II. Answer the question expressing your own opinion. (no less that 10 sentences).

When do people affiliate from your point of view?

 

III. Give Russian equivalents of the following.

Imprinting-like process; to offer a sound explanation; there are ethical problems involved in conducting such research; to run a series of experiments; to show a distinct preference for; aspects of the mother other than her association with food; regardless of how the attachment is formed.

 

IV. Find English equivalents in the text

Удовлетворять потребность в социальных контактах; было установлено, что, предполагали, что; вызывать ответ, реакцию (4 слова), приводить к образованию привязанности; по этическим причинам; предоставить косвенное доказательство возможного существования; у людей, у детей, у обезьян; теория научения утверждает, что; удовлетворение (2 слова) первичных потребностных состояний; короче говоря; на уровне человека, в качестве испытуемых; проявлять большое сходство с человеком; напоминать по размерам; напоминать по форме; за 165 дней; оказывать предпочтение чему-либо; в среднем 16 часов в день; решить проблему; независимо от того, как.

V. Look through the text and

point out 1) what is important for imprinting to occur;

2) why the validity of the two theories was tested on infant macaque monkeys;

specify the essence of each theory in question;

describe the Harlow experiment;

report the results of the Harlow experiment

prove the importance of early attachment relationship for individual's social development.

 

VI. Write out words from the text according to the following criteria:

a) psychological terms;

b) words expressing assessment.

 

VII. Fit the meaning and the word:

1). Unhealthy fear of

2). A form of learning which fixes the distinctive signs of the of the objects of some innate behavioral actions of the parents

3). Subjective assessment of some phenomenon by preset scale

4). A need for social contact

5). Unconditioned stimulus causing reaction which on combining with an indifferent stimulus develops a classical conditioned reflex

affiliation

reinforcement

imprinting

phobia

rating

 

1). to end the existence of

2). to keep apart from others

3). to continue despite opposition

4). to cause to remember

5). to test the accuracy of

6). to cause to come out

7). to make an agreement about

8). to prevent from having or enjoying

to settle

to deprive

to elicit

to persist

to isolate

to extinguish

to remind

to verify

 

VIII. Match the words with the opposite meaning:

a)artificial, deprive, consistent, gradually, crucial, extinction, severe.

b)contradictory, provide, at once, natural, unimportant, mild, survival.

 

IX. Match the words with a similar meaning:

a) conduct, reward, acquire, desire, disturbance, crucial, alleviate, issue,

b) persistent, elicit, original, derive.

c) disorder, problem, perform, relieve, lasting, originate, critical, earliest, reinforcement, cause, wish, learn.

 

X. Read the text and then translate it in writing.

Social Comparison

People need to evaluate their opinions and abilities, and when no objective means are available, they do so by compa­ring their reactions with those of other people. The more uncertain people are, the stronger is their need for social comparison.

In many situations the validity of one's opinions or emo­tional reactions cannot be readily ascertained. Objective reali­ty may be either very complicated, inaccessible, or irrelevant. For instance, in a situation in which students are boycotting classes because of an administrative decision to fire a popular faculty member, what would be the relevant, objective physical evidence on which to base an opinion? Had the professor adequately met the requirements of his job? Had his hearing been fair? Answers to these and to many other questions would be very difficult, if not impossible, to establish. In such ambiguous situations individuals will turn to the opinions of others to evaluate what is the "correct" opinion. The more ambiguous the situation is the more likely such a social comparison process is.

With whom do we compare ourselves? Festinger believed people to seek out others who are similar to themselves in order to evaluate their reactions. If another person is similar to you, his reactions will provide an accurate basis for your own judgments. The opinion of other college students about fashions appears to be more informative to you than your grandmother's opinion on the subject.

What happens once the individual begins comparing his reactions with those of similar people? According to Festinger, he attempts to reduce any discrepancies that exist between himself and the others. Once individuals in a group begin comparing themselves with others, there are strong pressures towards uniformity. Since each person is looking to the reactions of others as his source of knowledge about what is correct, inconsistency is upsetting. If one number of a group feels that marijuana is harmless and another feels that it is not, the discrepancy between their opinions may be unsettling to both. Consequently there are strong pressures for the group to arrive at a uniform reaction.

Social comparison theory clearly provides one explanation of why subjects who are expecting painful electric shocks would wish to affiliate. Most students are not used to receiving electric shocks, so they would be unclear about how they should feel and react. Since there is no physical reality they can use to test the appropriateness of their reactions, the subjects will tend to refer to the experience of the others. Given a choice, students would prefer to compare their experiences with others who are similar. And once the social comparison process begins to operate, there is a tendency toward persuasion and resultant uniformity of reaction.

 

Unit 19

Mental health

Цель – формирование представлений студентов опсихическом здоровье, использование знания иностранного языка в профессиональной деятельности и профессиональной коммуникации.

Clinical psychology is the application of psychology to the understanding, treatment, and assessment of psychopathology, behavioral or mental health issues. It has traditionally been associated with counseling and psychotherapy, although modern clinical psychology may take an eclectic approach, including a number of therapeutic approaches. Typically, although working with many of the same clients as psychiatrists, clinical psychologists do not prescribe psychiatric drugs. Some clinical psychologists may focus on the clinical management of patients with brain injury. This area is known as clinical neuropsychology.

In recent years and particularly in the United States, a major split has been developing between academic research psychologists in universities and some branches of clinical psychology. Many academic psychologists believe that these clinicians use therapies based on discredited theories and unsupported by empirical evidence of their effectiveness. From the other side, these clinicians believe that the academics are ignoring their experience in dealing with actual patients. The disagreement has resulted in the formation of the American Psychological Society by the research psychologists as a new body distinct from the American Psychological Association.

Whereas clinical psychology focuses on mental health and neurological illness, health psychology is concerned with the psychology of a much wider range of health-related behavior including healthy eating, the doctor-patient relationship, a patient's understanding of health information, and beliefs about illness. Health psychologists may be involved in public health campaigns, examining the impact of illness or health policy on quality of life or in research into the psychological impact of health and social care.

The majority of work performed by clinical psychologists tends to be done inside a CBT (Cognitive-behaviorial therapy) framework. CBT is an umbrella term that refers to a number of therapies which focus on changing cognitions, rather than changing behaviour or discovering the unconscious causes of psychopatholgy. The two most famous CBT therapies are Aaron T. Beck's cognitive therapy and Albert Ellis's rational emotive behaviour therapy (with cognitive therapy being, by far, the most extensively studies therapy in contemporary clinical psychology).

Certain new therapies have been met with mixed results. Holding therapy advocates holding onto a person--often a child--until they stop resisting. This is intended as a sort of "forced attachment", with the intent of creating a bond and making the "holdee" more at ease with attachment. Opponents of this therapy claim this technique is little different from forms of punishment, forcing someone to do something against their will.

 

EXERCISES

 

I. Answer the following questions on the text: