню её адрес.
b) Mind the place of If.
1) Я пойду в библиотеку, если я не найду книгу дома.
2) Если я буду в Москве, я схожу во все известные музеи.
3) Я подожду (wait for) тебя после занятий, если ты не пойдёшь в читальный зал.
4) Ты будешь выглядеть очень элегантно, если ты купишь серый костюм и тёмно-серые туфли на высоком каблуке.
5) Если погода будет холодной, мы не будем гулять по вечерам.
1.3 Practise in using Has/Have and Is/Are Having
a) Illustrative Situation
Situation 1:
There is a computer in front of the 1) Ask who that computer belongs to.
boy. It belongs to the boy. His 2) So, what can you say about the boy?
father has presented it to him.
The boy has a computer.
Situation 2:
It is 7 a.m. now and Lena is in 1) Where is Lena now?
the kitchen. There is a cup of 2) What is she doing?
coffee in front of her on the 3) How often does she have a cup of
table. The c
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