When and where was Newton born?

a) Newton was born in 1665 in Cambridge, England.

b) Newton was born in 1642 in the little village in Lincolnshire, England.

c) Newton was born in 1665 in Lincolnshire, England.

What was his father?

a) His fa­ther was a mathematician.

b) His fa­ther was a scientist.

c) His fa­ther was a farmer.

Where did he study?

a) After school, Newton studied at Cambridge university.

b) He studied in the little village in Lincolnshire, England.

c) He studied in London.

What three major discoveries did Newton make?

a) He made the dis­coveries of the differential calculuses, of the nature of white light, and of the law of gravitation.

b) He made new kind of glass and a new kind of steel and countless discove­ries in chemistry and physics.

c) He made the dis­coveries of the differential calculuses and countless discove­ries in chemistry and physics.

When did Newton die and where was he buried?

a) Newton died in 1726, and was buried in the little village in Lincolnshire, England.

b) Newton died in 1726, and was buried in Westmin­ster Abbey.

c) Newton died at the age of 84, and was buried in a small village near London.

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LESSON 22.

Ex.1: Read and translate the text into Russian:

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

William Shakespeare was born in April 1564. His father was a rich citizen whose business was making and selling lea­ther gloves. His mother was a daughter of an important far­mer. When he was nineteen, William married Anne. She was a farmer’s daughter and she was some years older than himself. During that years he may have helped his father in the family business or he may have been a country schoolmaster for a time, we don’t know exactly.

Shakespeare had three children: Susannah, the eldest, then twins — a son, Hamnet, and another girl, Judith. In 1587 Shakespeare went to work in London, leaving Anne and the children at home.

Some years later Shakespeare began to write plays. The parents did not even guess that their son would be such an important figure in English poetry and drama and that his plays would still be acted four hundred years later in England and all over the world. By 1592 Shakespeare was an important member of a well-known company. In 1599 the famous Globe Theatre was built on the south bank of the river Thames. In that theatre most of his plays were performed. It was a round building with the stage in the centre, open to the sky. If it was raining, the actors got wet; if the weather was too bad, there was no performance at all. By 1603 Shakespeare was the lea­ding poet and dramatist of his time. He continued to write for the next ten years. In 1613 he finally stopped writing and went to live in Stratford where he died in 1616. He is buried in Stratford-on-Avon.

QUESTIONS:

1. What was William’s father business?

2. His mother was a farmer’s daughter, wasn’t she?

3. How many children did Shakespeare have?

4. When did he start to write?

5. The Globe Theatre was built in 1599, wasn’t it?

VOCABULARY:

citizen — гражданин

gloves — перчатки

to guess — догадываться

play — пьеса

stage — сцена

When was William Shakespeare born?

a) in April 1564 b) in 1587 c) in 1592

When did he go to work in London?

a) in 1564 b) in 1587 c) in 1592

What did he begin to do some years later?

a) He began to make and sell lea­ther gloves.

b) He began to write plays.

c) He began to help his father in the family business.

When was the famous Globe Theatre built?

a) in 1564 b) in 1587 c) in 1599

Where was the famous Globe Theatre built?

a) on the south bank of the river Thames

b) in the centre of London

c) in Stratford-on-Avon

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LESSON 23.

Ex.1: Read and translate the text into Russian:

CHARLES DICKENS (1)

Charles Dickens was born in 1812. He lived in the south of England when he was a little boy. His father worked in an of­fice. He was a very clever man, but he was very poor. Charles had many brothers and sisters, but he did not often play with them. His father had many books and Charles liked to read them. He learned to read very early.

When Charles was 10 years old, his family went to London.

There his father got into debt (as he had little money) and then into debtor’s prison. So little Charles began to work when he was ten. That was the beginning of Charles’ hard life.

Не worked at a small factory in London pasting labels on blacking bottles. He had to work in a dirty room with no win­dows. He did not like his work, but he had to work at the facto­ry for two years. Then he went to school for three years, but he did not learn much at school. He learned much at home, from his father and from other clever people.

Later he worked as a reporter to the Parliament and be­came a writer of short stories.

In 1837 he published his first novel «The Posthumous Pa­pers of the Pickwick Club». And the young reporter became a famous writer. Then he published novel after novel — «Oliver Twist», «Dombey and Son», «David Copperfield» and many other good books.

