Специальность «ветеринария» 2 курс

СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЬ «ВЕТЕРИНАРИЯ» 2 КУРС

Unit 1

Directional terminology and planes of section

 

Learn the word combinations. Find some more examples.

 

Anterior (cranial, rostral)- передний

Posterior - задний

Lateral – удаленно от срединной линии, латеральный, сбоку

Medial – расположенный ближе к центру, медиальный

Dorsal – верхний, дорсальный, ближе к спине

Ventral – нижний, вентральный, ближе к животу

Frontal – передний, фронтальный

Distal – удаленный от центра, дистальный, периферический

Proximal – близкий, приближенный к центру цела, проксимальный

Sagittal – сагиттальный, проходящий по срединной линии

Transverse - поперечный

Parasagittal – парасагитальный, рядом со срединной линией

Anterolateral – впереди сбоку, антериолатерально

Posteromedial – позади центрально, постериомедильано

Posteroventral – позади снизу, постериовентрально

Anterodorsal – впереди сверху, антериодорсально

Axis – ось, позвоночник

Trunk - туловище

Phalanges - фаланги

Brachium – плечо, предплечье

 

Unlike humans, the vast majority of vertebrates go through life with the long axis of the body oriented horizontally or parallel to the substrate. It is with reference to this position that the main directional terms are defined. Most of these terms are coupled; that is, there are two terms that describe opposite directions along a single axis.

Anterior and posterior refer to the horizontal longitudinal axis and respectively designate the directions toward the head and tail. Synonyms for these terms are cranial or rostral for anterior, and caudal for posterior. The vertical direction toward the belly or the ground is ventral; toward the back or up is dorsal. Medial refers to the horizontal direction toward the sagittal midline of the body, whereas lateral refers to the directionsaway from the midline. These are the main terms, but there is another set that is useful. Proximal and distal are terms usually used with a particular reference. Proximal designates a position closer to the trunk or structure of reference, and distal furthest from the trunk or structure of reference.

Dissection often involves cutting the body in various planes to obtain internal or sectional views, which are extremely useful for comprehending the spatial arrangement of structures. There are three main sections or planes that pass through the body. The sagittal section is vertical and lies in the midline longitudinal of the body. It separates the body into right and left halves. Sections that are parallel to and on one side of the sagittal plane are termed parasagittal. A second major section is in the transverse plane, which is alsovertical but is perpendicular to the sagittal plane. A transverse section cuts across the main longitudinal axis and subdivides the body into anterior and posterior parts. The last major section is in the frontal plane, which is horizontal and perpendicular to the sagittal and transverse planes. A frontal section separates the body into dorsal and ventral parts.

 

Assignments

Read the text and translate it into the Russian in writing.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. How many basic directions does the body of animals have?

2. How many basic sections does the body of animals have?

3. What are directions for anterior and posterior?

4. What are directions for ventral and dorsal?

5. What are directions for medial lateral?

6. What are directions for proximal distal?

 

Give English equivalents for the following word combinations. Use them in your own sentences.

Субстрат, направление вдоль оси, передняя часть тела, задняя часть тела, вертикальные направления, вентральный орган, медиально к срединной линии, латерально к срединной линии, комбинированные направления, сагиттальный разрез, поперечный разрез.

 

Unit 2

External anatomy

 

Abdomen – живот, область живота

antebrachium (forearm) – предплечье

anus – анус, заднепроходное отверствие

brachium (arm) – плечо (лапа)

claw - коготь

crus (shank) – задняя лапа, голень

dorsum (back) - спина

femur (thigh) - бедро

manus - кисть

nictitating membrane – мигательная перепонка

palpebrae (sing., palpebra) (eyelid) - веко

pes – задняя лапа

pinnae (sing., pinna) –ушные раковины

scrotum - мошонка

urogenital aperture – мочеполовое отверстие

vibrissae (sing., vibrissa) (whisker) - вибрисы

 

The body of the mammal is covered almost entirely by hair (forming a thick coating of fur or pelage). Only the nose, lips, and thick pads of the feet are exceptions. The head and trunk are separated by a distinct neck, which allows considerable mobility of the head. Dorsally the trunk is termed the dorsum. Ventrally, it is subdivided into the thorax anteriorly and the abdomen more posteriorly. The pelvis is the region of the trunk associated with the hindlimb, just anterior to the elongated tail.

On the head note the pinnae, the mainly cartilaginous soft-tissue extension of the external ear. Upper and lower palpebrae guard the large eyes. A third eyelid, the nictitating membrane, lies on the medial part of the eye. In life, it can be drawn laterally over the eye. The nares are the external openings of the nose and are surrounded by a region of skin termed the rhinarium. The mouth is surrounded by lips. Vibrissae are stiff, tactile hairs or whiskers present mainly around the mouth and snout, but also over the eyes.

Each limb comprises three segments. In proximal to distal order, they are the brachium, antebrachium, and manus in the forelimb, and femur, crus, and pes in the hindlimb. Each digit, except digit 1 of the pes, ends in a retractable claw. The walking surface of the forepaws and hindpaws each have epidermal thickenings of the skin termed tori that act as pads during locomotion.

The anus, the posterior opening of the intestine, lies ventral to the base of the tail. The urinary and reproductive structures lie just anterior to the anus. In the male the scrotum is a sac-like projection that contains the testes. Anterior to it is the penis, which is probably retracted and thus not readily apparent. Its tip contains the common opening of the urogenital ducts. In the female the urinary and reproductive tracts open into the urogenital aperture.

 

 

Assignments

1. Read the text and translate it into the Russian in writing.

 

СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЬ «ВЕТЕРИНАРИЯ» 2 КУРС

Unit 1