His books are very interesting, they tell us about the hard life of the poor people in England of that time. When we read his books, we sometimes laugh, but we often want to cry.

Charles Dickens died in 1870.

He is one of the greatest novelists in the English litera­ture. Dickens lived more than a hundred years ago, but people in the whole world like to read his books today, because in his books he showed a real world and people of Victorian England.

QUESTIONS:

1. Where did Charles Dickens live?

2. Where did his father work?

3. When did his family go to London?

4. Why did Charles have to work?

5. What novel did Charles Dickens publish in 1837?

6. What do his books tell us about?

7. What did Charles Dickens show in his books?

CHARLES DICKENS (2)

Charles Dickens is one of the greatest novelists in the En­glish literature. In his books he showed a real world and peo­ple of Victorian England.

Charles Dickens was born in London in 1812. His father was a clerk and had eight children. His father always spent more money than he received. When Charles was 10 years old his father got into debt and then into debtor’s prison. Charles had to give up the school and work. He worked at the blacking factory ten hours a day. Charles hated it and never forgot the experience. He used it in many novels, especially in «David Copperfield» and «Oliver Twist».

At the age of 15 he was lucky to get a job in a London lawy­er’s office though he didn’t like this job. When he was 16 he started to work for a newspaper. And by the age of 25 he be­came one of the best journalists in London.

«The Pickwick Papers» was his first great work which made him popular. His books became very popular in many coun­tries and he spent much time abroad. In the last years of his life he began to meet with his readers and to give public rea­dings from his books. These meetings were very successful.

He never stopped writing and travelling and he died very suddenly in 1870.

LESSON 24

Ex.1: Read and translate the text into Russian:

ALBERT EINSTEIN

This German physicist is considered one of the world’s greatest thinkers in history. Not only did he shape the way people think of time, space, matter, energy, and gravity but he also was a supporter of Zionism and peaceful living.

Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany, and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his fami­ly owned a small shop. He attended schooling in Munich, which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught himself Euclidean geometry at the age of 12. Later his family was forced to move to Milan, Italy where he then decided to withdraw from school at the age of 15. Eventually, he realized that he had to finish secondary school. On the other hand, he still often skipped class to study physics on his own.

At age 22, he became a Swiss citizen and in 1903 married a woman, named Mileva Marec. In a few years, two sons were born but in 1919 he divorced as to marry his cousin. On the other hand, he published five major research papers at the age of 26. The first one will get him his doctorate in 1905.

The first paper was on Brownian motion, which would get him his doctorate in 1905.

The second paper laid the base of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, titled quanta or photons. The paper remade the the­ory of light. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are struck by light. Televisions are practical applications of Einstein’s discoveries.

The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, con­tained the «special theory of relativity». He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and the speed of light is constant and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe.

The fourth was a mathematical addition to the special the­ory of relativity. This is where he presented his famous E = me², also known as the energy mass equivalence.

His fifth paper was his general theory of relativity. In which he proposed that gravity is not a force, a previously ac­cepted theory but it’s a curved field in the space-time continu­um created in the presence of mass.

In 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize for physics for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity although the other papers where still considered controversial.

In 1933, he moved to the USA where he became a citizen in 1940. Einstein died in Princeton, NJ, on April 18, 1955.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is Albert Einstein famous for?

2. Why did Albert usually skip classes usually?

3. Why did Albert Einstein get doctorate in 1905?

4. Why was Einstein’s second paper important?

5. What did the third paper contain?

6. What was presented in the fourth paper?

7. What theory did Einstein propose in his fifth paper?

8. What did Albert Einstein win the Nobel Prize for?

VOCABULARY:

to consider — считать

gravity — гравитация

supporter — сторонник

dull — скучный, занудный

Euclidean geometry — евклидова геометрия

to move to — переехать куда-либо

to withdraw (past withdrew, p.p. withdrawn) — уходить

to skip — пропускать (уроки)

photon — фотон

quantum theory of light — квантовоя теория света

emissions of electrons — испускание электронов

solid objects — твердые тела

theory of relativity — теория относительности

motion — движение

observer — наблюдатель

natural laws — законы природы

universe — Вселенная

energy mass equivalence — эквивалентность массы и энергии

curved field — искривленное поле

confirmation — подтверждение

controversial — спорный

LESSON 25.